growth and development pp Flashcards
Growth
Increase in body, size, weight
Quantitative progress
Physical change
External in nature
Stops at certain stage
Physical progress
development- qualitative or quantative?
Not indicative
Qualitative progress
Psychological change
Internal in nature
Continuous process
Cognitive progress
Cephalocaudal Development
Development from head downward
gains control of head first, then arms, then legs
Head develops more rapidly
Brain regulates breathing
Proximodistal Development
Growth from the center or midline toward the periphery
Starts at trunk
Development is bilateral or symmetric
Brain and spinal cord need to mature to coordinate arm and leg control
Weight - Birth to two weeks (you know this)
Normally lose 5% to 10% of birth weight
height - Birth -6 months
(height at 6 and a half)
Grow ½ inch a month (1.5 cm)
height - 6-12 months
Growth rate slower than first 6 months
Slows to 3/8 in (1 cm) a month
height - By 12 months
(not as much as weight)
50% increase in height from the birth length
Growth in “spurts’ rather than gradually
Increase mainly in trunk
Head Growth - 1-4 months
1.5 cm (1/2 inch) per month
Head Growth - 4-6 months
1 cm (0.4inch) per month
Head Growth - 10-12 months
(on my bday my chest equals my head)
Equals chest circumference
Head Growth - By 12 months - when do fontanels close?
(fountains at christmas)
infant’s brain 2/3 size of adults
Anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 months
Chest Measurement- where to place tape measure?
Place tape measure just under the axilla and at the nipple line
Record the circumference to the nearest 0.5 cm or 1/4 inch
Chest circumference approximately equals head circumference by 1 year old
Growth Chart
-Children ages 0 to 59 month
Birth – 36 months (birth-24 months)
2 -18 years
growth chart measures
weight, height, head circumference
The WHO growth charts are standards
identify how children should grow when provided optimal conditions
Gross Motor Development
(gross, start at the top and move down)
Infant will have gross motor trunk control from Head to Stomach during the first six months
Control from waist to feet during the last six months
Movement /Motor Development - 2 months
(2 tummies)
Can hold head up and begins to push up when lying on tummy
Makes smoother movements with arms and legs
Movement /Motor Development - 4 months
(4 feet on the ground)
Holds head steady, unsupported
Pushes down on legs when feet are on a hard surface
May be able to roll over from tummy to back
Can hold a toy and shake it and swing at dangling toys
Brings hands to mouth
head lag - 1, 2, and 4 months
(just complete, partial, no)
Control while being pulled to sitting position
1-month complete head lag
2-months partial head
4-months almost no head lag
Movement /Motor Development - 6-months
(6 rolls)
Rolls over in both directions (front to back, back to front)
Begins to sit without support
When standing, supports weight on legs and might bounce
Rocks back and forth, sometimes crawling backward before moving forward
Head Control While Prone - 1-month
(just one moment one month)
1-month momentarily lifts head
Head Control While Prone - 4 -months
(4 square is 90 degrees)
lifts head and chest 90* and bears weight
Head Control While Prone - 6 -months
(6 months yoga)
6-months lifts head, chest, and upper abdomen and can bear weight on hands
this position facilitates turning from abdomen to back
Development of Sitting - 1month
Back is completely rounded
No ability to sit upright
Development of Sitting - 2 months
Exhibits more control;
back is still rounded, but infant can try to pull up some
Development of Sitting - 4 months
4-months
Back is rounded only in lumbar area;
Infant able to sit erect with good head control
Development of Sitting - 7 months
(sitting in 7th heaven)
Can sit alone, leaning on hands for support
Transferring of objects occurs
Development of Sitting - 8 months
(perfect 8)
Infant sits without support
crawling
(crawling sex)
6-7 months
creeping
(creepy nine lives)
9 months
walk with assist
(about a year)
11 months
walk alone
12 months
locomotion- 7 months
(7th heaven, full on feet)
bears full weight on feet
locomotion - 8 months
(8 on it’s side is kneeling baby)
can maneuver from sitting to kneeling position
locomotion - 8 - 9 months
(9 pieces of furniture)
months can stand holding onto furniture
locomotion - 9 -10 months
while standing, infant takes deliberate steps. infant crawls with abdomen on floor and pulls self forward and then
Infant who does not pull to a standing position by 11-12 months
should be further evaluated for possible developmental dysplasia of the hip.
