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XIO > Eating Habits - week 1 > Flashcards

Eating Habits - week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sterile areas of human body

A

bone, blood, brain, bladder, spinal cord, kidneys, liver, internal areas of the urogenital system

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2
Q

Organisms-living

A

bacteria, archaea, eucarya

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3
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryotes (unicellular)

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4
Q

Algae, protozoa, fungi

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Viruses-infectious

A

viruses, viroids, prions

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6
Q

protists

A

algae and protozoa

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

1 chromosome, only non-membraneous organelles, no histones, binary fission. No nucleus. Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

genetic material in nucleus- both membraneous and non organelles, histones and non-histones, mitosis

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9
Q

viruses - external environment

A

no influence on insect bites, needles, or mucosal surface

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10
Q

All viruses have…

A

capsid that encloses the nucleic acid genome and they enter and exit host cell following replication. side note - Capsid well organized. All made from freshly synthesized components.

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11
Q

Prion

A

protein molecule with infectious qualities like a viral genome; no genetic material. just like normal brain protein.

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12
Q

PrPc

A

cellular form. Present as a membrane protein of neuron surface. normal form, well defined. cellular. Alpha helix.

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13
Q

PrPsc

A

misfolded, protease resistant. from alpha helix to betaplated sheet. scrapie form. called templating when it changes.

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14
Q

resistant to inactivation at 90ºC

A

prions

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15
Q

prion transmission

A

inherited (in germ cell line) , sporadic, infectious. causes paralytic disease.

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16
Q

Rigid cell wall

A

bacteria

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17
Q

Archae

A

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles. Absorb nutrients like bacteria.

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18
Q

have cytoplasm, ribosome and some membrane

A

bacteria

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19
Q

has RNA and DNA

A

bacteria

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20
Q

no cytoplasm or organelle

A

virus

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21
Q

have enevelope

A

virus

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22
Q

only RNA OR DNA (the genetic material, aka genome)

A

virus

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23
Q

Fungi

A

can be uni or multi-cellular, decomposers, chitin cell wall, absorbs nutrients, just like bacteria

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24
Q

Algae

A

multi-cellular, free living, aquatic, cellulous wall, synthesizes sugar. photosynthetic - cook their own food.

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25
Q

protazoa

A

unicellular, free living on parasites, no rigid cell wall, ingests organic material. decomposer. paramecium. No photosythesis or absorption of food.

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26
Q

Helminthes

A

loosely eukaryotic microbes. roundworms, tapeworm and flukes (fish infected). Host can be vertebrate or invertebrate. ie snail. complex life cycle, multiple hosts. causes disease in animals and humans.

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27
Q

microscopic and macroscopic

A

helminthes

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28
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spiral

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29
Q

Arrangement of bacteria cells due to…

A

plane of division and daughter cells remain attached or seperate

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30
Q

Diplococci

A

2 daughter cells remain attached

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31
Q

Sarcinae

A

parental cell divide in 3 planes. (methanol barchanea - in ocean) no human pathogens.

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32
Q

2 ways pathogens defend themselves

A

passive and active

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33
Q

Vertebrates

A

rabies via skunks, bats, racoons

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34
Q

Invertebrates

A

viruses- mosquitoes, bacteria-fleas and ticks, protazoans-sandflies, mosquitoes

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35
Q

Entry through mucous

A

bacteria, helminthes and viruses

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36
Q

entry through respiratory

A

bacteria-pneumonia, TB, pertussis (whooping cough), diptheria (poison). viruses-flu, measles, chicken pox, Covid

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37
Q

definition of disease

A

disturbance, impairment of healing

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38
Q

syndrome

A

variation of disease. group of signs and symptoms associated with common pathology

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39
Q

sequelae

A

after-effects of disease. polio paralysis

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40
Q

types of pathogens

A

primary and opportunistic

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41
Q

primary pathogens

A

disease causing microbes, overcome healthy host, ie TB and solmenella

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42
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

only attack when immune is down, e.Coli, yeast

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43
Q

Pnemocystis carinii ( jerovicci)

A

caused by fungus. in lungs, lethal to HIV patients

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44
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

normal microflora of the nasal cavity; cause wound infection. golden color. random plane of division

