Moment 15 Flashcards
rough ER - synthesizes…
synthesizes and processes PROTEINS in the cell
smooth ER
synthesizes and processes LIPIDS in the cell
rate of diffusion is___proportional to distance between the 2 solutions
inversely. ex - rate of diffusion is faster (increases) if distance btwn blood cells and alveoli is decreased
cardiovascular and circulatory are..
the same thing. it moves blood and lymph around the body
blood plasma contains (NAH to plasma)
nutrients, hormones, antiobodies and immune proteins
chyme in the small intestine is neutralized by what?
bicarbonate (from the pancreas)
duodenum receives alkaline bile from…
gall bladder than neutralizes acidic chyme
nutrients pass from small intestine to..
liver first. then to the large intestine
enzyme in the mouth
amalyse
enzyme in the stomach
pepsin
enzymes in the pancreas (TAL pancake enzymes)
trypsinogen, amylase, lipase
enzymes in the small intestine (tease enzymes in small intestines)
brush border enzymes, proteases and lactase
3 types of muscle (SCS)
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
nerve synapse allows for the passing of..
signals between neurons and muscles
male gamates
sperm
female gamates
eggs
hormone responsible for maturation of egg
estrogen
sudofireous glands
sweat glands
2 general responses of the adaptive immune system
cellular and humoral
cellular
destroys infected cell
humoral
antibodies from B cells
branched carbohydrates, such as…(branches in liver)
glycogen, provides energy storage
messenger RNA is located in..
the nucleus and it transcribes genetic code for a protein from the DNA template. It then carries the code out to the rRNA.
the rRNA is located in…
the cytoplasm. then tRNA brings amino acids dictated by mRNA to the ribosomes. then peptide bond is formed.
ricotta and pesto taste great on pizza - subject verb agreement
ricotta and pesto should be taken as a plural verb, so the verb should be plural. No “s” in tastes.
a unit rate always has what in the denominator?
- it’s always something compared to one.
1 mile converted to kilometers
1.61 km
positive feedback
stimulates gland secretions that temporarily push levels further out of homeostasis
negative feedback
inhibits stimulation to maintain homeostasis
small passages that terminate in the AIR SACS
bronchioles
transcription producing mRNA takes place where?
the nucleus
where does production of rRNA occur? (R and R in a vacation spot)
nucleolus
where does charging of tRNA with amino acid occur? (tcp)
the cytoplasm
where does translation of mRNA into a protein occur?
on ribosomes
what is a condition of an F1 monohybrid cross?
a cross between parents that are heterozygous at one specific gene. F1 are Ss.
F1 are…
Ss
F2 are…
ss
tubular reabsorption is..
the movement of useful material back into the blood stream
tetany can be caused by…
hypocalcemia
self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
organ
what does acetylochloline do at the muscular junction?
binds to receptor proteins in sarcolamella, which open sodium channels
Ca channels are what type of channels?
voltage gated - can’t be opened by hormones
what triggers release of acetylochloline?
Ca entering terminal
acetylochloline triggers…
depolarization
sarcolamella is..
just the membrane - muscle cell membrane
contraction unit in a muscle is…
sarcomere
ALL enzymes are…
proteins
DNA serves as a template for the production of…
messenger RNA, and transfer RNA serves as bridges between mRNA and amino acids.
first - messenger RNA is transcribed from..
template of DNA. one end of tRNA attaches to mRNA, and other end of tRNA is attached to amino acid.
embolus
a piece of plaque or blood clot traveling through a blood vessel
performs mineral reabsorption
osteoclasts
leaves the body via the vas deferens?
gamates
secretion is the movement of substances from…(kidneys) (secrete what we don’t want)
the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule. Picking out stuff you don’t want and moving it back to the capillaries (like H ions)
opposite of reabsorption
secretion
parietal lobe processes (paired languages)
language and sensory information
reverberation is a..
signal traveling through a CHAIN of neurons
cellular respiration is an..(what type of pathway?)
