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XIO > chem ch 21 > Flashcards

chem ch 21 Flashcards

1
Q

energy neither

A

created nor destroyed

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2
Q

need of energy is to do…

A

mechanical work, cells need energy for their work (which is moving molecule or ions across the cell membrane)

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3
Q

in humans, energy is released from..

A

food

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4
Q

plants use…

A

co2 and water + sunlight to make food = C6H12O6 (glucose) - potential energy

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5
Q

we need energy to…

A

do work and maintain the body temperature

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6
Q

in order for humans to use energy…

A

the energy should have some requirements

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7
Q

requirements for energy (energy stored in heat should be released gradually when needed in different, the SHRGD)

A

1) energy must be released from food gradually
2) energy must be stored in accessible form, like gylcogen
3) to maintain body temp, energy must be released as heat
4) when we need different forms of energy, rather than heat, to be available to do biochemical reactions that are not favorable
5) energy should be released when and where it’s needed

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8
Q

A —–B

A

endothermic releases E

and exothermic absorbs E

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9
Q

delta H

A

change in enthalpy (heat) - energy of the product is lower than energy of reactant - means the change is negative for favorable reaction

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10
Q

delta S

A

change in entropy - means more disorder. it should be positive for favorable reactions

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11
Q

delta G (g is favorable)

A

gibbs, free energy. favorable reaction. free energy should be negative.

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12
Q

the greater the amount of free energy, the greater the…

A

reaction proceeds towards forming reactant (speeds it up)

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13
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reactions that need the energy input from any external sources

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14
Q

exergonic reaction

A

when the reaction is releasing energy - change is negative

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15
Q

photosynthesis is endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

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16
Q

oxidation is endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

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17
Q

in living systems, reactions are following this principle (just pathways)

A

in the series of chemical reactions (called pathways), energy which is stored in product of an endergonic reaction, should be released in exergonic reactions

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18
Q

pathways (in the middle of the path)

A

in living systems. A series of biochemical reactions that are connected by intermediates at which the product of one reaction is the reactant of the following reaction, and so on.

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19
Q

pathways always use..(everyone needs them)

A

enzymes to complete reaction

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20
Q

glucose-6-phosphate

A

phosphate on the 6th carbon (on top)

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21
Q

glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic - it’s gained energy stores energy in chemical bonds

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22
Q

replication of DNA takes place in…

A

nucleus

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23
Q

protein synthesis is where?

A

ribosomes

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24
Q

golgi - synthesis of…(golgi likes big macs)

A

synthesis of macromolecules

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25
Q

lysosome

A

break down unwanted molecules

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26
Q

cristae

A

where ATP production is happening

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27
Q

mitochondrial matrix purpose

A

The space surrounded by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. folding is cristae

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28
Q

mitochondria have how many layers?

A

2 - outer and inner.

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29
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate - the only important energy carrier

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30
Q

the number of mitochondria is greatest where? (maybe mitochondria there - MEHB)

A

eyes, brain, heart and muscles

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31
Q

metabolism

A

the set of chemical reactions that take place in an organism. metabolic pathways

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32
Q

types of metabolic pathways (the shape - you know this)

A

1) linear pathway
2) cyclic pathway
3) spiral sequence

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33
Q

linear pathway (the line from A to D)

A

the product of one is the reactant of next reactant. Final product through a series of intermediate molecules

enzyme #1, #2, #3
A - B - C - D

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34
Q

cyclic pathway

A

a series of reactions that reproduce one of the reactants (ie citric acid cycle)
A - B (A becomes B, B becomes C, C becomes D)
C - D

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35
Q

spiral sequence

A

the SAME set of enzymes are progressively used to break down or make a molecule. A becomes B, B becomes C, etc. in a spiral pattern

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36
Q

food can be oxidized into..(not glucose)

A

carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat and different than heat)

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37
Q

energy production (aka metabolism) from food - stages (DACE for energy)

A

1) digestion
2) acetyl coenzyme A production
3) citric acid cycle
4) electron transfer and ATP production

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38
Q

2 types of metabolic reactions

A

anabolism and catabolism

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39
Q

catabolism

A

exergonic

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40
Q

anabolism

A

endergonic

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41
Q

digestion

A

happening in mouth, with help of saliva. can happen in stomach or small intestine. large molecule is converted to smaller - ie carbohydrates or proteins or lipids.

