Traffic - week 12

Question 1

External Defenses (first line of defense)

Answer 1

Skin (integument)

physical barrier, skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), chemical barrier

Question 2

Mucous membranes and associated structures (line cavities open to outside of body) (SSSAG - sal)

Answer 2

saliva, stomach acid, secretions/antibodies, GALT, appendix

digestive tract

a. salivary enzymes kill bacteria
b. acid in stomach kills bacteria
c. secretions contain antibodies
d. normal intestinal bacteria outcompete pathogens (disease causing organisms)
e. gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) a.k.a. Peyer’s patches contain immune cells
f. appendix contains immune cells

Question 3

genitourinary tract (joseph)

Answer 3

a. acidic urine
b. acidic vaginal secretions
c. sticky mucus in genitourinary tract traps pathogens & has antibodies
(1) swept out as organ empties
(2) engulfed by phagocytes

Question 4

respiratory tract (Kristian)

Answer 4

a. large particles filtered by hairs in nasal passages
b. tonsils and adenoids contain immune cells
c. sticky mucus traps pathogens in airways
(1) cilia sweeps mucus upward (swallowed, or coughing, sneezing or expectorating removes it from body)
(2) antibodies secreted in mucus
d. alveolar (air sac) macrophages engulf pathogens

Question 5

White blood cells - Defense Cells (NEMBL)

Answer 5

NEMBL

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes,
(B and T), monocytes

Question 6

lymphocytes (and some others) found in lymphoid tissues (LTTSSAAG)

Answer 6

LTTSSAAG

store, produce or process lymphocytes b. lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, SALT, GALT
c. located to catch invaders and decrease their spread

Question 7

Nonspecific defenses (innate immunity)

Answer 7

responses that defend against any invader or abnormal material
- triggered by general molecular patterns associated with pathogens or other dangers

Question 8

Inflammation - innate (Inflammatory Response) (flamming)

Answer 8

designed to bring phagocytes and plasma proteins to injured area

a. destroy/inactivate invaders
b. clean up debris
c. prepare for healing

Question 9

neutrophils and monocytes migrate to area - innate - (luke - hall)

Answer 9

a. margination- CAMs on capillary cells cause leukocytes to stick to capillary walls
b. move to tissues by diapedesis
c. leukocytes follow chemical trail to damaged tissue (chemotaxis)
d. phagocytosis occurs to recognized substances (1) rough surfaces of damaged cells
(2) opsonins - chemical placed on non-self cell by
immune system, links it to phagocyte (antibodies, complement)

Question 10

phagocyte secretions (cytokines) enhance response (joseph ferris)

Answer 10

(1) nitric oxide (toxic to bacteria)
(2) lactoferrin (binds iron so bacteria can’t use it to reproduce)
(3) histamine
(4) clotting triggers

Question 11

Interferon (Linda tv)

Answer 11

released by virus-infected cells, triggers production of virus-blocking enzymes in nearby cells
2. enhances role of phagocytes and other immune cells on virus-infected and cancer cells

Question 12

Natural killer cells - innate (lymph cancer)

Answer 12

similar to a type of lymphocyte, lyse

virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Question 13

Complement system (c’s wake up- kin)

Answer 13

exposure to pathogen, MAC serve as chemotaxins and opsonins, vasodilation and histamine release d. activate kinins

plasma protein precursors activated by exposure to pathogen or antibodies

a. lyses non-self cells
(1) membrane attack complex (MAC) inserts into bacterial membrane and pokes holes b. serve as chemotaxins and opsonins
c. promote vasodilation and histamine release d. activate kinins

Question 14

Specific Immune Responses (adaptive immunity) (growing bee corner)

Answer 14

act on particular invaders
B and T lymphocytes
during maturation each B and T cell becomes capable of responding to a particular invader (only one specific kind of invader for each individual cell)
a. which invaders we can respond to is genetically determined

Question 15

adaptive - recognize antigens (large)

Answer 15

large, complex molecule that the immune system can respond to

a. usually proteins, or large polysaccharides
b. maybe on cell surface or individual molecules secreted by the pathogen

Question 16

self-antigens are plasma membrane glycoproteins - adaptive (prof piano)

Answer 16

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that determines which MHC glycoproteins an individual has
b. lymphocytes do not harm these cells under normal conditions

Question 17

antibody mediated immunity (bee a mediator)

Answer 17

B cells display antibodies on their surfaces and secrete them

a. antibodies are also called gamma globulins or immunoglobulins (Ig)
b. each antibody molecule has 2binding sites for a specific antigen

Question 18

When a B cell clone is exposed..(antibody mediated immunity)

Answer 18

to the right antigen the cells reproduce and…
a. some become plasma cells, which secrete
antibodies
b. some become memory cells, which launch a more powerful attack if the body is exposed to that antigen again (secondary response)

Question 19

antibodies enhance immune responses (ant stove)

Answer 19

neutralization- bind to free floating antigens and stop them from causing harm
b. most powerful activator of complement system (so enhance inflammation)

Question 20

active immunity occurs when (bee activity)

Answer 20

an individual’s B cells make antibodies

a. infections, vaccines

Question 21

passive immunity is when (donor)

