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XIO > Chem ch 23 > Flashcards

Chem ch 23 Flashcards

1
Q

lipids - soluble in what?

A

naturally occurring, nonpolar, insoluble in water. soluble in organic solvent

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2
Q

types of lipids (wtfgsse like lipids)

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. waxes
  3. triacylgylcerols aka triglcerides)
  4. gylcerophospholipids
  5. spingolipids
  6. sterols
  7. eicosanoids
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3
Q

fatty acids - box the fat (how many carbon - fatty these years)

A

a long chain of carboxylic acids, straight chain, usually 12-20 carbons.

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4
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or unsaturated fatty acids (one or more double bond - USFAs)

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5
Q

waxes (waxes like ester, acid and alcohol)

A

It’s just an ester. acid + alcohol = ester and H2O, ie. long chain acid + long chain alcohol

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6
Q

triacylgylcerols aka (triglcerides)

A

triester of glycerol (just 3 carbons with
O
||
CH3-O-C attached)

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7
Q

gylcerophospholipids

A

has phosphate group on one carbon. Has a charged phosphate group. called diester lipid - also component of cell membrane

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8
Q

spingolipids - polar or no polar? (spring in the pool)

A

these are polar - they have polar and nonpolar head

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9
Q

types of spingolipids (2) (sping is smart sugar)

A

sphingomyelin

glycolipids

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10
Q

sterols (CHB steroids)

A

4 rings. 1) cholesterol, 2) bile salts, 3) hormones

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11
Q

eicosanoids (echo - 24/7)

A

signaling molecules. arachiodonic acid - 20 carbons with 4 double bonds

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12
Q

fatty acids - saturated

A

no double or triple bond

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13
Q

saturated fatty ACIDS - examples (saturated LMPS in laura)

A

lauric acid
myristic acid
palmitic acid
stearic acid

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14
Q

2 types of unsaturated fatty acids - aka monounsaturated fatty acids

A

one double bond

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15
Q

unsaturated fatty acids - 2 numbers mean…

A

carbon 1st and number of bonds 2nd

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16
Q

essential unsaturated fatty acids (lin uncool)

A

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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17
Q

omega 3 (and how many carbons?) (the omega is down by 14-1)

A

14-1 (1 is the number of bonds, if you’re naming it this way), first double bond away from carboxylic group is on carbon 3. Can be named 14-1 fatty acid. IT could be 14-2 omega 3, also, just wherever the first double bond is.

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18
Q

omega 6

A

first double bond away from carboxylic group is on carbon 6

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19
Q

waxes (wax evenly, ester is waxy) - What is the Rule???

A

fatty acids ester. R has to be even number of carbon (waxes don’t have odd #s) R prime is 24-36 carbons. R is 16-36 carbons

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20
Q

function of waxes

A

protecting coating on fruits, leaves, animal skin or fur and aquatic birds

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21
Q

ester will have a..

A

COO in it

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22
Q

triacylglycerols - 2 major classes (try animals or veggies)

A

animal fat or vegetable oil. They are triester (3) of glycerol.

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23
Q

R, R prime, R double prime are…

A

vegetable oil, are unsaturated

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24
Q

animal fat (saturate the animals)

A

mostly saturated fatty acids

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25
Q

function of triacyclglycerols (store the tricycle)

A

used as longterm storage of energy. can provide a thermal insulation, and protective padding.

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26
Q

reactions of fatty acids (think saturated and non)

A

hydrogenation and hydrolysis

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27
Q

partial hydrogenation is bad..

A

because it creates trans fat, it is harder to digest due to higher melting point

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28
Q

hydrolysis of triacyleglycerols (water splits it down the middle)

A

THIS IS IN ACIDIC SOLUTION. the result is glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
O
||
The CH2-O-C-R group is just split in half and you’re left with a gylcerol and 3 fatty acids.

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29
Q

hydrolysis of triagylcerols in basic solution (basic tricycle makes basic soap)

A

soap - in basic solution it’s called saponification

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30
Q

saponification (soap needs water - think 3 glycerol soap)

A

hydrolysis of triagclyglycerols in basic solution

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31
Q

phospholipids

A

(most important)

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32
Q

sphingomyelin (sphingosine)

A

nerve fiber and brain tissue

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33
Q

glycolipids

A

a phospholipids with a fatty acid bonded on carbon #2, NH2 and a sugar on C1 (OH) group on sphingosine. cell membrane

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34
Q

sterols (cb for steroids)

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. bile salt (essential for digestion of fats and oils
    for emulsification of fats. formed in the liver, stored in gall bladder, released in small intestine)
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35
Q

cholesterol

A

be able to identify it

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36
Q

mineralocorticoids (to the mines)

A

involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body. simulates absorption of Na by kidneys.