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45
Q

CMV - cytolomegavirus

A

shed in all body fluids. blindness in AIDS patients, asymptomatic in healthy ppl

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46
Q

Symptoms

A

( subjective - pain, headache, dizziness, fatigue symptoms normally lasts for 2 -7 days

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47
Q

Signs

A

disease outcomes which can be measured / observed by others - swelling, rash, redness, fever, chest sound, edema, lymphadenitis

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48
Q

Incubation period

A

time between organism entry into host and onset of illness; evidenced by appearance of first signs

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49
Q

Prodromal period

A

follows incubation period; usually short- early signs and symptoms (body aches) appear - not clearly defined

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50
Q

Subclinical

A

few and mild symptoms

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51
Q

Period of convalescence

A

potential to spread

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52
Q

Dna viruses

A

SHHH

Hpv, herpes simplex, smallpox and hepatitis B

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53
Q

RNA virus

A

FPHRCC

Corona, polio, cold, flu, hiv, rabies

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54
Q

Intracellular parasites hijack

A

Viruses

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55
Q

Toxic ingestion

A

Salmonella and cloistridium botulism

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56
Q

Particles side a genome protein coat

A

Viruses. protein and neuclic acid genome

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57
Q

Prokaryote with membrane

A

Vitriocholerea - 2 chromosomes per cell

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58
Q

No spindle fibers during division

A

Prokaryotes

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59
Q

Always passively transmitted

A

Viruses

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60
Q

No cell wall

A

Animal cells

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61
Q

Only use exocytosis and endocytosis

A

Eukaryotes

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62
Q

MICRO

A

microscopic, independent unit, comparitively less complex, rapid rate of reproduction, omnipresent

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63
Q

microbiology

A

diverse, independent, reproduce

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64
Q

vitamin K

A

made by intestinal e.coli

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65
Q

microflora

A

collective bacteria. stop, discourage deadly germs

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66
Q

microbe naming

A

binomial nomenclature

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67
Q

E.Coli

A

Escherichia Coli - Theodore Escherich

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68
Q

glycocalyx

A

sugar coating in prokaryotes

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69
Q

zoonotic infections

A

SCHREW

rabies, west nile, ebola, human novel corona virus, SARS, corona virus 2

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70
Q

all tissue is susceptible to…

A

viruses

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71
Q

trivial virus infections

A

common cold, herpes, chickenpox

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72
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

no harm to immune competent person, everyone has it

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73
Q

mumps

A

virus that targets parotid gland, testes

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74
Q

bornavirus

A

horses, found in our genome, related to schizophrenia

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75
Q

Stanley Prusiner

A

prions

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76
Q

not degradable by DNA or RNA

A

prions

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77
Q

why isn’t prion disease more common?

A

proteins and polysacchrids in membrane lipid rafts forces the PrPc into correct shape.

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78
Q

templating (prions)

A

changes alpha to beta form - initiates infection

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79
Q

drugs that treat prion disease

A

anti-malarial (quinaorine), anti-psychotic (chlorprozamine), anti-histamine.

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80
Q

diseases associated with prions

A

alzheimers, parkinsons, constant muscle pain, insomnia

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81
Q

kuru (prion)

A

common in papa new guinea, paralytic disease, caused by cannibalism.

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82
Q

crukzfeldt-jakob disease

A

brain sponge-like, causes dementia. variant form called vCJD - this is the human form of mad cow disease.

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83
Q

scrapie

A

prion disease, goats, sheep. they scratch until they bleed to death.

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84
Q

Versatile metabolic process

A

bacteria

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85
Q

Rapid growth in bacteria leads to…

A
  1. accelerated rate of evolution i.e antibiotic resistance 2. broader distribution, i.e they are everywhere 3. genetic changes are rapidly incorporated into population and impact local environment I.e. Exxon
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86
Q

absorb nutrients from the environment

A

bacteria - except photosynthetic

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87
Q

non-pathogenic, absorbs nutrients

A

archea

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88
Q

have pseudopeptidglycan

A

archea

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89
Q

halophiles

A

halo bacterium species, salty environments

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90
Q

thermophiles

A

high temperatures, near nuclear power plants, ocean floor

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91
Q

methogens

A

methanobacterium. methane gas as an end product of metabolism. In GI tract of cows. near marshes.

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92
Q

envelope in virus

A

drape membrane from host cell. only some have it.

93
Q

capsid

A

protects genome

94
Q

trichomonas (protazoa)

A

cause STD in male and female.