oxidative, degredative pathway (catabolic pathway provides the energy required to conduct the biosynthesis of an anabolic pathway)
synthetic pathway
A synthetic pathway converts IPP into three five-carbon alcohol
photosynthesis is a___pathway
reductive
degredative pathway
the breakdown of glucose, it degrades
level of organization - AMM CTOOO
atom, molecule, macromolecule, etc
organs consist of two or more…
different tissues
lysosomes are produced by what? (lice on the mailman)
the golgi
contains the codes for proteins
nucleus
in anatomical position, the body is…
upright, arms at sides, palms facing anterior
lower respiratory begins at the…
trachea
trachea branches into..
bronchi, bronchi branch into bronchioles, bronchioles into aveoli
atelectasis (atel lungs)
collapsed lung
lung compliance depends on 2 things:
elasticity of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension
ex of diseases that cause low compliance
asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer
shared by both food and air? (p can be both)
pharynx
pinocytosis
drinking
alveolar pressure decreases when the diaphram
contracts. volume increases, so the pressure goes down.
do NOT have associated ducts
endocrine glands
beta cells in the pancreas do 2 things: (alpha G comes before beta I)
secrete insulin, and also detect levels of glucose
Alpha cells in the pancreas do 2 things: (alpha G comes before beta I)
can also detect glucose levels AND secrete glucagon
what stimulates production of estrogen in ovaries?
FSH
steroid hormones affect___in their target cells
transcription (expression of specific genes)
one molecule of DNA is…
a chromosome
each one has a matching partner
chromosomes - they come in pairs
a sequence of DNA that codes for something else
a gene, and it’s usually coding for a protein
the complimentary copy of DNA is what type of RNA?
mRNA. The mRNA then immediately binds with ribosomes (rRNA). The ribosome then reads each codon on the mRNA. As it’s read, it gets bound to tRNA that is also attached to an amino acid. the tRNA transfers the amino acid to a growing chain of amino acids.
mRNA to…(MR TA)
ribosomes, ribosomes to tRNA, then tRNA to amino acids.
smallest to largest packaging in DNA (NDCG Nancy Drew Can Go from smallest to largest DNA)
nucleotides, DNA, chromosomes, genome
the letters in the language of DNA (actual letters - what me and tu pair together)
nucleotides
the sentences in DNA (tu’s jeans tell a story)
genes
words of DNA (speak in code)
codons
codon
3 bases (nucleotides) in a row that codes for amino acids
a duplicate in a chromosome pair is called…
chromatid
F1 plants
one phenotype dominated - it’s just YY x yy = Yy
F2 plants
3:1 ratio - 3 dominant one recessive
diploids are
2n - meaning they have 2 sets of chromosomes
N and N2 - which is which
n - meaning they have one set of chromosomes. N, or haploids, are gamates. N2 are humans. Pair of each chromosome.
blood types - parents are 1A/1A and I/B and I/B - children will be…
1A/1B
genotype for ppl with O blood is..
i/i
homophone (phone and fone)
sound the same but spelled differently
the ONLY time deoxygenated blood flows through an artery
pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle
lub - systole
tricuspid and mitral valves closing
dub - systole
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing
glycolysis takes place where? (col - sol)
cytosol
citric acid, or krebs cycle, takes place where?
mitochondria matrix, which is the inner membrane - CO2 is produced here
electron transport chain takes place where?
inner mitochondrial membrane
the electron removed from H (in the electron transport chain) ends up on…
oxygen
the leftover H+ ion is stuck in the inner membrane - when it goes back across through ATPsynathase, this creates..
the ATP, the energy. ATPsynthase is just an enzyme that is activated by the H+ ions. This is how the energy is made.
because oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the process is..
aerobic
we are only breathing in oxygen for..
oxidative phosphorylation (last step)
bone cells reside in (lakes)
lacunae
compared to compact, spongy bone has few..(the big one)
osteons
red bone marrow is in spongy or compact?
spongy
hyaline cartilage at the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) turns into..
bone. Hyaline actually makes bone.
achondroplastic dwarism
epiphyseal plate stops growing
atoms have..
protons, neutrons, and electrons
