Eating Habits - week 1 Flashcards
sterile areas of human body
bone, blood, brain, bladder, spinal cord, kidneys, liver, internal areas of the urogenital system
Organisms-living
bacteria, archaea, eucarya
Bacteria and archaea
Prokaryotes (unicellular)
Algae, protozoa, fungi
Eukaryotes
Viruses-infectious
viruses, viroids, prions
protists
algae and protozoa
Prokaryotic Cell
1 chromosome, only non-membraneous organelles, no histones, binary fission. No nucleus. Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotic Cell
genetic material in nucleus- both membraneous and non organelles, histones and non-histones, mitosis
viruses - external environment
no influence on insect bites, needles, or mucosal surface
All viruses have…
capsid that encloses the nucleic acid genome and they enter and exit host cell following replication. side note - Capsid well organized. All made from freshly synthesized components.
Prion
protein molecule with infectious qualities like a viral genome; no genetic material. just like normal brain protein.
PrPc
cellular form. Present as a membrane protein of neuron surface. normal form, well defined. cellular. Alpha helix.
PrPsc
misfolded, protease resistant. from alpha helix to betaplated sheet. scrapie form. called templating when it changes.
resistant to inactivation at 90ºC
prions
prion transmission
inherited (in germ cell line) , sporadic, infectious. causes paralytic disease.
Rigid cell wall
bacteria
Archae
methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles. Absorb nutrients like bacteria.
have cytoplasm, ribosome and some membrane
bacteria
has RNA and DNA
bacteria
no cytoplasm or organelle
virus
have enevelope
virus
only RNA OR DNA (the genetic material, aka genome)
virus
Fungi
can be uni or multi-cellular, decomposers, chitin cell wall, absorbs nutrients, just like bacteria
Algae
multi-cellular, free living, aquatic, cellulous wall, synthesizes sugar. photosynthetic - cook their own food.
protazoa
unicellular, free living on parasites, no rigid cell wall, ingests organic material. decomposer. paramecium. No photosythesis or absorption of food.
Helminthes
loosely eukaryotic microbes. roundworms, tapeworm and flukes (fish infected). Host can be vertebrate or invertebrate. ie snail. complex life cycle, multiple hosts. causes disease in animals and humans.
microscopic and macroscopic
helminthes
3 shapes of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, spiral
Arrangement of bacteria cells due to…
plane of division and daughter cells remain attached or seperate
Diplococci
2 daughter cells remain attached
Sarcinae
parental cell divide in 3 planes. (methanol barchanea - in ocean) no human pathogens.
2 ways pathogens defend themselves
passive and active
Vertebrates
rabies via skunks, bats, racoons
Invertebrates
viruses- mosquitoes, bacteria-fleas and ticks, protazoans-sandflies, mosquitoes
Entry through mucous
bacteria, helminthes and viruses
entry through respiratory
bacteria-pneumonia, TB, pertussis (whooping cough), diptheria (poison). viruses-flu, measles, chicken pox, Covid
definition of disease
disturbance, impairment of healing
syndrome
variation of disease. group of signs and symptoms associated with common pathology
sequelae
after-effects of disease. polio paralysis
types of pathogens
primary and opportunistic
primary pathogens
disease causing microbes, overcome healthy host, ie TB and solmenella
opportunistic pathogens
only attack when immune is down, e.Coli, yeast
Pnemocystis carinii ( jerovicci)
caused by fungus. in lungs, lethal to HIV patients
Staphylococcus aureus
normal microflora of the nasal cavity; cause wound infection. golden color. random plane of division
CMV - cytolomegavirus
shed in all body fluids. blindness in AIDS patients, asymptomatic in healthy ppl
Symptoms
( subjective - pain, headache, dizziness, fatigue symptoms normally lasts for 2 -7 days
Signs
disease outcomes which can be measured / observed by others - swelling, rash, redness, fever, chest sound, edema, lymphadenitis
Incubation period
time between organism entry into host and onset of illness; evidenced by appearance of first signs
Prodromal period
follows incubation period; usually short- early signs and symptoms (body aches) appear - not clearly defined
Subclinical
few and mild symptoms
Period of convalescence
potential to spread
Dna viruses
SHHH
Hpv, herpes simplex, smallpox and hepatitis B
RNA virus
FPHRCC
Corona, polio, cold, flu, hiv, rabies
Intracellular parasites hijack
Viruses
Toxic ingestion
Salmonella and cloistridium botulism
Particles side a genome protein coat
Viruses. protein and neuclic acid genome
Prokaryote with membrane
Vitriocholerea - 2 chromosomes per cell
No spindle fibers during division
Prokaryotes
Always passively transmitted
Viruses
No cell wall
Animal cells
Only use exocytosis and endocytosis
Eukaryotes
MICRO
microscopic, independent unit, comparitively less complex, rapid rate of reproduction, omnipresent
microbiology
diverse, independent, reproduce
vitamin K
made by intestinal e.coli
microflora
collective bacteria. stop, discourage deadly germs
microbe naming
binomial nomenclature
E.Coli
Escherichia Coli - Theodore Escherich
glycocalyx
sugar coating in prokaryotes
zoonotic infections
SCHREW
rabies, west nile, ebola, human novel corona virus, SARS, corona virus 2
all tissue is susceptible to…
viruses
trivial virus infections
common cold, herpes, chickenpox
cytomegalovirus
no harm to immune competent person, everyone has it
mumps
virus that targets parotid gland, testes
bornavirus
horses, found in our genome, related to schizophrenia
Stanley Prusiner
prions
not degradable by DNA or RNA
prions
why isn’t prion disease more common?