fine motor - 2 -3 months
grasp object
fine motor - 7 months (2 fingers grasp)
transfer object between hands
fine motor - 10 months (10 pinches)
pincer grasp
fine motor - 11 months (11 containers in heaven)
removes objects from containers
fine motor - 12 months
(1 year in 2 blocks)
builds tower of 2 blocks
Crude or gross hand control during first six months
first six months
begins pincer grasp after
(sex pinches)
6 months
Cognitive Development - 2 months
(2 eyes follow)
Pays attention to faces
Begins to follow things with eyes and recognize people at a distance
Begins to act bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn’t change
Cognitive Development - 4 months
(happy with 4 square and reaching for a toy)
Lets you know if she is happy or sad
Responds to affection
Reaches for toy with one hand
Uses hands and eyes together, such as seeing a toy and reaching for it
Follows moving things with eyes from side to side
Watches faces closely
Recognizes familiar people and things at a distance
Cognitive Development - 6 months
(curious sex)
Looks around at things nearby
Brings things to mouth
Shows curiosity about things and tries to get things that are out of reach
Begins to pass things from one hand to the other
Cognitive Development - 9 months
(9 lives playing peek a boo)
Watches the path of something as it falls
Looks for things he sees you hide
Plays peek-a-boo
Puts things in her mouth
Moves things smoothly from one hand to the other
Picks up things like cereal o’s between thumb and index finger
language - 2 months
Coos, makes gurgling sounds
Turns head toward sounds
language - 4 months
(4 babbling creeks)
Begins to babble
Babbles with expression and copies sounds he hears
Cries in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired
language - 6 months
Responds to sounds by making sounds
Strings vowels together when babbling (“ah,” “eh,” “oh”)
Likes taking turns with parent while making sounds
Responds to own name
Makes sounds to show joy and displeasure
Begins to say consonant sounds (jabbering with “m,” “b”)
language - 9 months
(9 mamamas)
Understands “no”
Makes a lot of different sounds like “mamamama” and “bababababa”
Copies sounds and gestures of others
Uses fingers to point at things
social/emotional - 2 months
(2 smile is divine)
Begins to smile at people
Tries to look at parent
social/emotional - 4 months
(cry when stopping 4 square)
Smiles spontaneously, especially at people
Likes to play with people and might cry when playing stops
Copies some movements and facial expressions (smiling or frowning)
social/emotional - 6 months
(vain at 6)
Knows familiar faces and begins to know if someone is a stranger
Likes to play with others, especially parents
Responds to other people’s emotions and often seems happy
Likes to look at self in a mirror
social/emotional - 9 months
(9 strangers scare me)
May be afraid of strangers
May be clingy with familiar adults
Has favorite toys
Fear of Strangers
(fear of 69)
Starts between 6-9 months
Lasts until about 2 years old
Normal part of development as infants start to notice people other than parents
Stranger anxiety
distress around meeting or being left in the care of unfamiliar people
Separation anxiety
distress around being left alone or separated from their parents or primary caregivers
sleep patterns - Birth -3 months (10 - 16, 14, 14)
10-16 hours of sleep daily
5 sleep periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours
Sleep spans both day & night hours
sleep patterns - 3-6 months (10 - 16, 14, 14)
14 hours of sleep daily
Longer sleep at night
Two or three naps daily
sleep patterns - 6-12 months (10 - 16, 14, 14)
12-14 hours of sleep daily
Longer sleep at night
One or two naps daily
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - what age?
