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XIO > Chem final > Flashcards

Chem final Flashcards

1
Q

alkanes alkenes and alkynes at room temp (alky gas)

A

gas. alkenes and alkynes 1-4 carbons.

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2
Q

benzene names

A

Methylbenzene is toluene. – Hydroxybenzene is phenol. –

Aminobenzene is aniline.

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3
Q

phenol

A

benezene w/ OH attached

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4
Q

phenyl

A

benzene as side chain

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5
Q

do alcohols have high bps?

A

yes, bc of H bonding

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6
Q

do alkanes have high bps?

A

no, because they only have london

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7
Q

suffix for alcohols

A

ol

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8
Q

diols and triols

A

2 and 3 alcohols

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9
Q

glycols

A

Diols with two–OH groups on adjacent carbons

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10
Q

if you remove and a O or an H, you almost always have to replace it with…

A

a double bond

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11
Q 
name  -            
                           O
                      /         \
                  H2C  -  CH2
                   (ether) (O but not oxy)

also 4 and 5 (furious diane)

A

ethylene oxide, and 4 is tetrahydrofuran, and 5 is 1,4 dioxane

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12
Q

alkoxy and ex.

A

an OR group - OCH3 is methoxy

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13
Q

mercaptan (theo is captain)

A

thiol - have an SH group

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14
Q

halide common naming

A

bromide

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15
Q

halide IUPAC naming

A

1-chloropropane

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16
Q

Configurations (can’t configure the stereo)

A

Stereoisomers that cannot be converted into one another by rotation around a single bond

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17
Q

formaldehyde (structure) (form JUST ONE)

A

O
||
H - C - H

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18
Q

acetaldehyde (structure)

A

O
||
H3C - C - H

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19
Q

common and IUPAC names for ketones

A

IUPAC name is 3-hexanone. The common name is ethyl propyl ketone

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20
Q

aldehydes and ketones - polar or non?

A

moderately polar

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21
Q

aldehydes, ketones, amine, acid, amides - soluble or not?

A

aldehydes, ketones - fewer than five or six carbon atoms are soluble in water because they are able to accept hydrogen bonds
amine up to 6.
acid - up to 4 carbons
amides - low weight

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22
Q

can aldehydes and ketones H bond with each other?

A

no

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23
Q

aldehydes and ketones - low or high bps?

A

lower boiling points than alcohols but higher boiling points than alkanes because of dipole-dipole interactions

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24
Q

aldehyde + alcohol =

A

hemiacetal

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25
Q

D is alpha or beta?

A

beta

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26
Q

if acid is added to an aldehyde and ketone + alcohol =

A

acetal. No acid it’s just a hemiacetal

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27
Q

hydrolysis of acetal or ketal causes what?

A

the formation of hemiacetal or hemiketal and then formation of aldehyde and ketone. The reverse.

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28
Q

COC (O double bond)

A

ketone

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29
Q

naming amines

A

N,N dimethyl propylamine - if the branches are different. And the parent is the longer chain

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30
Q

N-methylanaline

A

anything coming off of the N, even if the N is attached to benzene

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31
Q

bp of amines

A

higher than alkane, but not higher than OH

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32
Q

amines smell like..

A

ammonia - strong foul odor

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33
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol = (ester drinks box alcohol)

A

ester - the biproduct is H20, so you’re literally just moving the O from H20 to the other O.

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34
Q

hierarchy (CEAA KAT AE AAAHA) (see a cat, ae, ah)

A

Carboxylic Acids > Esters > Amides > Aldehydes > Ketones > Alcohols > Thiols > Amines > Ethers > Alkenes > Alkynes > Alkyl Halides > Alkanes

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35
Q

uses alpha and beta on carbons when naming (god likes boxes)

A

carboxylic acid

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36
Q

if there are 2 carboxylic acid groups, name it..

A

dioic acid

37
Q

common name for carboxylic acid uses…(acid for god)

A

alpha and beta. The IUPAC is numbers, like 2, 3.

38
Q

naming esters

A

left part has the ate - benzoate, acetate, etc. right part is the branch - ethyl, etc.

39
Q

small amides - liquid or solid at room temp? (hamide is small but solid)

A

solid, all other things are liquid, except alkanes are gas

40
Q

tertierary amide

A

has 3 bonds, so it’s just an N, no H. (also can’t do H bonding because it doesn’t have an H)

41
Q

amide naming ALSO uses…

A

N, N.

42
Q

pKa, the larger and more positive number…

A

the weaker the acid

43
Q

carboxylic acid + amine =

A

amide - byproduct is H2O

44
Q

warming carboxylic acid + alcohol =

A

esterification

45
Q

unsubstituted amide

A

NH2

46
Q

ester hydrolysis is called…

A

saponification - it’s the opposite of esterification

47
Q

amino acids have high or low melting points?