proteins and polysacchrids in membrane lipid rafts forces the PrPc into correct shape.
templating (prions)
changes alpha to beta form - initiates infection
drugs that treat prion disease
anti-malarial (quinaorine), anti-psychotic (chlorprozamine), anti-histamine.
diseases associated with prions
alzheimers, parkinsons, constant muscle pain, insomnia
kuru (prion)
common in papa new guinea, paralytic disease, caused by cannibalism.
crukzfeldt-jakob disease
brain sponge-like, causes dementia. variant form called vCJD - this is the human form of mad cow disease.
scrapie
prion disease, goats, sheep. they scratch until they bleed to death.
Versatile metabolic process
bacteria
Rapid growth in bacteria leads to…
- accelerated rate of evolution i.e antibiotic resistance 2. broader distribution, i.e they are everywhere 3. genetic changes are rapidly incorporated into population and impact local environment I.e. Exxon
absorb nutrients from the environment
bacteria - except photosynthetic
non-pathogenic, absorbs nutrients
archea
have pseudopeptidglycan
archea
halophiles
halo bacterium species, salty environments
thermophiles
high temperatures, near nuclear power plants, ocean floor
methogens
methanobacterium. methane gas as an end product of metabolism. In GI tract of cows. near marshes.
envelope in virus
drape membrane from host cell. only some have it.
capsid
protects genome
trichomonas (protazoa)
cause STD in male and female.
bacteria shape
can be rigid or flexible
spinochete (spiral)
most curly ie 1. treponema pallidum - syphillis. 2. Leptospira interogan - bacterial disease 3. lime disease - borrelia burdorferri.
vibrio
Comma shaped, slightly curved. Vibrio vulnificus - emerging strain (eating seafood or through cut in skin) - salty warm water. and vibrio cholera. - can be fatal.
whooping cough
pertussis - coccobacillus. the pathogen is bordella pertussis. rod-shaped.
star or square shaped
mainly aquatic, increase surface area to absorb gas
pleomorphic
means variation in size and shape. 1. diptheria - corynebacterium - white corn on throat, fatal. 2. microplasma pneumonia - walking pneumonia. smallest living organism.
diplococci
ex. neissena gonorrhea. only diplocci that can survive in eurogenital.
streptococci pyogen
streptococcus pyogen - causes strep throat and flesh eating bacteria. releases hydrolonic acid.
tetrad
division in 2 planes perpendicular. ex. micrococcus luteus (doesn’t cause disease)
cocci
spherical
streptoccocus
chain-like, bead-like
pro-inclusions
storage granules - in prokaryotes
eukaroytic spindle fibers
regulated by centrioles
corona virus
the largest RNA that infects us
no glucose metabolism
virus
host cell bursts
virus
placenta fusion
mediated by virus gene as ancesterol gene
norovirus or norwalk virus
stomach flu, attacks intestine wall targets the intestinal epithelial cells
slow incubation period
prions
yeast (type of fungi)
unicelllular fungi
moldy bread (fungi)
multicellular
mushroom (fungi)
multicellular
bacteria shape is…
genetically determined. in line with environment where bacteria thrive.
bacilli
rod shaped
leptospira interrogan
bacteria. zoonotic pathogen - enters skin or mucous. breaks and spreads via blood vessel. Rarely fatal, enters through broken skin
diptheria
rod-shaped bacteria.
