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XIO > Eating habits - 7th set (meta) > Flashcards

Eating habits - 7th set (meta) Flashcards

1
Q

Electron Transport Chain (body weight)

A
  • the most productive stage of energy harvesting - maximum amount of ATP synthesized. you make daily body weight in ATP
  • involves collection of membrane associated carriers
    not symmetrical (some are integral, some are peripheral proteins) arranged and pass e- from one to next member
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2
Q

2 classes of carriers - electron transport chain

A

some accept electrons only from previous member
ii. …others accept electron, proton pair (e and H) - (then the E is passed to the next member, and then the proton is pumped across the membrane. then it generates a proton gradient at this time)

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3
Q

the proton is pumped across the

A

the membrane - generates a proton gradient -
> functions unidirectionally
> some functions as proton pumps

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4
Q

prokaryotes, etc operates at the

A

plasma membrane level = surrogate mitochondria. eukaryotes - inner mitochondrial membrane.

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5
Q

as electrons pass down the electron transport system..

A

trapped energy is released and ATP is generated

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6
Q

electron carriers (names)

A

flavoproteins, metal containing proteins, ubiquinone, cytochromes

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7
Q

Flavoproteins - electron carrier

A

integral proteins, have a riboflavin derivative associated with it - called FMN (flavin mononucleotide)

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8
Q

Metal containing proteins - electron carrier

A

integral proteins - either iron or sulfur associated with it. elements (like Fe). Fe alternates between oxidized and reduced state.

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9
Q

Ubiquinone - electron carrier

A

non-protein, small organic lipid soluble molecules. sandwiched between lipid layers. in E. coli, its called menaquinone - it gets converted to vitamin K in a few steps.

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10
Q

Cytochromes - electron carrier

A

mixed proteins (integral or peripheral) with Fe and heme associated w/ their structure. Fe is the one that alternates between an oxidized and a reduced form. electrons usually passed to cytochrome B - then C - the A - then A3.

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11
Q

collagen is similiar

A

in animals and humans

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12
Q

fermentation (bread)

A

no 02, glycolysis only, organic molecule either pyruvate (made during glycolysis) - becomes lactic acid or acetaldehyde, commercially important

used by organisms that cannot respire; no oxygen usage
- ATP synthesized during glycolysis only, thus low yield - only a few atp made by substrate level phosphorylation.
- there is NO Krebs cycle or ETC reactions
- terminal electron acceptor (along with protons from NADH) is a organic molecule - not inorganic (this is associated w/ respiration)
(either pyruvate or it’s derivative - then it becomes lactic acid or acetaldehyde (if it undergoes decarboxylation)
- end products are used as markers for identification and are commercially important products

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13
Q

function of fermentation

A

to generate steady supply of NAD+, which is recycled. to convert NADH back into the coenzyme NAD+ so that it can be used again

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14
Q

metabolism definition

A

the sum of all chemical reactions inside cells.

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15
Q

respiratory has___pathways

A

has all 3 pathways, linear, branched , cylindrical

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16
Q

electrochemical gradient (name split)

A

2 parts - it is a charge and a chemical compound. the gradient has the potential energy = proton motive force (the cell is a tiny battery), it’s trapped to make atp.

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17
Q

chemosmotic theory (synthase)

A

2 important things - 1. protons (H) can’t just diffuse membrane, only through pores and channels. 2. aligned by atp synthase - can only get through there.

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18
Q

fenfen

A

leaky mitochondria. co2 poisoning stops E transport chain

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19
Q

cytochrome a and a3 (when together) - form

A

if bacteria have cytochrome oxidase, they are called oxidase positive cells. some includes niessera gonorrhea and pseudomonas.
some have a and a3 separate - called oxidase negative cells. ex. E.coli, salmonella, proteus

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20
Q

bacteria and animal has stayed the same

A

cytochromes

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21
Q

once the proton is passed to the next member, it gets…

A

reoxidized

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22
Q

cytochromes are similar in..