95
Q

bacteria shape

A

can be rigid or flexible

96
Q

spinochete (spiral)

A

most curly ie 1. treponema pallidum - syphillis. 2. Leptospira interogan - bacterial disease 3. lime disease - borrelia burdorferri.

97
Q

vibrio

A

Comma shaped, slightly curved. Vibrio vulnificus - emerging strain (eating seafood or through cut in skin) - salty warm water. and vibrio cholera. - can be fatal.

98
Q

whooping cough

A

pertussis - coccobacillus. the pathogen is bordella pertussis. rod-shaped.

99
Q

star or square shaped

A

mainly aquatic, increase surface area to absorb gas

100
Q

pleomorphic

A

means variation in size and shape. 1. diptheria - corynebacterium - white corn on throat, fatal. 2. microplasma pneumonia - walking pneumonia. smallest living organism.

101
Q

diplococci

A

ex. neissena gonorrhea. only diplocci that can survive in eurogenital.

102
Q

streptococci pyogen

A

streptococcus pyogen - causes strep throat and flesh eating bacteria. releases hydrolonic acid.

103
Q

tetrad

A

division in 2 planes perpendicular. ex. micrococcus luteus (doesn’t cause disease)

104
Q

cocci

A

spherical

105
Q

streptoccocus

A

chain-like, bead-like

106
Q

pro-inclusions

A

storage granules - in prokaryotes

107
Q

eukaroytic spindle fibers

A

regulated by centrioles

108
Q

corona virus

A

the largest RNA that infects us

109
Q

no glucose metabolism

A

virus

110
Q

host cell bursts

A

virus

111
Q

placenta fusion

A

mediated by virus gene as ancesterol gene

112
Q

norovirus or norwalk virus

A

stomach flu, attacks intestine wall targets the intestinal epithelial cells

113
Q

slow incubation period

A

prions

114
Q

yeast (type of fungi)

A

unicelllular fungi

115
Q

moldy bread (fungi)

A

multicellular

116
Q

mushroom (fungi)

A

multicellular

117
Q

bacteria shape is…

A

genetically determined. in line with environment where bacteria thrive.

118
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped

119
Q

leptospira interrogan

A

bacteria. zoonotic pathogen - enters skin or mucous. breaks and spreads via blood vessel. Rarely fatal, enters through broken skin

120
Q

diptheria

A

rod-shaped bacteria.

121
Q

staphylococcus epidermitis

A

random plane of division. we all have it.

122
Q

no peptidoglycan

A

archaea

123
Q

Resident microflora

A

SUUG
remains as part of the normal microflora throughout life - are normally found on skin, gut, upper respiratory tract and distal portion of urethra - mainly feed on cellular wastes, dead cells etc without causing much harm ( under normal conditions)

124
Q

Transient microflora

A
  • remains for hours / days or months before disappearing- found in same places as resident microflora- fails to persist becos, i. competition from other microbes ii. elimination by body’s defense cells
    iii. physical / chemical changes in body that dislodge them
125
Q

viruses use us for…

A

REAPT

metabolically active cells depends on host cell for, energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly etc- viruses don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes that characterizes life at the cellular level

126
Q

don’t make spores

A

viruses

127
Q

cells always divide…

A

along shorter side

128
Q

Rod shaped, but not named bacilli

A

E.Coli

129
Q

pallisade (clusters)

A

cells in side by side on longitudinal axis, like a fence, as in closirdium diptheria.

130
Q

V-Shape

A

due to snapping division - a variation of binary fission; cells remain attached at end of plasma membrane.

131
Q

snapping

A

in diptheria, some sticking point at edge forms V.

132
Q

Requirements of infection -(step 1)

A

entry via portal

133
Q

requirements for infection (step 4)

A

Damage to host cells and tissue during multiplication, spread and division. All have a way to sabotage.

134
Q

passive defense

A

built in. acts as an antiphagocytic virulence factors (this is the capsule - slips away like bar of soap). due to some inherent structure ( cell wall, capsule etc); barrier against host defense system

135
Q

active defense (police)

A

directs attack on host defense cells, like macrophages, T-helper cells, B cells. remain inside macrophages (riding in police car) and then multiply

136
Q

T-helper cells

A

quarterback. HIV targets, breakdown of host defense.

