Newborns quiz Flashcards

1
Q

4 methods of heat loss

A

conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation

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2
Q

conduction

A

(3%): transfer from 1 object to another when the 2 objects in direct contact.
Newborn’s skin touches a cold surface, causing body heat to transfer to the colder object.
RN measures:
Pre-warm surfaces that the baby comes into contact with: warming crib sheets, heated mattresses/radiant warmers.
Skin-to-skin

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3
Q

convection (convict the draft)

A

(34%): heat loss d/t air currents/drafts
Cold air blows over the body of the infant = cooling the infant (open doors, windows, A/C, fan blowing when mom holding baby).
RN measures: maintain a warm & draft-free environment.
Maintain a warm & draft-free environment: clothes & blankets.
Avoid placing cribs near open windows/air vents.
Use incubators/isolettes to create a controlled microclimate to reduce exposure to the cool air.

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4
Q

evaporation

A

RN measures:
Dry the baby promptly after birth/bathing to prevent evaporative heat loss.
Keep the baby’s head covered to prevent heat loss through the scalp.
Promptly changing wet linens, clothes, or diapers.

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5
Q

S/Sx of hypothermia in the infant: (just 2)

A

cyanosis & tachypnea

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6
Q

radiation

A

Radiation (39%): cold objects close to, but not touching, the newborn. (Window open near baby).
RN measures:
Keep the baby away from the cold walls, windows, & other cold surfaces.
Ensure that the baby is not exposed to drafts/cold air.

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7
Q

transient circulatory channels of fetal circulation (vow to be transient)

A

Ductus Venosus, Ductus Arteriosus:, Foramen Ovale

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8
Q

Ductus Venosus: (veins in my liver are inferior)

A

Location: liver – connecting umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
Function: ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass the fetal liver & flow directly into the inferior vena cava to ensure that O2-rich blood is delivered to the heart & rest of the fetal body.

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9
Q

Ductus Arteriosus: (Art pulls to art for the system)

A

Location: blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery (carrying blood from the RT ventricle to the lungs) to the aorta (which carries blood to the systemic circulation).
Function: allows some of the blood that is pumped from the RT ventricle to bypass the nonfunctioning fetal lungs & flow directly into the systemic circulation. This helps ensure a greater supply of oxygenated blood to the rest of the fetal body.

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10
Q

Foramen Ovale: (oval lungs)

A

Location: btw. RT & LF atrium (upper chambers) of heart
Function: shunt allowing oxygenated blood from RT atrium to pass directly into the LF atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs, ensuring that a greater portion of O2-rich blood is distributed to the systemic circulation.

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11
Q

Jaundice (Keri has jaundice)

A

assess the level of bilirubin in the blood, baby’s age, & other factors to determine whether jaundice is physiologic/pathological. Early ID & appropriate mgmt. are essential to prevent complications associated w/severe jaundice, such as kernicterus (rare but serious neurological condition).

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12
Q

jaundice - parents

A

Parents: regular medical checkups & monitoring are essential to ensure baby’s health & well-being.

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13
Q

Pathological Jaundice - when (pathology is not normal)

A

Pathological Jaundice (Early-Onset; < 24 hrs): req. med. eval. to determine underlying cause.
When: w/in 1st 24hrs of life or is persistent beyond the 1st wk; when total bilirubin levels increase >

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14
Q

Jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - feeding - how often? (normal)

A

when there is increased bkdn of RBCs, leading to elevated bilirubin levels.
Encourage early initiation of feeding:
Provides proteins to maintain the albumin levels to transport bilirubin to liver & prevents hypoglycemia.
Feed q 2-3 hrs to promote emptying of bilirubin from the bowel.
BF 8-12 x/day prevents inadequate intake & dehydration.

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15
Q

jaundice - liver - what conditions cause it (the worst one)

A

conditions affecting the liver, such as: infections (sepsis), metabolic disorders, congenital liver diseases, can result in pathological jaundice.
Meds, supportive care, & live transplant (severe).

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16
Q

Physiologic Jaundice (Late; > 24 hrs):

A

Physiologic Jaundice (Late; > 24 hrs): most common; normal hyperbilirubinemia seen in newborns. A normal response to the bkdn of excess RBCs & the immature liver’s ability to process bilirubin efficiently.