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37
Q

hormones with sterol nucleus (think roid and you know the last one)

A
  1. mineralocorticoids (ex. aldosterons)
  2. glucocorticoids
  3. sex hormones
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38
Q

glucocorticoids (it’s in the name)

A

cortisone (anti-inflammation) involved in metabolism of carbohydrates/protein/fat. they have anti-inflammatory activity.

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39
Q

sex hormones

A

lipids
1. testosterone
2. androsterone
affect sexual development or reproduction

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40
Q

cell membrane structure

A

lipid bilayer composed of 2 parallel sheets of lipid molecules arranged tail to tail.

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41
Q

main components of cell membrane (PLLG the membrane) think protein

A

lipids, protein, gylcoprotein, lipoprotein

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42
Q

2 types of protein in cell membrane

A
  1. peripheral protein

2. integral protein

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43
Q

3 types of transport

A

simple diffusion (passive), active transport, facilitated diffusion

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44
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low concentration, CO2, O2, NO - use simple. small mostly non-polar.

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45
Q

active transport

A

low concentration to high concentration. This uses ATP

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46
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

ie - glucose. needs to go from high to low concentration using protein channels. no energy is needed.

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47
Q

how to tell if it’s a reducing sugar or not

A

if it has a free C=O-O or a C-H=O

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48
Q

hemiacetals have an…

A

OH group, acetals just have 2 O groups

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49
Q

glycosidic bond/glycoside

A

the formation of acetals or just the bond linking disaccharides and monosaccharides

50
Q

enzymes provide an..(show me another way enzyme)

A

alternate pathway lowering the activation energy

51
Q

eicosanoids structure (eco cooed at the ring)

A

long chain w/ COOH at the end, but also the ring structure attached

52
Q

sterol structure

A

4 fused rings

53
Q

examples of unsaturated fatty acids (don’t need to memorize)

A

oleic acid - olive oil - 18 carbons, one double bond.

linoleic acid - 18-2 - vegetable oil. linolenic acid - 18-3 - canola oil. arachidonic acid - 20 -4 - liver animal fat.

54
Q

monosaturated fatty acids - what do the number represent?

A

the first is the # of carbons, then 2nd is the # of double bonds.

55
Q

the number of double bonds raises or lowers the melting point?

A

lowers

56
Q

are fatty acids cis or trans?

A

only cis, no trans in nature

57
Q

arachidonic acid (spider in liver 24.7)

A

20-4, liver, animal fat

58
Q

linoleic and linolenic are essential or not?

A

essential, because our bodies can’t make it

59
Q

cis can be converted to…

A

trans fat

60
Q

memorize the structure of..

A

triglycerol

61
Q

triglycerides aka triglcyerols ex. (tricycle if veggies and animal)

A 
vegetable oil, unsaturated. 
animal fat (mostly saturated fatty acids)
62
Q

which triglyceride/triglycerol is the ONLY unsaturated fatty acids? (Veggie is liquid)

A

vegetable oil

63
Q

if you see NaOH as a base, it’s….

A

basic

64
Q

glycerol-3 phosphate

A

a glycerol w/ a phosphate group on the 3rd carbon

CH2- OH
|
CH - OH
|
              O
              ||
CH - O - P - O 
               |
               O
65
Q

polar part of the phospholipid

A

the head, the PO4(-2) part

66
Q

nonpolar part of the phospholipid (cat tail and water)

A

fatty acid tails

67
Q

sphingosine

A

it’s the backbone

68
Q

sphingomyelin (type of sphingo)

A

brain tissue and main component of coating around nerve fibers (myelin sheath)

69
Q

glycolipids (type of sphingo)

A

phospholipids, with an NH2 bonded on carbon #2, and a sugar on carbon #1. sphingosine backbone. have carbohydrate attached

70
Q

sphingomyelin is a type of what?

A

phospholipid

71
Q

glycolipid is important component of…(the main thing)

A

cell membrane

72
Q

bile salt essential for…

A

digestion of fats and oils (in small intestine) their job is emulsification of fats. they are synthesized in the liver. stored in gall bladder. can be released in small intestine.

73
Q

when you shake phospholipids in the water, they make

A

micelles - no polar part of molecule goes inside micelle and makes a ball

74
Q

in cholesterol, one ring is…

A

unsaturated

75
Q

cholesterol is polar or nonpolar?

A

slightly polar bc there is one OH group

76
Q

bile acids are polar or nonpolar?