A

high melting points - similar to salt

48
Q

oligopeptides (olga is large)

A

Very large peptides

49
Q

amino acid naming ex.

A

Ala-Gly - always left to right

50
Q

classification of proteins (FG classifications for proteins)

A

fibrous proteins or globular proteins

51
Q

hydrophilic part of amino acid held together by what bonds? (water-free pocket in london)

A

london dispersion

52
Q

conjugated protein

A

protein that has a group other than amino acid, like hemoglobin has a heme group

53
Q

Denaturation is the

A

loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure

54
Q

sugar and base in DNA and RNA is connected by what? (sugar base need glycosin)

A

β-N-glycosidic bond

55
Q

nucleoside naming - RNA and DNA (just one difference)

A

DNA starts w/ deoxy - deoxyadenosine and RNA doesn’t - adenosine

56
Q

Chargaff’s rule (Char made it fair)

A

amount of A and T are always the same, and amount of G and C are always the same

57
Q

strands of DNA are anti-parallel - just means…

A

one goes 5 - 3, and the other 3 - 5

58
Q

DNA polymerases (Poly is a court reporter)

A

just an enzyme that helps w/ transcription

59
Q

template strand can only be read going which direction? (template is the fake one)

A

3 to 5

60
Q

which strand can grow continuosly?

A

only the leading strand

61
Q

which DNA strand is transcribed? (use the template)

A

the template strand

62
Q

exon (gene exits)

A

small section of DNA that holds code for gene

63
Q

codons always written in what direction (codons are OG)

A

5 - 3

64
Q

complete combustion of propane (car overheats, pour water on it)

A

propane + oxygen = CO2, water and heat

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Heat

65
Q

REMEMBER - acetone is…(3 nail polishes)

A

2-propanone - there are 3 carbons

66
Q

boiling points (branches in soup heats faster)

A

Boiling points increase as the number of carbons is increased. Branching decreases boiling point

67
Q

Boiling points - do more carbons increase or decrease it? (more carbons makes you higher)

A

Boiling points increase as the number of carbons is increased.

68
Q

general steps of enzyme reactions (eses pee)

A

E + S ↔ ES → P + E

69
Q

where are substrates held in the enzyme? (the only active place in an enzyme)

A

in the active site

70
Q

Ser-Ala → Ser + Ala - what enzyme reaction is this? (separate w/ water)

A

hydrolase

71
Q

What kind of force holds two nucleotides together in an oligonucleotide (always think phosphate with DNA)

A

phosphodiester

72
Q

What kind of force holds two oligonucleotides together in DNA (olga gets the hydro)

A

hydrogen

73
Q

DNA replication (replicate the fork, pair it with good wine, poly around 5 or 3, and lig up after)

A

Replication proteins bind to double stranded DNA at origins of replication.
The double helix opens and two replication forks form.
A base on the DNA pairs with its complementary base free in solution.
DNA polymerase forms bonds between a 5’-phosphate of one nucleotide and a 3’-hydroxyl of another.
DNA ligase connects short segments of DNA on one strand

74
Q

where is the codon located? (mina has the code)

A

mRNA

75
Q

where is the anticodon located? (transfer the anti-trust, mina has the code)

A

tRNA

76
Q

What is the overall process of pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate + CoA —- acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2

77
Q

overall process of citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA - 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP

78
Q

a glcyosidic bond is just..(the O, sugar)

A

an ether bond

79
Q

if a sugar is reduced, it won’t have…

A

a double bond

80
Q

if a sugar is oxidized, it will have…

A

a double bond

81
Q

REMEMBER, just because something has OH or P doesn’t mean it’s….

A

polar. COUNT the carbons. If there are a bunch, it’s always nonpolar

82
Q

omega fatty acid has a__at the end of the chain

A

COOH

83
Q

zwitterion structure (zwitserland gets an extra one)

A

NH3+ and COO-

84
Q

The peptide bonds that combine amino acids in a protein..(THINK, the N is combining with C=O-O)

A

amide

85
Q

Hydrophobic interactions help to stabilize the __________ structure(s) of a protein

A

secondary and quaternary

86
Q

how to tell if it’s a hemiacetal or a hemiketal

A

hemiacetal has an OH and an H, hemiketal has an OH, and the others carbon

87
Q

how to tell a ketal from acetal

A

acetal has an H, ketal just has carbons

88
Q

amide and ester naming (amide and ester both left parents)

A

amide - attached to N on right is N-chain, left is butanamide - parent

ester - left is parent

XIO (372 decks)

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