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17
Q

jaundice - meconium

A

Note: newborn w/delayed passage of meconium – more likely to develop physiologic jaundice (normal jaundice)

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18
Q

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) (fay is less severe)

A

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE): result of moderate drinking through pregnancy
Milder range of effects seen in children who were exposed to alcohol in utero but do not meet all the criteria for a diagnosis of FAS.
Cognitive & behavioral impairments: less severe.

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19
Q

FAS - fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): result of high doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, such as binge drinking &/or drinking on a regular on a regular basis.

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20
Q

FAS - more serious problems (just mental)

A

Most Serious Problems:
Lifelong: cognitive, behavioral, & developmental challenges
Disabilities: learning, intellectual, attention, memory
Impulsivity, poor judgment, & difficulty w/social interactions

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21
Q

alcohol

A

There is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It is recommended that pregnant individuals avoid alcohol entirely to prevent the risk of FAS. Even small amounts of alcohol can potentially harm the developing fetus. Alcohol crosses the placenta & can interfere w/fetal development, causing a range of physical & neurological impairments.

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22
Q

diabetic mother - 1st 2 hours (just bonding)

A

1st 2 hrs: ensure smooth transition to the outside world & promote bonding btw newborn & parents. Promoting bonding during this time involves encouraging skin-to-skin contact, allowing parents to hold & interact w/their newborn, supporting BF, & providing a calm & nurturing environment. RNs ensure that the initial hrs of a newborn’s life are safe, comforting, & conducive to bonding btw the newborn & their parents.

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23
Q

diabetic mother - assessment (and what is always done?) (gestational diabetes)

A

HR, RR, temp, skin color, muscle tone, & reflexes
Evaluate gestational age: Ballard or other appropriate methods.
Administer Vit. K injection to prevent bleeding disorders

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24
Q

diabetic mother - VS for baby - which ones? (just 4)

A

HR, RR, O2
Assess temp & provide warm environment to prevent hypothermia.

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25
Q

diabetic mother - meds (same as all babies)

A

Administer erythromycin/tetracycline eye ointment to prevent eye infection.
IM injection of Phytonadione (Vit. K) to produce adequate clotting factors.
Perform cord clamping & cutting, while assessing for signs of nuchal cord/other abnormalities.

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26
Q

APGAR - 1 min

A

1 min: provides data about the newborn’s initial adaptation to extrauterine life.

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27
Q

APGAR rating (3 is a severe number)

A

Rating/Points: higher the score indicates the better condition of the newborn.
0: absent/poor response
1: slow, irregular, limited
2: normal, complete response
Normal: 8-10 – no intervention needed other than supporting normal resp efforts & maintaining thermoregulation
Moderate difficult: 4-7
Severe distress: 0-3

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28
Q

Problem List for an Infant of a Diabetic Mother (not what you’d think)

A

Risk of:
Hypoglycemia
Macrosomia (large birth weight)
Respiratory distress syndrome
Hypocalcemia
Jaundice
Congenital anomalies

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29
Q

Appropriate Care for an Infant of a Diabetic Mother: (don’t forget what)

A

Monitoring BG levels regularly
Frequent feeding to prevent hypoglycemia.
Early glucose monitoring after birth
Close monitoring after birth
Close monitoring of respiratory status
Monitoring Ca+ levels & providing supplementation, if necessary.
Monitoring bilirubin levels for jaundice
Comprehensive medical examination to detect any congenital anomalies.

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30
Q

Intervention for Hypoglycemia - monitor what?

A

Early & frequent BF/formula feeding.
IV glucose infusion if BG levels are critically low.
Monitoring BG levels & adjusting feeding freq, as needed.
Close monitoring of s/sx of hypoglycemia (jitteriness, lethargy, poor feeding)
Ensuring the infant receives adequate nutrition & glucose through feeds.
Consulting w/pediatrician or neonatologist for further mgmt if hypoglycemia persists/worsens.

