growth and development pp Flashcards

Question

Development of Sitting - 2 months

Answer 1

Exhibits more control; back is still rounded, but infant can try to pull up some

Answer 2

4-months Back is rounded only in lumbar area; Infant able to sit erect with good head control

Answer 3

Can sit alone, leaning on hands for support Transferring of objects occurs

Answer 4

Infant sits without support

Answer 5

6-7 months

Answer 6

bears full weight on feet

Answer 7

can maneuver from sitting to kneeling position

Answer 8

months can stand holding onto furniture

Answer 9

while standing, infant takes deliberate steps. infant crawls with abdomen on floor and pulls self forward and then

Answer 10

should be further evaluated for possible developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Answer 11

grasp object

Answer 12

transfer object between hands

Answer 13

pincer grasp

Answer 14

removes objects from containers

Answer 15

builds tower of 2 blocks

Answer 16

first six months

Answer 17

Pays attention to faces Begins to follow things with eyes and recognize people at a distance Begins to act bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn’t change

Answer 18

Lets you know if she is happy or sad Responds to affection Reaches for toy with one hand Uses hands and eyes together, such as seeing a toy and reaching for it Follows moving things with eyes from side to side Watches faces closely Recognizes familiar people and things at a distance

Answer 19

Looks around at things nearby Brings things to mouth Shows curiosity about things and tries to get things that are out of reach Begins to pass things from one hand to the other

Answer 20

Watches the path of something as it falls Looks for things he sees you hide Plays peek-a-boo Puts things in her mouth Moves things smoothly from one hand to the other Picks up things like cereal o’s between thumb and index finger

Answer 21

Coos, makes gurgling sounds Turns head toward sounds

Answer 22

Begins to babble Babbles with expression and copies sounds he hears Cries in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired

Answer 23

Responds to sounds by making sounds Strings vowels together when babbling (“ah,” “eh,” “oh”) Likes taking turns with parent while making sounds Responds to own name Makes sounds to show joy and displeasure Begins to say consonant sounds (jabbering with “m,” “b”)

Answer 24

Understands “no” Makes a lot of different sounds like “mamamama” and “bababababa” Copies sounds and gestures of others Uses fingers to point at things

Answer 25

Begins to smile at people Tries to look at parent

Answer 26

Smiles spontaneously, especially at people Likes to play with people and might cry when playing stops Copies some movements and facial expressions (smiling or frowning)

Answer 27

Knows familiar faces and begins to know if someone is a stranger Likes to play with others, especially parents Responds to other people’s emotions and often seems happy Likes to look at self in a mirror

Answer 28

May be afraid of strangers May be clingy with familiar adults Has favorite toys

Answer 29

Starts between 6-9 months Lasts until about 2 years old Normal part of development as infants start to notice people other than parents Stranger anxiety distress around meeting or being left in the care of unfamiliar people Separation anxiety distress around being left alone or separated from their parents or primary caregivers

Answer 30

10-16 hours of sleep daily 5 sleep periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours Sleep spans both day & night hours

Answer 31

14 hours of sleep daily Longer sleep at night Two or three naps daily

Answer 32

12-14 hours of sleep daily Longer sleep at night One or two naps daily

Answer 33

Unexplained death usually during sleep healthy baby < 1 year old Back to Sleep campaign Sleep on back Keep the crib as bare as possible Don't overheat baby Have baby sleep in parents' room Breast-feed if possible Offer a pacifier Immunize

Answer 34

Gains 227 g (8 o z) or more per month Only about 5 pounds (2.2 kilograms) total Grows 9–12 c m (3.5–5 inches) per year Anterior fontanelle closes

Answer 35

Gains 1.4–2.3 k g (3–5 l b) per year Grows 5–6.5 c m (2–2.5 inches) per year Birth weight quadruples by 2 ½ years

Answer 36

Gets to a sitting position without help Pulls up to stand, walks holding on to furniture (“cruising”) May take a few steps without holding on May stand alone

Answer 37

Walks alone May walk up steps and run Pulls toys while walking Can help undress herself Drinks from a cup Eats with a spoon