137
Q

measles is what type of virus

A

RNA virus

138
Q

active defense barrier ex.

A

measles virus-targets B/T cells of adaptive immune system and individual get immunocompromised. then vulnerable to opportunist lethal pneumonia.

139
Q

HIV - what cells are effected

A

TD

infects and targets T helper cells and dendrite cells

140
Q

what does dengie virus attack

A

targets macrophages and monocytes of blood

141
Q

ebola virus attacks what…

A

DMN BT

dendritic, macrophage, neutrophils, etc. B and T cells.

142
Q

epstein-barr

A

herpes family, doesn’t infect monocytes. targets B cells

143
Q

TB (al mac)

A

targets and multiplies within alveolar macrophages. Pathogen has evolved with a cell wall containing mycolic acid that prevents killing inside macrophages and induces chronic inflammation in lungs called tubercles

144
Q

non-invasive pathogen

A

tetania and gangrene.

doesn’t enter body. chills at wound site and secretes toxins. clostridium tetania, from spores. Gangrene.

145
Q

eyes

A

one of the most appealing portals of entry

146
Q

anthrax

A

caused by bacillus anthracis. uses multiple entry and can initiate disease based on entry mode.

147
Q

cutaneous anthrax

A

inflammation and wound on skin surface if bacteria spores comes into contact with skin

148
Q

gastrointestinal anthrax

A

due to ingestion of spores - contaminated food

149
Q

pulmonary anthrax

A

inhalation. like drowning victim.

150
Q

salmonella typhii

A

through intestinal wall, into bloodstream, phagocotyzed by macrophages and monocytes. not killed, taken to liver, spleen, gall bladder. gall bladder is reservoir excreted and sheds for a long time (1 month) from eating contaminated off, chicken ovaries. also reptiles.

151
Q

unique ways to get into skin

A

parasitic larvae - borrows through skin corkscrew. Fungi secrete keritnase, digests and breaks down keratinized layer.

152
Q

microflora compete…

A

for attachment sites

153
Q

diptheria - corynebacterium

A

pleomorphic

154
Q

microplasma pneumonia - walking pneumonia

A

pleomorphic

155
Q

neissena gonorrhea

A

diplococci

156
Q

treponema pallidum - syphillis

A

spinochette

157
Q

Leptospira interogan shape

A

spinochette

158
Q

lime disease

A

borrelia burdorferri.- spinochette

159
Q

pertussis

A

coccobacillus. the pathogen is bordella pertussis. rod-shaped.

160
Q

domains in microbial world

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaraya

161
Q

viruses via mosquito bite

A

zika, west nile, Dengie virus (mosquito acts as vector)

162
Q

Zika

A

RNA virus. only virus that is transmitted sexually and via mosquitos

163
Q

fleas

A

plague

164
Q

entry via protazoans

A

mosquitos - malarial parasite and sandflies - trypanosoma - sleeping sickness

165
Q

how HPV spreads

A

infects basil epethelial cells - metabolically active cells. enters through micro abrasions, never targets superficial cells. doesn’t enter blood stream or immune cells, shed in semen.

166
Q

gardasil

A

HPV vaccine. against 6, 11, 16 and 18. We have a vaccine that fights 13 strains.

167
Q

HPV strains

A

30 strains, 15 infect people. 6, 11 = warts genital and plantar 16, 18 cancer oral and cervical and anal.

168
Q

ceravix

A

hpv vaccine. only against 16 and 18, cancer strains.

169
Q

areas of entry for mucous membrane

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, eurogenital.

170
Q

enters through eurogenital

A

bacteria, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlymidia (bacteria) herpes simplex, HIV and HPV.

171
Q

GI tract not good entry because…

A

of bile salts, sodium deoxycholate, it breaks down lipids.

172
Q

most envelope viruses…

A

avoid GI tract

173
Q

envelope viruses (ex)

A

HIV and herpes.

174
Q

non-envelope viruses shed via poop

A

NHP

Polio Hep A (not b and c) norovirus

175
Q

bacteria that enter through GI tract

A

CSS

cholera, salmonella, shigella.

176
Q

protazoa that enters through GI

A

giardia

177
Q

eyes

A

appealing because they are non-kerantinized with mucous membrane. short path to brain, few defense cells. retinal blood cells exposed, close to circulatory system.

178
Q

fetal cells

A

undifferientated cells.