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31
Q

circumcision - pros (pros same as women)

A

Reduced Risk of UTI: circumcision may lower the risk of UTI infections in infancy
Decreased Risk of Certain STI: circumcision has been associated w/a reduced risk of contracting certain sexually transmitted infections like HIV & HPV.
Potential Decrease in Penile CX Risk: some studies suggest a reduced risk of penile cx among circumcised individuals, although this type of cx is rare overall.
Easier Genital Hygiene: circumcision

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32
Q

circumcision - cons

A

Pain & Discomfort: circumcision involves a surgical procedure that cause pain & discomfort to the infant.
Risk of Complications: complications can arise from the circumcision procedure, such as: bleeding, infection, or improper healing.
Decreased Sensitivity: some argue that circumcision may lead to decreased sensitivity & sexual pleasure d/t removal of the foreskin.
Lack of Medical Necessity: in many cases, circumcision is not medically necessary & is considered an elective procedure.
Ethical Concerns: some people raise ethical concerns about performing a non-consensual surgical procedure on an infant who cannot provide informed consent.
Cultural/Religious Objections: some individual/groups may oppose circumcision d/t cultural, ethical, or religious reasons.

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33
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): (RDS is a fact)

A

hyaline membrane disease, a common breathing disorder that primarily affects premature infants’ d/t underdeveloped lungs & a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) open during breathing.

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34
Q

RDS - surfactant - how many weeks? (lose surfactant at 34)

A

Surfactant Deficiency: surfactant is a mixture of lipids & proteins that lines the inner surface of the alveoli. It reduces surface tension, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation & facilitating the exchange of O2 & CO2. In premature infants, particularly those born before 34 wks of gestation, the lungs may not produce enough surfactant.

35
Q

RDS - alveolar collapse

A

Alveolar Collapse: w/o sufficient surfactant, the alveoli have higher surface tension, causing them to collapse at the end of each breath, making it more difficult for the infant to fully inflate the lungs during inhalation & leading to inadequate O2 exchange.

36
Q

RDS - increased work of breathing - symptoms

A

Increased Work of Breathing: infant’s lungs become stiff & noncompliant d/t alveolar collapse, increasing the effort required for breathing, leading to labored breathing, rapid RR, & retractions (visible pulling in of the chest muscles).

37
Q

RDS - hypoxia & hypercapnia

A

Hypoxia & Hypercapnia: inability to adequately exchange O2 & CO2 results in reduced O2 levels in the blood (hypoxia) & elevated levels CO2 (hypercapnia), leading to resp. acidosis & disrupts the body’s acid-base balance.

38
Q

RDS - Pulmonary Vasoconstriction - but it puts strain on what?

A

Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: reduced O2 levels can lead to pulmonary vasoconstriction, where blood vessels in the lungs constrict, putting additional strain on the heart & worsen the infant’s condition.

39
Q

RDS - Hyaline Membrane (hyaline leaks)

A

Hyaline Membrane: In response to inflammation & damage caused by alveolar collapse, protein-rich fluid may leak into the alveoli. This fluid can form a layer of hyaline membrane, which further reduces gas exchange & makes breathing even more challenging.

40
Q

RDS - management

A

Management: RDS is a critical condition requiring prompt medical intervention, esp. in premature infants, to prevent severe complications & improve outcomes. Providing respiratory support to the infant, including:
Administering exogenous surfactant through a breathing tube,
Providing O2 therapy
Using mechanical ventilation to support breathing until the infant’s lungs mature & produce sufficient surfactant.

41
Q

Meconium Aspirations - what percentage of births? (mercury at 12 and 15)

A

occurs when the newborn inhales particulate meconium mixed with amniotic fluid into the lungs while still in utero or when taking the first breath after birth. It is a common cause of newborn respiratory distress and can lead to severe illness. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, with the possibility of aspiration, occurs in approximately 12% to 15% of pregnancies at term (Cunningham et al., 2018).

42
Q

MAS (maconium syndrome) nursing interventions (massey at door)

A

02, nitric oxide, high ventilation, vasopressors, vasodilators, surfactant, ABGs, heart-lung machine.