Answer 38

Stands on tiptoe Kicks a ball Begins to run Climbs onto and down from furniture without help Walks up and down stairs holding on Throws ball overhand Makes or copies straight lines and circles

Answer 39

Explores things in different ways, like shaking, banging, throwing Finds hidden things easily Looks at the right picture or thing when it’s named Copies gestures Starts to use things correctly (drinks from a cup, brushes hair) Bangs two things together Puts things in a container, takes things out of a container Lets things go without help Pokes with index (pointer) finger Follows simple directions like “pick up the toy”

Answer 40

Knows what ordinary things are for (telephone, brush, spoon) Points to get the attention of others Shows interest in a doll or stuffed animal by pretending to feed Points to one body part Scribbles on his own Can follow 1-step verbal commands without any gestures (sits when you say “sit down”)

Answer 41

Finds things even when hidden under two or three covers Begins to sort shapes and colors Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books Plays simple make-believe games Builds towers of 4 or more blocks Might use one hand more than the other Follows two-step instructions “Pick up your shoes and put them in the closet” Names items in a picture book (cat, bird, dog)

Answer 42

Responds to simple spoken requests Uses simple gestures shaking head “no” or waving “bye-bye” Makes sounds with changes in tone (sounds more like speech) Says “mama” and “dada” and exclamations like “uh-oh!” Tries to say words you say

Answer 43

Says several single words Says and shakes head “no” Points to show someone what he wants

Answer 44

Points to things or pictures when they are named Knows names of familiar people and body parts Says sentences with 2 to 4 words Follows simple instructions Repeats words overheard in conversation Points to things in a book

Answer 45

Is shy or nervous with strangers Cries when mom or dad leaves Has favorite things and people Shows fear in some situations Hands you a book when he wants to hear a story Repeats sounds or actions to get attention Puts out arm or leg to help with dressing Plays games “peek-a-boo” and “pat-a-cake”

Answer 46

Likes to hand things to others as play “mine” is one of their favorite words May have temper tantrums May be afraid of strangers Shows affection to familiar people Plays simple pretend feeding a doll May cling to caregivers in new situations Points to show others something interesting Explores alone but with parent close by

Answer 47

Copies others, especially adults and older children Gets excited when with other children Shows more and more independence Shows defiant behavior (doing what he has been told not to) Plays mainly beside other children, but is beginning to include other children (chase games, blocks)

Answer 48

11 to 12 hours each night 1 ½-2 hour nap each afternoon Most children this age go to bed sometime between 7-9 pm and get up between 6:30-8 am

Answer 49

Create bedtime routines Bath Brush teeth Go potty one last time Read books Choose favorite “sleeping friend” Snuggle, kiss, tuck in Night light Resistance to bedtime Need to be consistent Calm but firm Offer choices Transition from crib to bed

Answer 50

Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training Voluntary sphincter control Able to stay dry for 2 hours Fine motor skills to remove clothing Willingness to please parents Curiosity about adult’s or sibling’s toilet habits Impatient with wet or soiled diapers

Answer 51

Do not flush Have own potty chair Put on toilet after eating Do not leave longer than 5-10 minutes PRAISE

Answer 52

Gains 1.5–2.5 k g (3–5 l b) per year

Answer 53

Climbs well Runs easily Pedals a tricycle (3-wheel bike) Walks up and down stairs, one foot on each step

Answer 54

Hops and stands on one foot up to 2 seconds Catches a bounced ball most of the time Pours, cuts with supervision, and mashes own food

Answer 55

Stands on one foot for 10 seconds or longer Hops; may be able to skip Can do a somersault Uses a fork and spoon and sometimes a table knife Can use the toilet on her own Swings and climbs

Answer 56

Can work toys with buttons, levers, and moving parts Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people Does puzzles with 3 or 4-pieces Understands what “two” means Copies a circle with pencil or crayon Turns book pages one at a time Builds towers of more than 6 blocks Screws and unscrews jar lids or turns door handle