A

polar, more polar than cholesterol bc they have more OH groups

77
Q

ex of mineralocorticoids (alden in the mine)

A

aldosterone

78
Q

aldosterone

A

involved with the salt balance in the body. stimulates absorption of Na+ or K+ by kidneys

79
Q

micelles are also called…(my lips)

A

liposomes

80
Q

important components of cell membrane (GLLP the protein for the membrane)

A

lipids, proteins, glycoprotein, lipoprotein

81
Q

each layer of cell membrane is called…

A

leaflet, polar part outside, nonpolar facing inward

82
Q

2 types of protein in cells

A

1) peripheral - only on one face of bilayer - one leaflet

2) integral protein - makes channel extended through the cell membrane

83
Q

step one structure

A

just remove the double bond and add CH2 for 2nd C, and an OH on the left side

84
Q

peripheral protein

A

only on one side of bilayer (one leaflet)

85
Q

integral protein

A

with channel extended through the cell membrane

86
Q

lauric acid (laura loves 12 coconuts)

A

coconut oil - 12 carbons - source is coconut oil.

87
Q

myristic acid (at 14, butter and nutmeg are mystical)

A

14 carbons, butter fat or nutmeg fat. Both have high melting and boiling points bc many carbons.

88
Q

palmitic acid (palm reader at 16)

A

16 carbons, palm oil

89
Q

stearic acid (cocoa sterile at 18)

A

18 carbons, all animal fat or cocoa butter.

90
Q

triacylglycerols - characteristics (tricycles don’t like water or membranes)

A

no charge, nonpolar, hydrophobic. can’t be part of the cell membrane.

91
Q

sphingomyelins - make up

A

contain a charged phosphate group

92
Q

gylcolipids - make up

A

contain a sugar group

93
Q

waxes structure

A

just an ester in the middle, and only C and Hs on either side

94
Q

Triacylglycerols - structure

A

3 carboxylic acids

95
Q

Glycerophospholipids function - (glossy phospho is boss)

A

help to control the flow of molecules into and out of cells

96
Q

Sphingomyelins - structure

A

amides derived from an amino alcohol (sphingosine) - also have a phosphate group

97
Q

if there is a C=O-O-H at the end, it’s a…

A

fatty acid

98
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have…

A

more than one carbon–carbon double bond.

99
Q

if there is an H2-O, it’s an..

A

alcohol. No matter what else is attached to it

100
Q

All fats and oils are..(try the fats and oils)

A

triglycerols (think 3)

101
Q

what makes the melting point lower?

A

the more double bonds, the lower the melting point

102
Q

saturated fat - appearance

A

straight chains

103
Q

unsaturated fats - appearance

A

kink where the double bond is - they’re bent

104
Q

Triacylglycerols are polar or nonpolar? (tricycles cant swim)

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic

105
Q

The three major kinds of cell membrane lipids in animals are…(think lipids and crisco)

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

106
Q

what has 2 tails instead of one? (phosphate likes 2)

A

phospholipids

107
Q

Glycerophospholipids (split the name in 2 and that’s what it is)

A

Two of the ester bonds are with fatty acids, 3rd is phosphate. It’s just 3 (triacylglcerol) with a phosphate as the last one

108
Q

fatty acids are..(the numbers) (fatty at this age)

A

carboxylic acids with 12 - 22 CARBONS - this is important

109
Q

all lipids are nonpolar except…(phosphate is the key to water)

A

sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids

110
Q

higher the carbon, the higher the…

A

melting point

111
Q

how to identify a wax (what number)

A

it will be an even # of carbons with an ester (COO) (24 - 36 carbons, including the COO one)

112
Q

remember to count…

A

the carbons when you identify structures

113
Q

memorize gylcerol structure

A

it’s just 3 CH2 with OHs attached

114
Q

triglyceride structure (also called triacylglycerol) (TRI to remember the carboxylic part)

A

just a gylcerol - the OH becomes O, with an ester attached at all 3. basically just a =O attached to all 3 glycerols.

115
Q

fats and oils are…(fatty acids on tricycles)

A

triacylglycerols

116
Q

full hydrogenation is…

A

fine, partial is the one that can cause trans fat

117
Q

hydrogenation of fatty acids

A

if unsaturated - undergo hydrogenation (think of H added to alkene becomes alkane) of unsaturated fatty acid. partial hydrogenation may convert some of the cis configuration to trans

118
Q

hydrolysis of fatty acids (tracylglycerols)

A
119
Q

if there is an Na+ or NaOH it’s…

A

soap

120
Q

ester looks like (Oh Oh ester)

A

O
||
O - C - C

XIO (372 decks)

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