Philosophy Flashcards
beneficence
promoting patient’s best interest and protecting from harm
nonmalifience
do no harm
Axiology (and something else - does the ax have value)
the philosophical study of goodness and VALUES. The philosophical study of value. It includes questions about the nature and classification of values and about what kinds of things have value.
Metaphysics (Ontology); (I’m on to what is metaphysics) and who practices it?
Alternate realities. Ontology is the inquiry into what “is”, what exists. Metaphysics is the study of what “is” outside of the physical world - Ideas (in the Platonic sense), Forms (in the Aristotelian sense) and theological concepts such as souls, angels and gods
Epistemology (pist bc it’s knowledge)
The study of the origin of knowledge.
the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
Logic (logically the referee evaluates)
application of logical methods to philosophical problem. The referee. System or method used to evaluate arguments.
Aesthetics
a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed through judgments of taste
Ethics
involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior
Descriptive (I’m describing my view on morality)
the study of people’s views about moral beliefs.
normative ethics (norm takes action)
normative ethics is the study of ethical action (Kant, Mill and Ethics of Care)
metaethics (betta study the basic ethics)
concerned primarily with reflections on ethics itself. Some issues within metaethics include the meaning of moral terms like “ought,” “right,” and “virtue”; the metaphysical status of moral norms; the proper grounds for
justifying moral claims; and the nature of moral knowledge.
Applied ethics (just applying ethics)
practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions
Bioethics - AND what type of ethics
The study of the ethical dimensions of medicine and the biological sciences; applied normative ethics
Biomedical Ethics
The study of what one is obligated or permitted to do, or prohibited from doing, in different contexts of biotechnology, medical practice, and medical research
Correspondence Theory of Truth
objective. Narrowly speaking, the correspondence theory of truth is the view that truth is correspondence to, or with, a fact. that truth is a relational property involving a characteristic relation.
relativism
subjective. the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
normative ethics (norm takes action)
that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong.
relativism
the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
Virtue ethics - AND what type of ethics is it
a class of normative ethical theories which treat the concept of moral virtue as central to ethics. Plato & Aristotle
Deontological (Deon it’s your duty) and what type of ethics
(Kant; duty/nonconsequentialist). the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action
Utilitarian - and what type of ethics?
Utilitarian (Bentham, Mill;
consequentialist). a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals
Feminist Ethics/Ethics of Care
Moral decision-making is expected to be rational and logical, with a focus on universal, objective rules. In contrast, ethics of care defends some emotions, such as care or compassion, as moral
moral theory (the theory explains it)
An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person’s character is good or bad.
• Tells us what it is about an action that makes it right
Faculties (artistotle)
These are capable of experiencing the emotions, e.g., getting angry or feeling pity etc.
Two vices: Aristotle (think Aristotle)
Two vices: 1. Excess
2. Deficiency
aristotle - objective or subjective?
subjective. This kind of “happiness” refers to the excellent living
conditions that people hope to achieve. The highest purpose of life is the state in which
people live the best and the most prosperous, similar to what we now call “successful life”. Everything that one does in life could considered both a means and an end, but happiness is the only thing that could be purely considered an end. There is nothing further in life than pure happiness. Therefore Aristotle argues that this overarching goal is in fact the one true goal of human existence.
kant (Kan’t everyone adopt and will it?) Universal imperative
An action is right if and only if one can both 1) consistently conceive of everyone adopting and acting on the maxim of one’s action, and also 2) consistently will that everyone act on the maxim.
maxim
an expression of moral rule or principle
moral theory (just good and bad, thats it)
An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person’s character is good or bad
Virtue ethics (character is the key to virtue)
A moral theory that focuses on
the development of virtuous character. character is the key to the moral life, for it is from a virtuous character that moral conduct and values naturally arise
