Chem test 1-3 Flashcards
nonpolar with low boiling point
Alkanes, Alkenes, alkyne Cycloalkanes, cycloalkene and Cycloalkyne
carbonyl group (C=O) make the compound
polar
IUPAC name for ethers (u pac the oxy in ether)
use oxy on the end - methoxy
common name for ether ends in…
ether
when naming ethers (ether one side or the other)..
name the substituents on both sides in alphabetical order - don’t forget to number the smaller substituent where it attaches to the larger one
handedness
mirror image of your hand cannot be superimposed on each other - your thumbs would be on opposite sides
chiral
when an object has handedness - it can’t be superimposed
achiral (a chiral chair)
the chair in the mirror - it’s the same both ways
configurations (configure my stereo)
stereoisomers (cis and trans) can’t be rotated to match each other
anisole (ana at ocha)
benzene with OCH attached
IUPAC name for alcohols will end in
ol
constitutional isomers (same constitution, but different states in US)
same formula, different order of bonds
Alkylhalides functional group (FIB C)
carbon halogen bond - fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine
xylene - O, M, P
benzene w/ 2 CH3 in O, M or P position
they don’t do addition reactions
benzene
benzene + NO3
product will be NO2 attached to benzene ONLY in position 2, 3, or 4 + HOH. Will never be position 1.
benzene + SO3 reaction =
benezene with SO3H attached. No + left over, it’s just one compound being added.
organic compounds - characteristics
low boiling and melting points, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
inorganic compounds - characteristics
high boiling and melting points, soluble in water, not soluble in organic solvents
carbonyl group (car bon twice)
C=O
enantiomers aka optical isomers
mirror image - NOT superimposable
formula for dehydration of OH is…(the product and the reagent also)
just the alcohol (whatever she gives you) PLUS H2SO4 = the product and H2O
wood alcohol (poison soaked wood) - ALSO IUPAC name
methanol. used as a solvent. colorless, miscible w/ water, toxic to humans
ethyl alcohol
present in beverages
isopropyl alcohol
rubbing alcohol, used as a solvent, not as toxic as methyl but still toxic
Ethylene glycol, a diol - description (ethyl is sweet but deadly)
slightly sweet, colorless, miscible w/ water. insoluble to nonpolar. lethal to animals
glycerol or glycerin - description - think vape
sweet tasting, colorless, miscible w/ water. nontoxic, used to make candy.
how to tell which has higher boiling point
more carbon = higher boiling point AND more branches = lower boiling point
if the product is CO2 and water (+ alkane), the reaction is..
combustion
alkene + H2O =
alcohol
when is Pd solvent used?
hydrogenation. alkene + H2
just C - H bonds are polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
organic molecules have___bond
covalent
lin trig tetra
2, 3 and 4 groups attached to C
soluble organic compounds do not (water doesn’t do what)
conduct electricity
when naming ethers..
divide on each side of the 0 - the longer chain is the parent, ie ethane, and the shorter is the oxy, methoxy. Full IUPAC name is methoxy ethane
diene
2 double bonds - can be used for cyclo or line - any type
when is Ccl4 or CH2Cl2 used as a solvent?
halogenation
how to tell if you have a symmetric or unsymmetric alkene
look at the number of Hs on each side of the bond, and if they are different, it’s unsymmetric. ie - CH = CH2 - this is unsymmetric
boiling point - trans alkenes
have lower boiling points and higher melting points
boiling point - cis alkenes (cis mad)
generally more polar and less symmetrical, have higher boiling points and lower melting points
alkenes and alkynes are more or less dense than water?
less
rearrangement reactions
usually just moving the bond to a different spot or changing cis to trans
rearrangement reactions
usually just moving the bond to a different spot or changing cis to trans
in nitration of benzene
any H is replaced by NO2 and it becomes the benzene ring w/ NO2 + HOH or H20
if asked to polymeryze just
change double bond to single bond and leave the 2 at the end empty - no hydrogens
catalyst for nitration of benzene is (nitrate needs sulfuric)
H2SO4
halogenation with Br the catalyst is
FeBr3
halogenation with Cl the catalyst is
FeCl3
with the benzene reactions
you’re going to be adding 2 - Brs or 2 Cls etc. Remember one is left over after one is added to the ring - so the product is the benzene ring w/ Br attached + H - Br
to predict the polymerization or polymer, just..
change the double bond to a single bond and put the substituents on the top and bottom - repeat and put it in brackets with a little n at the bottom right corner. AND name it “poly something” like polystymer
Diastereomers
two molecules with the same molecular formula and same connections. They are non-superimposable non-mirror images of each other
common name for ether
alkyl alkyl ether
IUPAC naming of ether
alkoxy - larger alkyl is the parent chain, smaller one is the oxy. ie methoxy ethane
naming of ethers if you use oxy
you NEED to number the alkyl if it’s larger than 1. ie - 2-methoxy propane (the methyl group is on C # 2)
even if the connections are different, molecules in a different order, etc. the are
ISOMERS. If it’s the same number, it’s an isomer
even if the double bond is on a completely different molecule, it’s..
an ISOMER
REMEMBER, if there is 2 or 3 alcohols (OHs) name it…
diol or triol - ex. butanetriol
constitutional isomers can..
be the same even if one has a double bond and the other doesn’t, as long as they have the same # of Cs and Hs.
xylene
benzene w/ 2 CH3s attached. Remember to use O,M, P
3 reactions with aromatics (SHN - aroma)
sulfonication, nitration and halogenation
OHCH2CH2OH
ethylene glycol
reactions of alcohols
dehydration and oxidation
when you oxidize an alcohol (add an {o})
the product is C=O and an H attached
ethylene oxide (jolene ethylene in egypt)
pyramid with an O at the top
tetrahydrofuran
tetra w/ O at the top
1,4 dioxane
basically a hexane w/ an O at the top and an O at the bottom
ethers boiling points
higher than alkanes but lower than alcohols
O-CH as a subtituent is..
methoxy
only time you don’t drop E
diols and thiols
CH3CH2CH2CH2SH
1-butanethiol
DONT FORGET CYCLO
JESUS
OH has priority over
SH
if SH is a substituent on a cylco, call it
mercapto, not thiol
if you have a double bond and SH, number the..
double bond first - 2-butene (double bond on the 2) 1-thiol (SH on 1)
benzyl (my methyl)
benzene with CH2
OH has the highest
boiling point - more OHs, higher the boiling point
must have a chiral carbon
entiomers
if you see 2 molecules that are mirror images, it’s probably
an entiomer
meso
more than 1 chiral center
conformation (conform to alkane)
just rotating
configuration
can’t be rotated around like conformation
oxidation of secondary alcohol produces..(the key is #2)
ketone
in oxidation…(remove your own oxygen)
you take away the 2 Hs, and replace them with a double bond between C and O. That’s it. C=O
dehydration you are literally just…
removing your 2 neighbor’s Hs and replacing with a double bond
can’t taste the candy cane
alkanes tasteless, nonpolar, insoluble in water