staphylococcus epidermitis
random plane of division. we all have it.
no peptidoglycan
archaea
Resident microflora
SUUG
remains as part of the normal microflora throughout life - are normally found on skin, gut, upper respiratory tract and distal portion of urethra - mainly feed on cellular wastes, dead cells etc without causing much harm ( under normal conditions)
Transient microflora
- remains for hours / days or months before disappearing- found in same places as resident microflora- fails to persist becos, i. competition from other microbes ii. elimination by body’s defense cells
iii. physical / chemical changes in body that dislodge them
viruses use us for…
REAPT
metabolically active cells depends on host cell for, energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly etc- viruses don’t metabolize, respire or grow; they lack basic enzymes for many simple metabolic processes that characterizes life at the cellular level
don’t make spores
viruses
cells always divide…
along shorter side
Rod shaped, but not named bacilli
E.Coli
pallisade (clusters)
cells in side by side on longitudinal axis, like a fence, as in closirdium diptheria.
V-Shape
due to snapping division - a variation of binary fission; cells remain attached at end of plasma membrane.
snapping
in diptheria, some sticking point at edge forms V.
Requirements of infection -(step 1)
entry via portal
requirements for infection (step 4)
Damage to host cells and tissue during multiplication, spread and division. All have a way to sabotage.
passive defense
built in. acts as an antiphagocytic virulence factors (this is the capsule - slips away like bar of soap). due to some inherent structure ( cell wall, capsule etc); barrier against host defense system
active defense (police)
directs attack on host defense cells, like macrophages, T-helper cells, B cells. remain inside macrophages (riding in police car) and then multiply
T-helper cells
quarterback. HIV targets, breakdown of host defense.
measles is what type of virus
RNA virus
active defense barrier ex.
measles virus-targets B/T cells of adaptive immune system and individual get immunocompromised. then vulnerable to opportunist lethal pneumonia.
HIV - what cells are effected
TD
infects and targets T helper cells and dendrite cells
what does dengie virus attack
targets macrophages and monocytes of blood
ebola virus attacks what…
DMN BT
dendritic, macrophage, neutrophils, etc. B and T cells.
epstein-barr
herpes family, doesn’t infect monocytes. targets B cells
TB (al mac)
targets and multiplies within alveolar macrophages. Pathogen has evolved with a cell wall containing mycolic acid that prevents killing inside macrophages and induces chronic inflammation in lungs called tubercles
non-invasive pathogen
tetania and gangrene.
doesn’t enter body. chills at wound site and secretes toxins. clostridium tetania, from spores. Gangrene.
eyes
one of the most appealing portals of entry
anthrax
caused by bacillus anthracis. uses multiple entry and can initiate disease based on entry mode.
cutaneous anthrax
inflammation and wound on skin surface if bacteria spores comes into contact with skin
gastrointestinal anthrax
due to ingestion of spores - contaminated food
pulmonary anthrax
inhalation. like drowning victim.
salmonella typhii
through intestinal wall, into bloodstream, phagocotyzed by macrophages and monocytes. not killed, taken to liver, spleen, gall bladder. gall bladder is reservoir excreted and sheds for a long time (1 month) from eating contaminated off, chicken ovaries. also reptiles.
unique ways to get into skin
parasitic larvae - borrows through skin corkscrew. Fungi secrete keritnase, digests and breaks down keratinized layer.
microflora compete…
for attachment sites
diptheria - corynebacterium
pleomorphic
microplasma pneumonia - walking pneumonia
pleomorphic
neissena gonorrhea
diplococci
treponema pallidum - syphillis
spinochette
Leptospira interogan shape
spinochette
lime disease
borrelia burdorferri.- spinochette
pertussis
coccobacillus. the pathogen is bordella pertussis. rod-shaped.
domains in microbial world
bacteria, archaea, eukaraya
viruses via mosquito bite
zika, west nile, Dengie virus (mosquito acts as vector)
Zika
RNA virus. only virus that is transmitted sexually and via mosquitos
fleas
plague
entry via protazoans
mosquitos - malarial parasite and sandflies - trypanosoma - sleeping sickness
how HPV spreads
infects basil epethelial cells - metabolically active cells. enters through micro abrasions, never targets superficial cells. doesn’t enter blood stream or immune cells, shed in semen.
gardasil
HPV vaccine. against 6, 11, 16 and 18. We have a vaccine that fights 13 strains.