Unexplained death
usually during sleep
healthy baby < 1 year old
Back to Sleep campaign
Sleep on back
Keep the crib as bare as possible
Don’t overheat baby
Have baby sleep in parents’ room
Breast-feed if possible
Offer a pacifier
Immunize
Physical Growth- weight and inches? - 1 to 2 years old
(not heavy from 1-2)
Gains 227 g (8 o z) or more per month
Only about 5 pounds (2.2 kilograms) total
Grows 9–12 c m (3.5–5 inches) per year
Anterior fontanelle closes
Physical Growth - 2-3 years old
Gains 1.4–2.3 k g (3–5 l b) per year
Grows 5–6.5 c m (2–2.5 inches) per year
Birth weight quadruples by 2 ½ years
Movement /Motor Development - 12-months
(furniture is a year old)
Gets to a sitting position without help
Pulls up to stand, walks holding on to furniture (“cruising”)
May take a few steps without holding on
May stand alone
Movement /Motor Development - 18-months
(eating with a spoon at huntington)
Walks alone
May walk up steps and run
Pulls toys while walking
Can help undress herself
Drinks from a cup
Eats with a spoon
Movement - Motor Development - 2 years old
(you need 2 to play soccer)
Stands on tiptoe
Kicks a ball
Begins to run
Climbs onto and down from furniture without help
Walks up and down stairs holding on
Throws ball overhand
Makes or copies straight lines and circles
Cognitive Development - 12 months old
(12 monkeys brush their hair)
Explores things in different ways, like shaking, banging, throwing
Finds hidden things easily
Looks at the right picture or thing when it’s named
Copies gestures
Starts to use things correctly (drinks from a cup, brushes hair)
Bangs two things together
Puts things in a container, takes things out of a container
Lets things go without help
Pokes with index (pointer) finger
Follows simple directions like “pick up the toy”
Cognitive Development - 18 months old
(scribbling at huntington)
Knows what ordinary things are for (telephone, brush, spoon)
Points to get the attention of others
Shows interest in a doll or stuffed animal by pretending to feed
Points to one body part
Scribbles on his own
Can follow 1-step verbal commands without any gestures (sits when you say “sit down”)
Cognitive Development - 2 years old
(terrible at sentences)
Finds things even when hidden under two or three covers
Begins to sort shapes and colors
Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books
Plays simple make-believe games
Builds towers of 4 or more blocks
Might use one hand more than the other
Follows two-step instructions
“Pick up your shoes and put them in the closet”
Names items in a picture book (cat, bird, dog)
Language/Communication - 12 months old
Responds to simple spoken requests
Uses simple gestures
shaking head “no” or waving “bye-bye”
Makes sounds with changes in tone (sounds more like speech)
Says “mama” and “dada” and exclamations like “uh-oh!”
Tries to say words you say
Language/Communication - 18 months old
(18 - language is getting better)
Says several single words
Says and shakes head “no”
Points to show someone what he wants
Language/Communication - 2 years old
(2 yrs old, 2-4 words)
Points to things or pictures when they are named
Knows names of familiar people and body parts
Says sentences with 2 to 4 words
Follows simple instructions
Repeats words overheard in conversation
Points to things in a book
Social /Emotional - 12 months old
Is shy or nervous with strangers
Cries when mom or dad leaves
Has favorite things and people
Shows fear in some situations
Hands you a book when he wants to hear a story
Repeats sounds or actions to get attention
Puts out arm or leg to help with dressing
Plays games
“peek-a-boo” and “pat-a-cake”
Social /Emotional - 18 months old
(huntington is mine)
Likes to hand things to others as play
“mine” is one of their favorite words
May have temper tantrums
May be afraid of strangers
Shows affection to familiar people
Plays simple pretend
feeding a doll
May cling to caregivers in new situations
Points to show others something interesting
Explores alone but with parent close by
Social /Emotional - 2 years old (terrible twos, defiant)
Copies others, especially adults and older children
Gets excited when with other children
Shows more and more independence
Shows defiant behavior (doing what he has been told not to)
Plays mainly beside other children, but is beginning to include other children (chase games, blocks)
Toddler Sleep Patterns
11 to 12 hours each night
1 ½-2 hour nap each afternoon
Most children this age go to bed sometime between 7-9 pm and get up between 6:30-8 am
Establishing Healthy Sleep Habits
Create bedtime routines
Bath
Brush teeth
Go potty one last time
Read books
Choose favorite “sleeping friend”
Snuggle, kiss, tuck in
Night light
Resistance to bedtime
Need to be consistent
Calm but firm
Offer choices
Transition from crib to bed
Toilet Training - able to stay dry for how long?
Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training
Voluntary sphincter control
Able to stay dry for 2 hours
Fine motor skills to remove clothing
Willingness to please parents
Curiosity about adult’s or sibling’s toilet habits
Impatient with wet or soiled diapers
Toilet Training - Things to do
Do not flush
Have own potty chair
Put on toilet after eating
Do not leave longer than 5-10 minutes
PRAISE
preschool - 3-5 years old - physical growth - how much weight per year?
Gains 1.5–2.5 k g (3–5 l b) per year
Movement /Motor Development - 3 years old
(3-wheel bike at 3)
Climbs well
Runs easily
Pedals a tricycle (3-wheel bike)
Walks up and down stairs, one foot on each step
Movement /Motor Development - 4 years old
(can catch ball during 4 square at 4)
Hops and stands on one foot up to 2 seconds
Catches a bounced ball most of the time
Pours, cuts with supervision, and mashes own food
Movement /Motor Development - 5 years old
(5 somersaults)
Stands on one foot for 10 seconds or longer
Hops; may be able to skip
Can do a somersault
Uses a fork and spoon and sometimes a table knife
Can use the toilet on her own
Swings and climbs
Cognitive Development - 3 years old
Can work toys with buttons, levers, and moving parts
Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people
Does puzzles with 3 or 4-pieces
Understands what “two” means
Copies a circle with pencil or crayon
Turns book pages one at a time
Builds towers of more than 6 blocks
Screws and unscrews jar lids or turns door handle
Cognitive Development - 4 years old
Names some colors and some numbers
Understands the idea of counting
Starts to understand time
Remembers parts of a story
Understands the idea of “same” and “different”
Draws a person with 2 to 4 body parts
Uses scissors
Starts to copy some capital letters
Plays board or card games
Tells you what he thinks is going to happen next in a book
Cognitive Development - 5 years old
Counts 10 or more things
Can draw a person with at least 6 body parts
Can print some letters or numbers
Copies a triangle and other geometric shapes
Knows about things used every day (money and food)
Language/Communication - 3 years old
Follows instructions with 2 or 3 steps
Can name most familiar things
Understands words like “in,” “on,” and “under”
Says first name, age, and sex
Names a friend
Says words like “I,” “me,” “we,” and “you” and some plurals (cars, dogs, cats)
Talks well enough for strangers to understand most of the time
Carries on a conversation using 2 to 3 sentences
Language/Communication - 4 years old
(4 wheels on the bus)
Knows some basic rules of grammar (correctly using “he” and “she”)
Sings a song or says a poem from memory
“Itsy Bitsy Spider” or the “Wheels on the Bus”
Tells stories
Can say first and last name
Language/Communication - 5 years old
(grandma will be here in 5)
Speaks very clearly
Tells a simple story using full sentences
Uses future tense (“Grandma will be here”)
Says name and address
Social/Emotional- 3 years old
(3 is an emotional number)
Copies adults and friends
Shows affection for friends without prompting
Takes turns in games
Shows concern for a crying friend
Understands the idea of “mine” and “his” or “hers”
Shows a wide range of emotions
Separates easily from mom and dad
May get upset with major changes in routine
Dresses and undresses self
Social/Emotional- 4 years old
Enjoys doing new things
Plays “Mom” and “Dad”
Is more and more creative with make-believe play
Would rather play with other children than by himself
Cooperates with other children
Often can’t tell what’s real and what’s make-believe
Talks about what she likes and what she is interested in
Social/Emotional- 5 years old
(high 5 to please friends)
Wants to please friends
Wants to be like friends
More likely to agree with rules
Likes to sing, dance, and act
Is aware of gender
Can tell what’s real and what’s make-believe
Shows more independence (for example, may visit a next-door neighbor by himself [adult supervision is still needed])
Is sometimes demanding and sometimes very cooperative
Preschooler Sleep Patterns- when do they stop napping?