179
Q

deafness in children

A

cytomegalovirus, second only to downs syndrome

180
Q

toxoplasma gonidii

A

in litter box. protazoa

181
Q

microbes are present on (GROES)…

A

GROES
our skin, gut, oral cavaties, external eurogenital, upper respiratory. Critical vitamins, digestion of food, ward off germs.

182
Q

microbiome

A

microbiome refers to the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms in the environment

183
Q

microflora

A

refers to specific microorganisms that are found within a specific environment

184
Q

peptidoglycan

A

prokayotes

185
Q

non-membraneous organelles

A

ribosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton

186
Q

viruses are in inert cells because…

A

once inside the host they behave like a living organism. Acellular because they have no cytoplasm or organelles.

187
Q

how prions are inactivated

A

Strong sodium hypochiorite

188
Q

If PrPc has methionine amino acid at 129 position

A

individuals have been observed to have greater risk for prion disease

189
Q

semi-rigid cell wall

A

archaea

190
Q

viruses depend on host for…

A

TREP

energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly etc

191
Q

insensitive to UV and radiation

A

prions

192
Q

not destroyed by enzymes that digests nucleic acids

A

prions

193
Q

penecillin interfers with…

A

crossbridges

194
Q

lipoteichoic acid of gram postive cells are attached to

A

peptidoglycan tetrapedid

195
Q

obligate intercellular parasites

A

viruses, viroids and prions. members of Infectious agents group invades host cells and directs the biochemical machinery and cellular resources for their own replication. Additionally, they use and abuse cellular resources and host cell is taken as hostage.

196
Q

viroids

A

infectious RNA molecules, no protein. infects plants. no known animal or human disease.

197
Q

prion numbers increase…

A

during incubation

198
Q

not destroyed by enzymes

A

prions

199
Q

inherited prion disease

A

in germ cell line mutation in prpc

200
Q

spontaneous prion disease

A

random change of membrane of prpc. gene is normal but protein shape is altered. scrapies type

201
Q

infectious prion disease

A

due to ingestion or surgical instruments

202
Q

no centrioles in…

A

bacteria

203
Q

vCJD is

A

mad cow disease - from eating infected food.

204
Q

streptococci pneumonia

A

deadly pneumonia

205
Q

staphylococci (plane of division)

A

random plane of division

206
Q

flora

A

bacteria

207
Q

biome

A

all microbes present inside and outside of body

208
Q

spore

A

differential stain - can be gram positive or negative

209
Q

gram positive

A

rods make spores. only bacillus and clostridium (anthracis) cocci.

210
Q

gram negative

A

gram negative rods = no spores

211
Q

1 cell makes

A

1 spore

212
Q

sporalation

A

to tide over in unfavorable conditions, poor environment

213
Q

no metabolism

A

in spores. keratinized, thick coat.

214
Q

spore position

A

central, terminal and subterminal

215
Q

no flagella or cilia

A

viruses

216
Q

viruses that are transmitted by aerosoles such as common cold and flu virus

A

are affected by environment

217
Q

bacteria are dynamic because…

A

they are well adapted for survival and adaptations to new environments occurs quickly

218
Q

viruses attach

A

by using proteins of host on cell surface, use ribosomes of host cell to make viral protein, genetic material packed and released out of host cell.

219
Q

viruses replicate by…

A

incorporates itself into the host cell’s genetic material and induces it to replicate the viral genome

220
Q

the natural decomposers

A

fungi

221
Q

make spores

A

bacteria and fungi

222
Q

eukaryote with no rigid cell wall

A

protazoa

223
Q

absorb nutrients

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi

224
Q

requirements of infection - stays in…(ICE) (step 2)

A

ICE
stays in - establishment - adherence- A. stick to epithelial cell surface B. colonization/multiplication C. invasion/penetration and spread to internal areas

225
Q

requirements of infection - defeating (step 3)

A

host defense. evading and compromising host defense system

226
Q

Requirements of infection - the result of it

A

All have a way to sabotage. damage to host cells, spread. result from host cell fighting defense system.

227
Q

corona virus causes…

A

an exaggeration of our immune system. releases cytokine storm.

228
Q

bacteria via fleas and ticks..

A

lyme disease plague

229
Q

rabies moves slowly..

A

into the CNS, brain, spinal cord

XIO (372 decks)

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