Answer 57

Names some colors and some numbers Understands the idea of counting Starts to understand time Remembers parts of a story Understands the idea of “same” and “different” Draws a person with 2 to 4 body parts Uses scissors Starts to copy some capital letters Plays board or card games Tells you what he thinks is going to happen next in a book

Answer 58

Counts 10 or more things Can draw a person with at least 6 body parts Can print some letters or numbers Copies a triangle and other geometric shapes Knows about things used every day (money and food)

Answer 59

Follows instructions with 2 or 3 steps Can name most familiar things Understands words like “in,” “on,” and “under” Says first name, age, and sex Names a friend Says words like “I,” “me,” “we,” and “you” and some plurals (cars, dogs, cats) Talks well enough for strangers to understand most of the time Carries on a conversation using 2 to 3 sentences

Answer 60

Knows some basic rules of grammar (correctly using “he” and “she”) Sings a song or says a poem from memory “Itsy Bitsy Spider” or the “Wheels on the Bus” Tells stories Can say first and last name

Answer 61

Speaks very clearly Tells a simple story using full sentences Uses future tense (“Grandma will be here”) Says name and address

Answer 62

Copies adults and friends Shows affection for friends without prompting Takes turns in games Shows concern for a crying friend Understands the idea of “mine” and “his” or “hers” Shows a wide range of emotions Separates easily from mom and dad May get upset with major changes in routine Dresses and undresses self

Answer 63

Enjoys doing new things Plays “Mom” and “Dad” Is more and more creative with make-believe play Would rather play with other children than by himself Cooperates with other children Often can’t tell what’s real and what’s make-believe Talks about what she likes and what she is interested in

Answer 64

Wants to please friends Wants to be like friends More likely to agree with rules Likes to sing, dance, and act Is aware of gender Can tell what’s real and what’s make-believe Shows more independence (for example, may visit a next-door neighbor by himself [adult supervision is still needed]) Is sometimes demanding and sometimes very cooperative

Answer 65

11-13 hours each night Most do not nap after 5 years old Routine Continue toddler routine Control over minor choices like which pajamas to wear or which book to read May have difficulty falling asleep and waking up during the night Increased imagination commonly cause nighttime fears and nightmares

Answer 66

Maslow believed that children can’t move from one level to the next without meeting basic needs Basic Human Needs: Essential to survival (food, water, shelter, and clothing) Safety and Security: To thrive and live healthy lives need a sense of safety and security consistency and predictability routine and environment where comfortable Healthy Relationships: Caring adult can make all the difference Emotionally, physically, psychologically, spiritually Achievement: Achievements are different for each child Developmentally appropriate Self Actualization: Ability to rise, to act creatively, to dream, to act without fear, and to find purpose

Answer 67

Social interaction/relationships play role in the G&D of human beings How a person’s individual needs (psycho) mesh with needs/demands of society (social) 8 developmental stages that build on each other At each stage we face a crisis By resolving the crisis, we develop psychological strengths or character traits that help develop confident and healthy people

Answer 68

Stages of development: language, morals, memory, reasoning Assumptions: Children build their own knowledge based on their experiences Children learn things on their own without influence from adults or older children Children are motivated to learn by nature They don’t need rewards as motivation

Answer 69

Burn extra calories , return to pre-pregnancy weight quicker Lower rates of developing breast and ovarian cancer Reduces risk of developing post-partum depressing Encourages bonding Costs less

Answer 70

Rich in nutrients Enzymes enhance digestion Less likely to become obese Provides antibodies to help fight viruses and bacteria Lower risk of ear infections, respiratory infections, asthma, allergies, diabetes

Answer 71

Vitamin D – 400 IUs/Day Iron – Not needed till 4-6 months Unless mother is anemic Fluoride 0.25 mg – after 6 mons – if water not fluoridated or baby not drinking water

Answer 72

Should be interactive Caregiver should hold both the bottle and the infant Propping a bottle has been linked to an increased risk of ear infections and tooth decay Be in response to the infant’s needs and not based on a predetermined schedule cues of hunger and fullness to determine both when to feed and how much # wet diapers/day and infant’s growth will reflect if he or she is getting enough formula