11-13 hours each night
Most do not nap after 5 years old
Routine
Continue toddler routine
Control over minor choices like which pajamas to wear or which book to read
May have difficulty falling asleep and waking up during the night
Increased imagination commonly cause nighttime fears and nightmares
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow believed that children can’t move from one level to the next without meeting basic needs
Basic Human Needs:
Essential to survival (food, water, shelter, and clothing)
Safety and Security:
To thrive and live healthy lives
need a sense of safety and security
consistency and predictability
routine and environment where comfortable
Healthy Relationships:
Caring adult can make all the difference
Emotionally, physically, psychologically, spiritually
Achievement:
Achievements are different for each child
Developmentally appropriate
Self Actualization:
Ability to rise, to act creatively, to dream, to act without fear, and to find purpose
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
(Erikson resolved my crisis)
Social interaction/relationships play role in the G&D of human beings
How a person’s individual needs (psycho) mesh with needs/demands of society (social)
8 developmental stages that build on each other
At each stage we face a crisis
By resolving the crisis, we develop psychological strengths or character traits that help develop confident and healthy people
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
(Piaget is a lemur - LMMR)
Stages of development:
language, morals, memory, reasoning
Assumptions:
Children build their own knowledge based on their experiences
Children learn things on their own without influence from adults or older children
Children are motivated to learn by nature
They don’t need rewards as motivation
Benefits of Breast Feeding - mom - reduces what cancers?
Burn extra calories , return to pre-pregnancy weight quicker
Lower rates of developing breast and ovarian cancer
Reduces risk of developing post-partum depressing
Encourages bonding
Costs less
Benefits of Breast Feeding - baby
Rich in nutrients
Enzymes enhance digestion
Less likely to become obese
Provides antibodies to help fight viruses and bacteria
Lower risk of ear infections, respiratory infections, asthma, allergies, diabetes
Supplements for Breast Fed Babies
Vitamin D – 400 IUs/Day
Iron – Not needed till 4-6 months
Unless mother is anemic
Fluoride 0.25 mg – after 6 mons – if water not fluoridated or baby not drinking water
Bottle Feeding
Should be interactive
Caregiver should hold both the bottle and the infant
Propping a bottle has been linked to an increased risk of ear infections and tooth decay
Be in response to the infant’s needs and not based on a predetermined schedule
cues of hunger and fullness to determine both when to feed and how much
# wet diapers/day and infant’s growth will reflect if he or she is getting enough formula
Preparing Formula - at what age?
Around 12 months
Can’t digest cow’s milk as completely/easily as breast milk/formula
Contains high concentrations of protein and minerals
Hard on baby’s immature kidneys
Doesn’t have the right amounts of iron, vitamin C, nutrients for infants
Can cause iron-deficiency anemia in some babies
Rich source of calcium
Introduction of Solids - Recommendations - what ages?