Expect to administer hyperoxygenation to dilate the pulmonary vasculature and close the ductus arteriosus or nitric oxide inhalation to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, or to use high-frequency oscillatory ventilation to increase the chance of air trapping (Garcia-Prats, 2020). In addition, administer vasopressors and pulmonary vasodilators as prescribed and administer surfactant as ordered to counteract inactivation by meconium. Monitor ABG results for changes and assist with measures to correct acid–base imbalances to facilitate perfusion of tissues and prevent pulmonary hypertension (Resnik et al., 2019). If these measures are ineffective, be prepared to assist with the use of ECMO, a modified type of heart–lung machine. In addition, perform the following intervention

43
Q

MAS nursing interventions

A

Cluster newborn care to minimize oxygen demand.
Maintain an optimal thermal environment to minimize oxygen consumption.
Prevent and treat any complications such as hypotension, metabolic acidosis, or anemia.
Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat bacterial pneumonia.
Administer sedation to reduce agitation and oxygen consumption.
Continuously monitor the newborn’s condition—cardiac and respiratory status, oximetry.
Provide continuous reassurance and support to the parents throughout the experience

44
Q

neonatal sepsis organisms - hospital vs. birth

A

Organisms: Neonatal sepsis is the presence of bacterial, fungal, or viral microorganisms or their toxins in blood or other tissues. Infections caused byStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidisare usually acquired after birth in hospital settings, while bacterial infections acquired by newborns during labor are usually group B beta hemolyticStreptococcusandEscherichia coli. S. aureus,E. Coli,Klebsiella,Pseudomonas,Enterobacter,Candida, andAnaerobes.

45
Q

sepsis clinical manifestations

A

Hypotension
Tachycardia
Pallor or duskiness
Hypotonia
Temperature instability
Cyanosis
Poor weight gain
Irritability
Seizures
Apnea
Jaundice
Grunting
Respiratory distress
Nasal flaring
Vomiting
Bradycardia
Lethargy
Rash
Petechiae
Hypoglycemia
Poor feeding (lack of interest in feeding)
Abdominal distention

46
Q

sepsis therapy (amp up sepsis w/ gents) - meds

A

Since infection can be confused with other newborn conditions, laboratory and radiographic tests are needed to confirm the presence of infection. Be prepared to coordinate the timing of the various tests and assist as necessary.Positive cultures confirm that the newborn has an infection. Treatment is initially with ampicillin plus either gentamicin or cefotaxime, narrowed to organism-specific drugs as soon as the cultures identify the specific organism.

47
Q

sepsis treatment - how long are antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic therapy is usually started before the laboratory results identify the infecting pathogen. Along with antibiotic therapy, circulatory, respiratory, nutritional, and developmental support is important. Antibiotic therapy is continued for 7 to 21 days if cultures are positive, or it is discontinued within 72 hours if cultures are negative

48
Q

Large for gestational age (LGA)(not that big)

A

Large for gestational age (LGA)describes newborns whose birth weight is above the 90th percentile on a growth chart and who weigh more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) at term due to accelerated overgrowth for length of gestation

49
Q

Small for gestational age (SGA) - what weight?

A

Small for gestational age (SGA)describes newborns who typically weigh less than 2,500 g (5 lb, 8 oz) at term due to less growth in utero than expected. A newborn is also classified as SGA if their birth weight is at or below the 10th percentile as correlated with the number of weeks of gestation on a growth chart

50
Q

LGA infants - risks (not what you think, and how often to monitor if baby has it?) (large for 30 min)

A

LGA infants are at risk for hypoglycemia related to early depletion of glycogen stores in the liver. Obtain frequent blood glucose levels as ordered to evaluate for hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia - Supervised breast-feeding or formula feeding may be initial treatment options in asymptomatic hypoglycemia. However, symptomatic hypoglycemia should always be treated with a continuous infusion of parenteral dextrose.Monitor blood glucose levels within 30 minutes of birth and repeat the screening every hour. Recheck levels before feedings and also immediately in any infant suspected of havingor showing clinical signs of hypoglycemia.

51
Q

SGA infants - diseases (small guys, small kidneys)

A

SGA infants are associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as short stature, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, and end-stage renal disease in adulthood. In addition, SGA children have decreased levels of intelligence and cognition

52
Q

feeding

A

When they go home, mothers are encouraged to feed their newborns every 2 to 4 hours during the day and only when the newborn awakens during the night for the first few days after birth.Generally, newborns should be fed on demand whenever they seem hungry. Most newborns will give clues about their hunger status by crying, placing their fingers or fist in their mouth, rooting around, and sucking.