HPV strains
30 strains, 15 infect people. 6, 11 = warts genital and plantar 16, 18 cancer oral and cervical and anal.
ceravix
hpv vaccine. only against 16 and 18, cancer strains.
areas of entry for mucous membrane
gastrointestinal, respiratory, eurogenital.
enters through eurogenital
bacteria, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlymidia (bacteria) herpes simplex, HIV and HPV.
GI tract not good entry because…
of bile salts, sodium deoxycholate, it breaks down lipids.
most envelope viruses…
avoid GI tract
envelope viruses (ex)
HIV and herpes.
non-envelope viruses shed via poop
NHP
Polio Hep A (not b and c) norovirus
bacteria that enter through GI tract
CSS
cholera, salmonella, shigella.
protazoa that enters through GI
giardia
eyes
appealing because they are non-kerantinized with mucous membrane. short path to brain, few defense cells. retinal blood cells exposed, close to circulatory system.
fetal cells
undifferientated cells.
deafness in children
cytomegalovirus, second only to downs syndrome
toxoplasma gonidii
in litter box. protazoa
microbes are present on (GROES)…
GROES
our skin, gut, oral cavaties, external eurogenital, upper respiratory. Critical vitamins, digestion of food, ward off germs.
microbiome
microbiome refers to the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms in the environment
microflora
refers to specific microorganisms that are found within a specific environment
peptidoglycan
prokayotes
non-membraneous organelles
ribosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton
viruses are in inert cells because…
once inside the host they behave like a living organism. Acellular because they have no cytoplasm or organelles.
how prions are inactivated
Strong sodium hypochiorite
If PrPc has methionine amino acid at 129 position
individuals have been observed to have greater risk for prion disease
semi-rigid cell wall
archaea
viruses depend on host for…
TREP
energy, transport pathways, protein synthesis, genome replication and assembly etc
insensitive to UV and radiation
prions
not destroyed by enzymes that digests nucleic acids
prions
penecillin interfers with…
crossbridges
lipoteichoic acid of gram postive cells are attached to
peptidoglycan tetrapedid
obligate intercellular parasites
viruses, viroids and prions. members of Infectious agents group invades host cells and directs the biochemical machinery and cellular resources for their own replication. Additionally, they use and abuse cellular resources and host cell is taken as hostage.
viroids
infectious RNA molecules, no protein. infects plants. no known animal or human disease.
prion numbers increase…
during incubation
not destroyed by enzymes
prions
inherited prion disease
in germ cell line mutation in prpc
spontaneous prion disease
random change of membrane of prpc. gene is normal but protein shape is altered. scrapies type
infectious prion disease
due to ingestion or surgical instruments
no centrioles in…
bacteria
vCJD is
mad cow disease - from eating infected food.
streptococci pneumonia
deadly pneumonia
staphylococci (plane of division)
random plane of division
flora
bacteria
biome
all microbes present inside and outside of body
spore
differential stain - can be gram positive or negative
gram positive
rods make spores. only bacillus and clostridium (anthracis) cocci.
gram negative
gram negative rods = no spores
1 cell makes
1 spore
sporalation
to tide over in unfavorable conditions, poor environment
no metabolism
in spores. keratinized, thick coat.
spore position
central, terminal and subterminal
no flagella or cilia
viruses
viruses that are transmitted by aerosoles such as common cold and flu virus
are affected by environment
bacteria are dynamic because…
they are well adapted for survival and adaptations to new environments occurs quickly
viruses attach
by using proteins of host on cell surface, use ribosomes of host cell to make viral protein, genetic material packed and released out of host cell.
viruses replicate by…
incorporates itself into the host cell’s genetic material and induces it to replicate the viral genome
the natural decomposers
fungi
make spores
bacteria and fungi
eukaryote with no rigid cell wall
protazoa
absorb nutrients
bacteria, archaea, fungi
requirements of infection - stays in…(ICE) (step 2)
ICE
stays in - establishment - adherence- A. stick to epithelial cell surface B. colonization/multiplication C. invasion/penetration and spread to internal areas
requirements of infection - defeating (step 3)
host defense. evading and compromising host defense system
Requirements of infection - the result of it
All have a way to sabotage. damage to host cells, spread. result from host cell fighting defense system.
corona virus causes…
an exaggeration of our immune system. releases cytokine storm.
bacteria via fleas and ticks..
lyme disease plague
rabies moves slowly..
into the CNS, brain, spinal cord