Answer 73

Around 12 months Can't digest cow's milk as completely/easily as breast milk/formula Contains high concentrations of protein and minerals Hard on baby's immature kidneys Doesn't have the right amounts of iron, vitamin C, nutrients for infants Can cause iron-deficiency anemia in some babies Rich source of calcium

Answer 74

Rice cereal 4-6 months Fruits or vegetables at 6-8 mons Meats 8-10 mons Single-foods One food at a time, every 3-4 days Make food Avoid spices, sugar, salt Avoid honey till 1 YO

Answer 75

Easy to digest Provide vitamins, vegetables not as sweet as fruits Harder to digest, high in protein Combo – more sugars, salt & fillers Food allergy Less expensive, better Gastric distress Clostridium botulinum spores

Answer 76

Healthy diet helps children grow and learn Prevents obesity and weight-related diseases What they should eat: Half fruits and vegetables Healthy sources of protein (lean meat, nuts, eggs) Whole-grain breads and cereals High in fiber Reduce refined grains Broil, grill, or steam foods (no frying) Limit fast food and junk food Offer water or milk (no sugary fruit drinks and sodas)

Answer 77

Growth slows 12 – 18 months Appetite/need for intake decrease Limit milk to less than 24 oz/day to prevent iron-deficiency anemia Encourage use of cup and not a bottle Start to teach table manners Sit in chair Use a fork/spoon Picky eaters Like one thing one day not the next Might eat the same thing for weeks Foods that may cause choking: Slippery foods (whole grapes; large pieces of meats, poultry, and hot dogs; candy, cough drops) Small, hard foods (nuts, seeds, popcorn, chips, pretzels, raw carrots, raisins) Sticky foods (peanut butter, marshmallows) Always cut up foods into small pieces and watch child while he or she is eating

Answer 78

Try wide variety of foods Offer different choices to eat Offer new textures, colors, and tastes Make food appealing and fun Eating from each of the food groups: Grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat

Answer 79

Slow physical development in a baby or child Caused by not having enough calories or nutrition Not given enough breastmilk, formula, or food Has breastfeeding problems Is not given solid food at an appropriate age Is not willing to eat enough food Vomits food repeatedly (severe gastroesophageal reflux) Has trouble swallowing Has developmental delays that cause feeding problems Takes in enough food, but not be able to absorb enough nutrients and calories Cystic fibrosis Celiac disease Severe food allergies or intolerance A baby or child with an ongoing (chronic) health condition may also need more calories and nutrients than normal Congenital heart disease or a genetic syndrome

Answer 80

Always use Growth Chart to compare child’s normal pattern Infants with failure to thrive may not look severely malnourished Fall well below the expected weight and height norms for their age This infant, appears to be about 4 months old, actually 8 months old

Answer 81

Poverty, high stress, or parental coping skills Community Resources for Food Food Stamp Program Child Nutrition Program Special Child Programs Women, Infant, Children (WIC) Nutrition Education & training program Community Services

Answer 82

Prevention is key Initial dental care starts with wiping gums and teeth with a damp cloth Progress to soft toothbrush 1st dental visit 12-months old

Answer 83

Period of eruption of deciduous teeth Periodontal membrane becomes slightly swollen, red, & tender Increased drooling, fussiness, mild anorexia, increased desire to bite Can cause; low grade fever, vomiting, diarrhea Treatment of discomfort Frozen teething ring Ice cubes in a washcloth Zwieback Hard rubber toy Topical application - ???? Acetaminophen recommended dosage

Answer 84

2 weeks -6 months Gains 140-200g (5-7 oz per week / 1.5 pounds per month)

Answer 85

4 to 6 months birth weight doubles

Answer 86

6-12 months Gain 85-140 g (3-5 oz per week / less than a pound a month)

Answer 87

Birth weight tripled

Answer 88

Grows 4–6 c m per year

Answer 89

eats every 2-3 hours, 60 - 90 mL per feeding

Answer 90

baby begins food, cereal, rice, and breast milk - 100 - 150 mL

Answer 91

finger foods 3x a day, uses cup with lid

Answer 92

mostly soft table foods, breast milk 4x day