53
Q

breast fed babies

A

Newborns differ in their feeding needs and preferences, but most breast-fed newborns need to be fed every 2 to 3 hours, nursing for 10 to 20 minutes on each breast. The length of feedings is up to the mother and newborn. Encourage the mother to respond to cues from her infant and not feed according to a standard or preset schedule.

54
Q

formula fed babies - how often to feed?

A

Formula-fed newborns usually feed every 3 to 4 hours, finishing a bottle in 30 minutes or less.

55
Q

assessments for adequacy of breastfeeding - L

A

The LATCH scoring tool is a breast-feeding charting system that provides a systematic method for gathering information about individual breast-feeding sessions. The system assigns a numerical score of 0, 1, or 2 to five key components of breast-feeding. Each letter of the acronym “LATCH” denotes an area of assessment: “L” is for how well the infant latches onto the breast;

56
Q

sore and cracked nipples

A

Use only warm water, not soap, to clean the nipples to prevent dryness.
Express some milk before feeding to stimulate the milk ejection reflex.
Avoid using breast pads with plastic liners, and change pads when they are wet.
Wear a comfortable bra that is not too tight.
Apply a few drops of breast milk to the nipples after feeding.
Take systemic antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen for discomfort.
Rotate positions when feeding the infant to promote complete breast emptying.
Leave the nursing bra flaps down after feeding to allow nipples to air-dry.
Inspect the nipples daily for redness or cracks (La Leche League, 2020a).

57
Q

Engorgement

A

Take warm to hot showers to encourage milk release.
Express some milk manually before breast-feeding.
Lie back to keep the breasts higher because fluids follow gravity.
Wear a supportive nursing bra 24 hours a day to provide support.
Feed the newborn in a variety of positions—sitting up and then lying down.
Massage the breasts from under the axillary area down toward the nipple.
Increase the frequency of feedings.
Keep infant with you to facilitate frequent breast-feeding.
Apply warm compresses to the breasts prior to nursing.
Stay relaxed while breast-feeding.
Stand in a shower and let hot water hit the back to relax and release some milk.
Use a breast pump if nursing or if manual expression is not effective.
Remember that this condition is temporary and resolves quickly

58
Q

neonatal vital signs

A

Heart rate and respiratory rate are assessed immediately after birth with Apgar scoring. Heart rate is obtained by taking an apical pulse for 1 full minute and is typically 110 to 160 bpm. Newborns’ respirations are assessed when they are quiet or sleeping. Place a stethoscope on the right side of the chest and count the breaths for 1 full minute to identify any irregularities. The newborn respiratory rate is 30 to 60 breaths/min with symmetric chest movement. Tmep 36.5 - 37.5 (97.7 - 99.5)

59
Q

How do you determine caloric requirements for a full-term neonate

A

Daily formula intake for an infant should be 1.5 to 2 oz/lb of body weight, but growth is a better measure of health than the amount of formula consumed (Konek & Becker, 2019). If the newborn seems satisfied, wets six to 10 diapers daily, produces several stools a day, sleeps well, and is gaining weight regularly, then they are probably receiving sufficient breast milk or formula

60
Q

measurement for pathological jaundice (think of your pt)

A

bilirubin greater 5mg/dL/day & total level > 17 mg/dL in a full-term infant

61
Q

what causes pathological jaundice (rh has jaundice)

A

Blood type incompatibility/hemolytic dx (Rh factor & ABO incompatibilities)
Due to: underlying medical conditions that cause excessive bilirubin production/impair the liver’s ability to process bilirubin effectively  acute/chronic bilirubin encephalopathy.

62
Q

pathologic jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - Phototherapy:

A

Phototherapy: lowers the serum bilirubin by transforming bilirubin into H20-soluble isomers that can be eliminated w/o conjugation in the liver.
Converts unconjugated bilirubin to less toxic H20 soluble form that can be excreted.

63
Q

pathologic jaundice - treatment - hemolytic - transfusion

A

Exchange transfusion: if total serum bilirubin levels remain elevated after intensive phototherapy. Recommended: during hemolytic dx, severe anemia, or rapid rise in total serum bilirubin level.
In conjunction w/albumin administered before the transfusion, the quickest method for lowering serum bilirubin levels. Only as a 2nd line therapy AFTER phototherapy.