A

humans and animals. it is evolutionary conserved.

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23
Q

when FAD accepts a proton electron pair…

A

as a hydrogen atom, it gets reduced to FADH2

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24
Q

NAD accepts the electron…

A

it becomes NADH and drops first member flavoprotein. flavo is accepting electron proton pair. these protons are pumped across the membrane.

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25
Q

flavoprotein delivers electron to…

A

ubiquinone

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26
Q

ubiquione not a proton..

A

pump

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27
Q

when the carrier can pump the proton across the membrane..

A

it creates a chemical gradient

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28
Q

the outside of the membrane has more..

A

protons. there is a tendency to neutralize the charges. its like a dam with potential energy.

29
Q

protons cannot..

A

diffuse the membrane. they need atp synthase.

30
Q

the last member accepts the electron..

A

and is reoxidized (accepts O) and becomes water.

31
Q

oxidase test is used to identify

A

gonorrhea

32
Q

hydrogen protons cannot..

A

diffuse across the membrane

33
Q

pyruvic acid is a..

A

3 carbon compound, and it’s the end product of glycolysis

34
Q

decarboxylation is..

A

a release of CO2

35
Q

NADH and FADH2 (in the Kreb’s cycle) are the..

A

carriers of the H atom

36
Q

ADP is turned into ATP in Kreb’s by

A

during phosphorylation, from some inorganic high energy compounds

37
Q

final electron acceptor is always an inorganic molecule

A

respiration

38
Q

final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

A

fermentation

39
Q

2 types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic

40
Q

oxidized

A

electrons are lost or combines with oxygen

41
Q

reduced

A

electrons are gained

42
Q

proteins are located on the..

A

membrane

43
Q

if electron is passed on, the carrier gets

A

reoxadized

44
Q

2 components of proton motive force

A

electrical and chemical

45
Q

when oxygen accepts electron at end of chain, it gets…

A

reduced to h20

46
Q

iron sulfate is a proton

A

pump

47
Q

decarboxylation occurs during..

A

transition reaction

48
Q

nad full name (nic ad)

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

49
Q

fadh2 full name

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

50
Q

FADH2 and NADH are produced in the..

A

krebs cycle

51
Q

6 reactions in Krebs cycle

A

anabolism, isomerization, redox reaction, decarboxylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and hydration.

52
Q

fermentation is a part of..

A

respiration

53
Q

every time an electron carrier accepts an electron, it gets

A

reduced

54
Q

every time an electron carrier passes on an electron, it gets

A

reoxidized

55
Q

every single carrier goes between a

A

reduced and oxidized form

56
Q

oxygen accepts both the

A

electron and proton pair

57
Q

atp during fermentation is only through

A

substrate phosphorylation

58
Q

end products in fermentation used for

A

markers for identification.

59
Q

propionibacterium

A

aceldalehyde - then Co2, propionic acid - swiss cheese

60
Q

aspergillus lactobacillus streptococcus

A

lactic acid - cheddar cheese, yogurt, soy sauce

61
Q

saccharomyces

A

yeast. co2, ethanol - wine, beer

62
Q

clostridium (closet)

A

acetone, isopropanol - nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol

63
Q

proteus ferments

A

glucose, but not lactose.

64
Q

e.coli and enterobacter ferment

A

both glucose and lactose.

65
Q

when e.coli ferments it forms

A

mixed stable acids (could be lactic, formic acid, succinic acid).

66
Q

when enterobacter aerogenes ferments, it forms

A

unstable acids, they get further degraded to form 2.3 butanediol

67
Q

acetaldehyde occurs during fermentation if…

A

it undergoes decarboxylation

68
Q

cyclical metabolic reaction

A

kreb’s cycle

69
Q

terminal electron acceptor gets..

A

reduced and then reoxidized

XIO (393 decks)

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