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42
Q

carbohydrate can be converted to..

A

glucose

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43
Q

protein converted to…

A

amino acid

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44
Q

lipids broken down to…

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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45
Q

stage 2: acteyl CoA production (type of bond)

A

bond between acetyl group and coenzyme A. bond is sulfide bond, high energy bond. 2C molecule.

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46
Q

acteyl CoA is a product of…(CoA is so general)

A

all different classes of food that
O
||
carries CH3-C group (acetyl group) into citric acid cycle

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47
Q

stage 3 - citric acid cycle (3 is not your enemy) AND where it takes place

A

happening in the matrix, which acetyl group is oxidized to CO2 and energy, that we exhale later

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48
Q

energy from citric acid is stored in…

A

chemical bonds of reduced enzymes (NADH) and FADH2 and some as ATP

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49
Q

stage 4) ATP production (atp is the fad)

A

NADH and FADH2, which takes place at the inner surface of inner membrane of mitochondria.

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50
Q

the electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 will join..

A

the electron transfer chain and ATP production

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51
Q

at the end of ATP production and electron transfer…

A

the electrons and H+ ions from all of those coenzymes producing ATP and O2 we inhale and H+ will form water

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52
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate (1 less phosphate than ATP)

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53
Q

hydrolysis of ATP - just think of the rocket

A

one phosphate is removed and that releases energy

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54
Q

reverse reaction - ADP

A

ADP converted to ATP

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55
Q

ADP more or less energy than ATP?

A

less

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56
Q

adding phosphate in any reaction is called…

A

phosphorylation

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57
Q

ADP to ATP is endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic and we need one phosphate

58
Q

downhill reaction

A

exergonic reaction - when energy of reactant is higher than energy of product

59
Q

uphill reaction

A

endergonic - energy of reactant is higher than product

60
Q

unfavorable reaction

A

needs energy

61
Q

favorable

A

produces energy

62
Q

coupling reaction

A

curved arrow

63
Q

know positive and negative signs

A

positive sign is when reaction is using energy for endergonic reaction

64
Q

oxidation

A

gaining of O2 loss of e-, loss of H

65
Q

reduction reaction (3 things)

A

gain of electron, gain of H, loss of O

66
Q

most metabolic reactions are this (reduce the reaction)

A

reduction/oxidation reaction. so we need oxidizing or reducing agents

67
Q

coenzymes that are acting as reducing or oxidizing agents - important coenzymes (just add fem phos)

A

1) NAD+ (oxidized form), NADH+/H+ (reduced form)
2) flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD and FADH2
3) NADP+ and NADPH/H+
4) FMN and FMNH2

68
Q

NAD+ —— NADH needs…

A

H-, so it’s NAD+ + H- —–NADH/H+

69
Q

FAD and FADH2 - reduced and oxidized - which is which?

A

FAD - oxidized, FADH2 - reduced

70
Q

NADP+ and NADPH/H+

A

NADP+ (oxidized) and NADPH/H+ (reduced) = nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

71
Q

reduced form of all of the coenzymes are transferring…(2 things!)

A

electrons and H+ into stage #4

72
Q

citric acid cycle final product (finally 2,4, 1)

A

2 CO2, 4 molecules of reduced co-enzymes, 1 ATP (GTP)

73
Q

citric acid cycle takes place where?

A

matrix

74
Q

1st production of CO2 in which step of krebs cycle?