Rice cereal 4-6 months
Fruits or vegetables at 6-8 mons
Meats 8-10 mons
Single-foods
One food at a time, every 3-4 days
Make food
Avoid spices, sugar, salt
Avoid honey till 1 YO
Introduction of Solids - rationale
Easy to digest
Provide vitamins, vegetables not as sweet as fruits
Harder to digest, high in protein
Combo – more sugars, salt & fillers
Food allergy
Less expensive, better
Gastric distress
Clostridium botulinum spores
Toddlers/Preschoolers
Healthy diet helps children grow and learn
Preventsobesity and weight-related diseases
What they should eat:
Half fruits and vegetables
Healthy sources of protein (lean meat, nuts, eggs)
Whole-grain breads and cereals
High in fiber
Reduce refined grains
Broil, grill, or steam foods (no frying)
Limit fast food and junk food
Offer water or milk (no sugary fruit drinks and sodas)
Nutrition for Toddler
Growth slows 12 – 18 months
Appetite/need for intake decrease
Limit milk to less than 24 oz/day to prevent iron-deficiency anemia
Encourage use of cup and not a bottle
Start to teach table manners
Sit in chair
Use a fork/spoon
Picky eaters
Like one thing one day not the next
Might eat the same thing for weeks
Foods that may cause choking:
Slippery foods (whole grapes; large pieces of meats, poultry, and hot dogs; candy, cough drops)
Small, hard foods (nuts, seeds, popcorn, chips, pretzels, raw carrots, raisins)
Sticky foods (peanut butter, marshmallows)
Always cut up foods into small pieces and watch child while he or she is eating
Nutrition for Preschooler
Try wide variety of foods
Offer different choices to eat
Offer new textures, colors, and tastes
Make food appealing and fun
Eating from each of the food groups:
Grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat
Failure To Thrive
Slow physical development in a baby or child
Caused by not having enough calories or nutrition
Not given enough breastmilk, formula, or food
Has breastfeeding problems
Is not given solid food at an appropriate age
Is not willing to eat enough food
Vomits food repeatedly (severe gastroesophageal reflux)
Has trouble swallowing
Has developmental delays that cause feeding problems
Takes in enough food, but not be able to absorb enough nutrients and calories
Cystic fibrosis
Celiac disease
Severe food allergies or intolerance
A baby or child with an ongoing (chronic) health condition may also need more calories and nutrients than normal
Congenital heart disease or a genetic syndrome
Failure To Thrive
Always use Growth Chart to compare child’s normal pattern
Infants with failure to thrive may not look severely malnourished
Fall well below the expected weight and height norms for their age
This infant, appears to be about 4 months old, actually 8 months old
Which children are at risk for failure to thrive?
Poverty, high stress, or parental coping skills
Community Resources for Food
Food Stamp Program
Child Nutrition Program
Special Child Programs
Women, Infant, Children (WIC)
Nutrition Education & training program
Community Services
Dental Health- when is 1st dental visit?
Prevention is key
Initial dental care starts with wiping gums and teeth with a damp cloth
Progress to soft toothbrush
1st dental visit 12-months old
Teething
Period of eruption of deciduous teeth
Periodontal membrane becomes slightly swollen, red, & tender
Increased drooling, fussiness, mild anorexia, increased desire to bite
Can cause; low grade fever, vomiting, diarrhea
Treatment of discomfort
Frozen teething ring
Ice cubes in a washcloth
Zwieback
Hard rubber toy
Topical application - ????
Acetaminophen recommended dosage
weight - 2 weeks -6 months
2 weeks -6 months
Gains 140-200g (5-7 oz per week / 1.5 pounds per month)
weight - 4 to 6 months
4 to 6 months birth weight doubles
weight - 6-12 months
6-12 months
Gain 85-140 g (3-5 oz per week / less than a pound a month)
weight - 1 year
(weight 1 year times 3)
Birth weight tripled
3-5 yrs old - how much height each year?
Grows 4–6 c m per year
food - birth to 1 month
eats every 2-3 hours, 60 - 90 mL per feeding
food - 4-6 months
baby begins food, cereal, rice, and breast milk - 100 - 150 mL
food - 8 - 10 months
(10 finger foods)
finger foods 3x a day, uses cup with lid
food - 10 -12 months
mostly soft table foods, breast milk 4x day
brings hand to mouth?
(4 fingers in mouth)
4 months
When lying on stomach, pushes up to elbows?
(2 elbows and 2 knees is 4)
4 months
when do babies briefly calm himself (may bring hands to mouth and suck on hand)
(too calm)
2 months
age 3 - ok without mom?
yes
