Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent (arrive) arteriole caries blood

A

to the glomerulus

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2
Q

Efferent (exit) tubule caries blood

A

from the glomerulus

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3
Q

renal perfusion - what % of cardiac output?

A

20-25% of CO

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4
Q

volume of renal blood flow?

A

600 mL/min

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5
Q

a decrease in diastolic pressure is associated with

A

AKI, but decreased MAP isn’t.

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6
Q

kidney functions

A

fluid balance, BP control (renin), acid base (H and bicarbonate), electrolyte balance, removal of wast, erythorpoetin, vitamin D activation

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7
Q

angiotensin II - increases BP how? and what about heart and prosties?

A

vasoconstriction, increases myocardial contractility, prostaglandin release (lipids that control inflammation),

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8
Q

angiotensin II - increases volume how? And what about ADH?

A

aldosterone, Na and water reabsorption, K excretion, and ADH release

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9
Q

older adults and kidney function - blood flow? GFR?

A

Sclerosis of the glomerulus and renal vasculature
Decreased blood flow
Decreased GFR
Altered tubal function and acid–base balance

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10
Q

older adults and kidneys - drug

A

decreased clearance, increased interactions

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11
Q

older females

A

estrogen protects and slows progression of CKD

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12
Q

older males

A

androgen deprivation slows progression of CKD

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13
Q

specific gravity (the year 1000)

A

1.002 - 1.035

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14
Q

pH

A

4.5 - 8.0

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15
Q

BUN elevated with what? (steroid BUNS)

A

elevated with renal disease, steroids, dehydration, malnutrition

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16
Q

creatinine - men vs women

A

men slightly higher than women due to muscle.

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17
Q

creatinine elevated (creatins exercise and have low muscle mass)

A

Elevated with CKD, kidney obstruction, intense exercise, low muscle mass, pregnancy, certain meds (Bactrim), corticosteroids, Vitamin D

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18
Q

BUN/Cr ratio - increased (buns get bigger with no water)

A

FVD or hypoperfusion of kidneys

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19
Q

BUN/Cr ratio - decreased

A

FVE or malnutrition

20
Q

GFR decreased by

A

one mL/min/year after age 40

21
Q

abrupt decrease in GFR will show (africa down, cretins up)

A

increase in creatinine

22
Q

gradual decrease in GFR and renal blood flow with aging will show

A

little change in GFR

23
Q

is urea normal or abnormal?

A

normal constitute of urine

24
Q

normal capacity of bladder

A

300 - 500 mL

25
Q

palpate left kidney? (the left is left out)

A

rarely able to palpate

26
Q

kidney injury - inspect for

A

Bleeding: bruising, abdominal distention, guarding, urinary meatus

27
Q

kidney injury - JVD

A

Volume depletion or overload: JVD (first supine then @ 45-degree angle/semi-Fowlers)

28
Q

kidney injury - albumin/weight

A

Edema: dependent, eyes, hands, cheeks, feet, over bony prominences,
pitting (scale of 1-4)
check weight, hypoalbuminemia

29
Q

Auscultation for someone with kidney injury focuses on the

A

heart, lungs and blood pressure

30
Q

Heart

A

rate, rhythm and extra heart sounds (S3 & S4 FVE) use bell; pericardial friction rub (3rd intercostal space to the left of sternum, lean forward)

31
Q

Lungs

A

Crackles, new dyspnea upon mild exertion, orthopnea, PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dypnea)

32
Q

Blood pressure

A

FVD either fluid or hemorrhage losses. Orthostatic hypotension

33
Q

Kidneys examination

A

Patient side-lying or sitting, with examiner’s hand over the costovertebral angle; then striking the hand with the other fist which produces a normal dull thud.

34
Q

fluid assessment

A

skin turgor, mucous membranes, I and O, edema or ascites, engorged neck or hand, crackles, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypo/hypertension, S3 and S4, HA, blurred vision, vertigo when rising, mental changes, serum osmolality

35
Q

assessment of electrolyte and waste products

A

CBC, BUN, ECG, mental status, chvostek’s and trousseau, numbness, muscle strength, GI changes, itching

36
Q

hydrostatic is always

A

water

37
Q

itching can be

A

calcium

38
Q

kidneys can’t compensate when systolic gets below

A

80 or 70

39
Q

vitamin D

A

from sun, coverted to calcidiole in liver, calcidiole goes to kidneys where it’s converted to active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium in GI tract.

40
Q

calcium has inverse relationship with

A

phosphate, so if calcium is low from renal failure, phosphate is high.

41
Q

prostaglandins in kidneys (prostie is stingy)

A

cause vasodiation and increase blood flow to kidneys only

42
Q

bradykinin also released by

A

kidneys, and just increases permiability to let certain solutes in

43
Q

do kidneys get smaller when we age?

A

YES! they shrink

44
Q

if specific gravity never changes throughout the day, it means that

A

the kidneys are damaged

45
Q

for a UA, try to get the

A

first sample of the day and send it to the lab within an hour. if you can’t, it needs to be refrigerated.

46
Q

if BUN is elevated and everything else is normal, it’s

A

dehydration (fluid volume deficit)