A

step 3

75
Q

gibbs formula (g - hats)

A

G = H - T(S). Remember one H and one S has to be negative and positive

76
Q

opposite of photosynthesis

A

oxidation. Photo uses energy, oxi releases it

77
Q

food is broken down into…(NOT glucose)

A

CO2 + H2O + energy. The energy can be 2 types - heat or different than heat like a chemical bond

78
Q

pyruvate

A

final product of all classes of food

79
Q

which pathway is directly converted into AcetylCoA?

A

lipids

80
Q

citric cycle - step 1

A

C2 (this is acetyl coA) + C4 (this is oxaloacetate) = C6 (citrate) + (biproduct) HsCoA + H+

81
Q

citric cycle - step 2 (2 steps in 2 - dehydrate and rehydrate)

A

citrate (3 alcohol) is dehydrated to A conitate, and then rehydrated to form to secondary alcohol (isocitrate)

82
Q

step 2 is exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic - +3.2 kcal

83
Q

citric cycle - step 3

A

C6 + NAD+ = C5 + CO2

84
Q

step #4 (

A

C5 —- C4 + CO2. Product is succinyl CoA

85
Q

entire point of citric acid cycle is to produce…

A

reduced form of coenzymes

86
Q

1st reduced coezyme in which step?

A

2

87
Q

step 1 - exergonic or endergonic? (exit at the 1st and 4th floor)

A

exergonic

88
Q

step 4 - exergonic or endergonic? (exit on the 1st and 4th floor)

A

exergonic.

89
Q

step 5

A

rebuilding oxaloacetate - covert succinyl CoA + GTP (from GDP). C4 - C4 and GDP - GTP

90
Q

GDP and GTP are just…

A

ADP and ATP

91
Q

step #6

A

oxidation of succinate and production of fumarate. Needs to be coupled w/ FAD - FADH2

92
Q

step #7

A

we hydrate fumerate, + H2O. C4 + C4 becomes alcohol.

93
Q

step #7 is endergonic or exergonic? (End at the 2nd and 7th step)

A

endergonic

94
Q

step #8 (ox at 8)

A

reformation of oxaloacetate. Oxidation of marate is occuring. Reduction of NAD+

95
Q

memorize this - net result of citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ FAD + GDP + HPO4(-2) + H2O — (product) CoA + 2CO2 + GTP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + GTP

96
Q

1 NADH produces how much ATP? (nada, it’s 3)

A

3

97
Q

1 FADH2 produces how much ATP? (2 fad)

A

2

98
Q

1 GTP produces how much ATP?

A

1 ATP

99
Q

how much ATP is produced in each citric acid cycle?

A

12 ATP

100
Q

GDP has 2…

A

phosphate groups in the end of glucose, and GTP is made by adding one phosphate group - this is endergonic

101
Q

the rate of the citric acid cycle can be controlled by…(ACE the rate)

A 
the body's cellular need for: 
1) when we need ATP
2) need for reduced coenzyme
3) energy (heat) 
citric acid cycle stops when we don't need these...
102
Q

which step is catabolism?

A

electron transfer chain

103
Q

main function of electron transport chain - (remove the ox)

A

oxidation of reduced coenzyme to provide enough energy for ATP production

104
Q

respiratory reaction in ETS (just add it up, 2 4 4 2)

A

O2 + 4e- + 4H+ — 2 H2O

105
Q

electron transport takes place where?

A

inner membrane

106
Q

what coenzyme is moving along the ETS?

A

coenzyme Q. it takes electrons along the chain

107
Q

oxidatative phosphorylation - also called electron transport chain - 2 stages

A

oxidation of reduced coenzymes and phosphorylation of ADP

108
Q

how many coenzymes in ETS are fixed?

A

4, 1 is moving

109
Q

H+ in ETS are moving from where to where?

A

inner mitochondarian membrane to inner space (happens against H ion concentration gradient)

110
Q

in ETS chain, how much ATP is produced?