Answer 21

antibodies come from a donor who is immune

a. breast milk, snake bite/rabies/tetanus shots

Question 22

Cell-mediated immunity (mac in cell - mediator)

Answer 22

macrophages “present antigen” to T cells (often to B cells also)

1. macrophage phagocytizes antigen and places it on its surface
2. appropriate type of T cell binds and is activated to reproduce and differentiate
   - T cells require both non-self and self antigen to bind and destroy a cell

Question 23

types of T cells (ramirez kitchen door)

Answer 23

cytotoxic T cells (killer cells or CD8 cells)
a. destroy virus-infected, cancer or transplanted cells (1) direct killing by releasing perforin to poke holes
and lyse cell
(2) indirect by signaling for apoptosis
(programmed cell death)

Question 24

helper T cells (CD4) (help w/ tp in hall) (ADAPTIVE)

Answer 24

secrete cytokines that regulate nearly all aspects of immune response, including…

(1) B cell growth factor
(2) T cell growth factor (interleukin 2)
(3) chemotaxins
(4) macrophage-migration inhibiting factor keeps macrophages in area and makes them more powerful

Question 25

suppressor T cells

Answer 25

do not need presented antigen to be active b. limit responses of other immune cells
c. reproduce more slowly than other immune cells and shut down immune responses after they’ve served their purpose

Question 26

Cells that blur the boundaries of innate (general defenses) and adaptive (lymphocytes) immunity (blurry desk)

Answer 26

innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) similar duties as T cells but faster and less powerful
2. innate response activator cells (IRA) B cells recognize bacteria and produce cytokines to activate other innate cells (not typical of B cells)

Question 27

physical barrier (1st line) (kera)

Answer 27

keratinocytes form barrier, also influence immune cells

Question 28

skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) (1st line) (s-special)

Answer 28

contain specialized immune cells

Question 29

chemical barrier (1st line)

Answer 29

secretions of sweat and oil (sebaceous) glands are toxic to bacteria

Question 30

neutrophils (defense cells) (phil)

Answer 30

highly mobile phagocytes

Question 31

eosinophils (defense cells) (ear)

Answer 31

secrete chemicals that kill parasitic worms, involved in allergic reactions

Question 32

basophils (defense cells) (basal sneeze)

Answer 32

release histamine and heparin (inflammatory response) involved in allergic reactions

Question 33

lymphocytes (defense cells) (lymph front door)

Answer 33

can reproduce outside bone marrow (in lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes). B and T lymphocytes

Question 34

monocytes (defense cells) (monica tv)

Answer 34

become macrophages - large phagocytes in tissues

- most in tissues, some circulate in blood

Question 35

inflammation characterized by (arm)

Answer 35

d. characteristics include redness, heat, swelling and pain

resident macrophages begin phagocytosis

Question 36

resident macrophages begin phagocytosis - innate - (inflammation) (sf state sailing)

Answer 36

3. histamine released from mast cells (similar to basophils, present in connective tissues) causes…
   a. vasodilation➝increased blood flow (redness,heat)
   b. increased capillary permeability➝plasma proteins flow out ➝ edema (swelling, pain)
4. “walling off”of area due to fibrin forming interstitial fluid clots (inhibits spread of invader

Question 37

after clotting (kin) in phagocyte secretions

Answer 37

(5) enzymes that trigger kinin production
(6) endogenous pyrogen (EP) which causes fever and encourages inflammatory response
(7) interleukin 1 (IL-1) enhances lymphocyte
production

Question 38

B lymphocytes specialize in (adaptive) (bee 60s micro)

Answer 38

recognizing free- existing invaders like bacteria, bacterial toxins, some viruses (antibody-mediated or humoral immunity)

Question 39

T lymphocytes specialize (adaptive) (chemo)

Answer 39

killing virus-infected and cancer cells (cell-mediated immunity)

Question 40

antibodies enhance immune response by acting as (opal basket)

Answer 40

c. opsonins, enhancing phagocytosis
d. cause agglutination (clumping) of cells with antigen
e. stimulate killer cells to lyse bacteria (similar to natural killer cells but require antibodies)

Question 41

B lymphocytes (micro)

Answer 41

secrete antibodies. probably mature in bone marrow

Question 42

T lymphocytes (killer)

Answer 42

destroy virus infected and cancer cells. mature in thymus

Question 43

lactoferrin

Answer 43

binds iron so bacteria can’t use it to reproduce

Question 44

kinins (kin)

Answer 44

stimulate complement, reinforce histamine effects, activate pain receptors, act as chemotaxins

Question 45

adaptive is only..

Answer 45

T and B lymphocytes

Question 46

antibody mediated immunity is only..

Answer 46

B cells

Question 47

the innate cells are…..

Answer 47

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.

Question 48

the adaptive cells are..

Answer 48

B cells (or B lymphocytes) and a variety of T cells (or T lymphocytes), including helper T cells and suppressor T cells.

Question 49

primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity

Answer 49

T lymphocytes

Question 50

T cells do not have antigen “presented” by

Answer 50

complement

Question 51

B cells make antibodies, the functions of which include

Answer 51

acting as opsonins