64
Q

physiologic jaundice - when

A

When: w/in 1st wk of life & peaks around the 2nd – 3rd day d/t limitations & abnormalities of bilirubin metabolism. (levels reach up to 10 mg/dL & decline rapidly over the 1st wk.)

65
Q

physiologic jaundice - treatment

A

Treatment: most cases, does not req. treatment;
Phototherapy: may be recommended if bilirubin levels are elevated/rising rapidly. This involves exposing the baby to special blue lights that help convert bilirubin into a form that can be excreted more easily.
Frequent feeding & adequate hydration: also aids in bilirubin elimination.

66
Q

FAS - Physical Characteristics

A

Physical Characteristics: low birth weight, developmental delays, & hyperactivity
Small head size & facial abnormalities: smooth philtrum (btw upper lip & nose) & thin upper lip
Low nasal bridge & short nose.
Small eye openings: narrow palpebral fissures
Small chin & flattened midface
Poor coordination & motor skills

67
Q

FAS - physical problems (basically everything)

A

Physical: heart defects, kidney abnormalities, skeletal anomalies, growth deficiencies, & motor coordination. Results of FAS & FAE: irreversible & life-long.

68
Q

APGAR - 5 min (5 senses)

A

5 min: central nervous system status.

69
Q

APGAR - Appearance

A

Appearance: color – inspection of trunk & extremities

70
Q

APGAR- Pulse

A

Pulse: HR – auscultation of apical HR for 1 full min

71
Q

APGAR- Grimace

A

Grimace: reflex irritability – flicking of soles of feet/suctioning of the nose w/bulb syringe

72
Q

APGAR- activity

A

Activity: muscle tone – extent of flexion in newborn’s extremities & resistance when extremities are pulled away

73
Q

APGAR- Respiratory

A

Respiratory: respiratory effort – depth & rate; volume & vigor of the newborn’s cry

74
Q

meconium aspiration results in…(think lungs)

A

Aspiration induces airway obstruction, surfactant dysfunction, hypoxia, and chemical pneumonitis with inflammation of pulmonary tissues. In severe cases, it progresses to persistent pulmonary hypertension and death (Cunningham et al., 2018). Of the up to 10% of infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, only about 10% develop MAS, and of that percentage, approximately 5% of infants with MAS die. The use of surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide has led to the decreased mortality and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use.

75
Q

MAS - blood volume and blood pressure (MAS can shunt)

A

Pay careful attention to systemic blood volume and blood pressure to decrease right-to-left shunting through the patent ductus.

76
Q

vital signs - how often? (just 30 for 2)

A

Heart and respiratory rates are usually assessed every 30 minutes until stable for 2 hours after birth. Once stable, the heart rate and respiratory rates are checked every 8 hours.

77
Q

how much formula every day?

A

Daily formula intake for an infant should be 1.5 to 2 oz/lb of body weight, but growth is a better measure of health than the amount of formula consumed (Konek & Becker, 2019). If the newborn seems satisfied, wets six to 10 diapers daily, produces several stools a day, sleeps well, and is gaining weight regularly, then they are probably receiving sufficient breast milk or formula.

78
Q

how often to take baby’s temp (same as other vital signs)

A

The baby’s temperature should be taken every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours or until the temperature has stabilized, and then every 8 hours until discharge or follow hospital protocols

79
Q

tests for sepsis (don’t forget the spine)

A

Evaluate the complete blood count with a differential to identify anemia, leukocytosis, or leukopenia. Elevated CRP levels may indicate inflammation. As ordered, obtain x-rays of the chest and abdomen, which may reveal infectious processes located there. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine cultures are indicated to identify the location and type of infection present.

80
Q

LATCH - A

A

“A” is for audible swallowing noted;

81
Q

LATCH - T

A

“T” is for the mother’s nipple type;

82
Q

LATCH - C

A

“C” is for the mother’s breast/nipple level of comfort; and

83
Q

LATCH - H

A

“H” is for the holding position and amount of help the mother needs to hold her infant to the breast.

84
Q

gestational age

A

a newborn born before completion of 37 weeks is classified as a preterm newborn and one born after completion of 42 weeks is classified as a post-term newborn. An infant born from the first day of the 38th week through 42 weeks is classified as a full-term newborn.