A
111
Q

citric acid cycle - my version

A

step 1 - becomes 5 carbon w/ OH in the middle left
step 2 - the OH moves down one carbon
step 3 - NAD is added, COO from middle is removed and second to last C is now =O
step 4 - NAD added again, and last C (the COO-) is turned back into S-CoA
step 5 - GDP is turned into GTP, SCoA is removed and it’s back to the original 4 carbon
step 6 - FAD is added, the middle Cs lose an H and it becomes a double bond.
step 7 - H2O is added, double bond becomes single and OH is added to 2nd C.
step 8 - NAD is added, OH is gone and it becomes = O.

112
Q

quick citric acid cycle - step 1

A

you know the starting - plus water. and becomes 5 and Oh you’re in the middle

113
Q

quick citric acid cycle 4

A

4) hello NAD - hello CoA
5) hello GTP, bye CoA
6) hello FAD, the middle is now double

114
Q

quick citric acid cycle - 7 (7 pianos in water)

A

hello water, back to the original 4 except w/ OH

115
Q

quick citric acid cycle 2 (TV dehydrated - OH you’re now second to last)

A

First remove water, then add water. OH, you’re second to last

116
Q

quick citric acid cycle 3 (cig in hall)

A

hello NAD - bye COO in the middle, OH becomes double

117
Q

quick citric acid cycle 4 (cig plant)

A

Hello NAD and SCoA, SCoA is back in last place

118
Q

quick citric acid cycle 5 (couch racer)

A

Hello GDP. back to the original 4 w/out the O=.

119
Q

quick citric acid cycle 6 (cat tree - hello fad, make an X)

A

hello FAD, the middle is now double and welcome FADH2

120
Q

quick citric acid cycle 7 (piano)

A

hello H20, bye double, OH is 2nd now

121
Q

quick citric acid cycle 8 (back to the start, but with NAD) hallway

A

hello NAD, OH, you’ve become double. Welcome NADH

122
Q

hydroylsis is exergonic or endergonic? (hydro releases water)

A

exergonic

123
Q

phosphorylation is exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

124
Q

photosynthesis formula..

A

it’s just CO2 + H20 = C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)

125
Q

oxidation formula…(just oxidate sugar and you get CO2 and water)

A

is just the opposite of photosynthesis - C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + 6H2O (glucose and oxygen = carbon dioxide and water)

126
Q

Energy is stored in the products of….

A

an endergonic reaction pathway

127
Q

purpose of nucleus

A

replication of DNA

128
Q

purpose of mitochondria

A

synthesis of ATP

129
Q

structure of ATP

A

has the 3 phosphate groups on left, but 4 Os connecting them. On the right is adenosine - 5 carbon sugar with 2 nitrogen hexagons at the top

130
Q

ATP plus water (hydrolysis) is…

A

ADP

131
Q

ADP plus hydrogen is…

A

ATP

132
Q

AMP is

A

adenosine monophophate - same structure as ATP just one phosphate group AND it has OH on the left, not an O

133
Q

removal of phosphate through hydrolysis (formation of ADP) is..(rocket shooting off phosphate releases energy)

A

exergonic

134
Q

adding a phosphate to ADP (phosphorylation) is exergonic or endergonic? (takes energy to glue something on)

A

endergonic

135
Q

Coupling allows the energy…

A

stored in one chemical compound to be transferred to other compounds

136
Q

structure of acetyl coenzyme A is…

A

O
||
CH3 - C - S - CoA

137
Q

final net products of citric acid cycle (the threes, one 2, and the rest 1s)

A

3 NADH+, 3H+, 1FADH2, 1 GTP, 1 HScoA, 2 CO2,

138
Q

only spontaneous reactions..

A

release energy. nonspontaneous are endergonic

139
Q

pyruvate is coupled with..

A

ADP and ATP production because ADP to ATP is unfavorable - pyruvate is favorable

140
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is…

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP using energy released in the electron-transport chain

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