Eating habits - 9th set

Question 1

disease transmission is either

Answer 1

direct or indirect

Question 2

indirect transmission includes (VVF)

Answer 2

VVF

vehicle, fomite and vector

Question 3

vehicle transmission is (fawb in car)

Answer 3

FAWB

agent’s spread is via a medium or “things”. water, body fluids, food and airborne

Question 4

vector tranmission is (T2)

Answer 4

mechanical and biological

Question 5

body fluid transmission (blood, sweat HHHH)

Answer 5

• via blood, urine, saliva and other body fluids ( sweat, rectal fluid etc ) - potential pathogens can enter via conjunctiva, or break in skin or mucous membrane - some are routinely shedded
  Ex: HIV, herpes, hepatitis agents, HPV - now known to be transmitted via semen too

Question 6

food transmission is caused by…

Answer 6

poorly processed, cooked or refrigeration contributes to pathogen survival and transmission

Question 7

most food pathogens are inactivated…

Answer 7

by acidic gastric environment, surviving ones cause disease

Question 8

Milk Pasteurization (cow - tb)

Answer 8

it doesn’t kill all organisms, it only kills organisms which are pathogenic to us. started in 60s w/ tb outbreak in chicago. found it in mammary gland of infected cow. pasteuruzied became federal regulation. the spoilage microorganisms still survive (don’t harm us)

Question 9

airborne pathogens (small, med, large)

Answer 9

aerosol particles can be small, small get dry quickly, then pathogen gets inactivated, and then they fall on the ground. The large size ones they fall to the ground immediately. the medium size they can stay and cause disease because the pathogen remains hydrated. farthest they can travel is 6 feet.

Question 10

pathogens discharged as aerosols during

Answer 10

during sneezing, coughing or from air conditioning. aerosols are covered with water layer. coughing, sneezing, talking, yelling, etc.

Question 11

droplets (aerosols) spread…

Answer 11

rapidly, remains airborne and are prone to be inhaled; difficult to control. medium size droplets are the ones that spread rapidly.

Question 12

dust particles (hanta)

Answer 12

dust particles as in Hantavirus (causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans). emains in top layer of soil. during hiking dust particles are prone to be inhaled along w/ the virus. will only be lethal if you’re immunocompromised. no harm if you’re healthy. outbreak at yosemite.

Question 13

pathogen viability in air varies..(temps)

Answer 13

( dependent on humidity, temperature etc) if temp is high, aerosols dries up quickly, which will inactivate the virus. if temp is lower, water still hydrating the virus.

Question 14

most biological warfare strategy uses..

Answer 14

uses aerosolized spores for maximal transfer effectiveness. spores in air and inhaled and germinate, then vegetative cells makes toxins. anthrax first choice.

Question 15

Virus aerosol (IMCC)

Answer 15

IMCC
influenza, measles is the one that is contageous (easily transmitted), and chicken pox virus etc …chicken pox is only herpes that is aerosol transmitted. covid 19 pathogen.

Question 16

Vectors

Answer 16

living organism that carry pathogen from one host to another- pathogen can be either internal or external on body surface-

Question 17

Vector mediated transmission occurs by two general methods

Answer 17

mechanical and biological

Question 18

Mechanical vector transmission (passive transmission) (toy)

Answer 18

passive on insect’s feet or other body parts; “brushed off” onto host - insect is NOT the natural host

Question 19

Biological transmission (active transmission) (bite)

Answer 19

complex process, initiated via bite. can multiply within gut of insect. - spread requires insect consumes blood from several mammalian hosts
- pathogen multiplies in vector’s gut, migrate to salivary glands; injected directly into host following a bite - has to migrate to salivary gland because when it punctures the skin, the salivary glands contracts to introduce the salivary fluid. the fluid is introduced to prevent blood clot at the puncture site. it has anticoagulant in the saliva. with the saliva you get bacteria. vector serves as the host too

Question 20

ex. of biological transmission PLZ DW

Answer 20

PLZDW
Dengue virus, West Nile, Plasmodium sps (causes malaria) transmitted by mosquito, zika virus. all transmitted by mosquitos. lyme disease.

Question 21

food transmission - oysters

Answer 21

oysters are filter feeders - water treatment isn’t good, oysters will have norovirus in their bodies.

Question 22

food transmission - beef

Answer 22

• beef can be tainted with normal microbiota or microflora ( E.coli O157: H7 secretes Shiga like toxin, toxic to kidneys )

Question 23

Ex Bacterial aerosol (PPT)

Answer 23

pertussis, tuberculosis and pneumonic plague (aerosol transmitted) pathogen

Question 24

mechanical vector ex. (toy)

Answer 24

house fly, cockroach, ant

Question 25

vectors for biological transmission (bio-blood)

Answer 25

mosquitos, blood sucking flies, ticks, fleas, tse tse flies, sandflies

Question 26

house fly - typhoid and dysentery, type of transmission -

Answer 26

mechanical. off the feces of infected peoples to food ants

Question 27

formites are..

Answer 27

inanamate objects

Question 28

direct transmission

Answer 28

It’s direct passage of infectious agent from one individual to another ( person to person spread ); no intermediate is involved - because often pathogen is very fragile. - includes of animal to human transmission

Question 29

Direct transmission can also occur within the…

Answer 29

same individual - poor hygiene. UTI and e.coli. Also, includes pathogen transfer from mother to fetus (vertical transmission) via placenta. gonorrhea and syphilis, leads to neonatal gonorrhea or neonatal syphilis chicken pox (mother to fetus and cause congenital chicken pox)

Question 30

Significance of transmission

Answer 30

important for pathogen survival

Question 31

From animals via direct transmission (sheep) ex.

Answer 31

(inhalation, biting and scratching) rabies and anthrax (woolsorters disease)

Question 32

Health care workers use gloves and gowns to prevent

Answer 32

direct contact - minimize this mode of transmission

Question 33

Infectious agent’s indirect passage - what and ex. (waterfall- FVV)

Answer 33

FVV

from it’s fertile reservoir to an susceptible host. can be fomite mediated, vehicular and /or vector mode

Question 34

Fomite

Answer 34

inanimate object that facilitates pathogen transfer to new host Ex : bed sheet, thermometer, toilet seat, toothbrush etc

Question 35

Waterborne Transmission is common with…(drink)

Answer 35

gastrointestinal (oral, fecal route) pathogen - dispersal is mainly due to consumption of the large volume of water by the population.

Question 36

ex. of waterborne GCC

Answer 36

giardia, cryptosporidium, both are protoza. water can transmit cholera pathogen.

Question 37

ex. of transmission - direct contact

Answer 37

direct contact: touching :: cold virus, shaking hands kissing :: Epstein Barr virus ( herpes family) causes infectious mono
sexual intercourse :: HIV, HPV, herpes simplex ( HSV II) genital herpes

Question 38

hanta virus replicates in..

Answer 38

kidneys and is shedded in urine.

Question 39

animals that carry hanta

Answer 39

replicates in rodents and shed in urine

Question 40

vector can also be the

Answer 40

host. mosquito

Question 41

types of vectors (arturo)

Answer 41

Arthropods (invertebrates) are important vectors ; vertebrates too (cats, dogs, rodents - plague)