Chem 13-3 Flashcards
alkyene + 1 mole H =
alkane
alkyne + 2 moles H =
alkane
propene is also called..
propylene
vicinal dihalide
when 2 halides (Br and Br) are attached to 2 carbons side by side in the products side
solvent with bromine is (bro, clear or chill)
CCl4 or CH2Cl2
it’s usually trans (bro trans)
bromine
with cyclic alkenes, the reaction is usually…
stereospecific, or trans
how to tell if you have a symmetrical alkene just by looking at the formula
CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2. Look at the hydrogens on either side directly next to the = sign. If they are different, it’s unsymmetrical. The CH = CH2 (above) is unsymmetrical bc it’s 1 hydrogen and 2 hydrogens.
marcovnikov’s law
in unsymmetrical alkene, always add the hydrogen to the carbon w/ more hydrogens, and halogens to the carbon with less hydrogens. rich get richer
ethylene
H2C = CH2 - polyethylene
propylene
H2C = CH - CH3 polyproplyne
vinyl chloride
H2C=CH-Cl poly (vinyl chloride)
styrene (2 stys)
H2C = CH (with benzene attached) polystyrene
styrene
look it up
tetraflouroethylene
F2C=CF2
resonance
the true structure of the molecule can have double bonds in different spots, it’s 50/50. ie - benzene
phenol
benzene w/ OH at side chain
toluene
benzene w/ CH3 at side chain
aniline
benzene w/ NH2 at side chain
naming benzene
1) ortho 2) meta 3) para
ortho - O
side chains at 1 and 2
meta - m-
side chains at 1,3
para - p
side chains at 1,4
use ortho, meta and para when..
there are 2 identical groups on a benzene or if there is a toulene or aniline group
most common reaction with alkenes
addition
how many H in toluene?
8
how many H in toluene?
8
structural isomers are constitutional isomers
the formula and parent are the same, but the connections are different ie. substituents are on different carbons or one has a double bond and the other doesn’t, etc.
naming benzenes (dentist first)
dentist first, then alphabetical 1,2; 1,3; 1;4
toulene
benzene w/ methyl attached
phenol
easy alcohol
aniline (Ana is nitro)
benzene w/ NH2 attached
don’t add a number when naming benzenes if…
there is only one substiuent - ie - bromobenzene
if a benzene IS a substituent, it’s called…
phenyl - ie 3-phenylheptane
if benzene only has 1 branch, don’t…
add a number
benzene with a branch of NO2 is called…
nitrobenzene
benzene as a side chain - nomenclature
phenyl
if you use aniline, touleline, etc…
you don’t need benzene at the end. These replace benzene.
only use meta, para, or ortho IF
there are 2 of the same molecule branches or it’s tourline, alaline, phenol
STOP adding the number of the double bond on
cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes if there aren’t any substituents
also STOP adding the number to benzenes if..
there is only one substituent
IF she asks on exam - when bromine is added to a cycloalkene, it’s almost always cis or trans?
trans
anti-addition
happens with cyclic alkenes - when Br (or something else is added) the product is trans, not cis
if adding hydrohalogen using H202, go…(hydro and water are anti)
anti-marovnikof’s rule
if the order of the bond is different, ie 1 and 2, but everything else is the same, they are..
constitutional isomers
stereoisomers have the same…
connectivity - same bonds
o-xylene
benzene w/ methyl group on 1 and 2
m-xylene
benzene w/ methyl group on 1 and 3
p-xylene
benzene w/ methyl group on 1 and 4
these do not do addition reactions
benzene, only substitution and replacement
nitration reaction
benzene + HNO3
halogenation of aromatic compounds
benzene + Cl or Br
sulfonication (soh)
benzene + sulfonic acid group (SO3H)
