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XIO > Eating Habits - second set > Flashcards

Eating Habits - second set Flashcards

1
Q

abortion caused by….

A

STG

gonnorhea and syphillis, toxoplasma

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2
Q

toxoplasma causes…

A

abortion, birth defects, retardation

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3
Q

rubella virus causes..

A

congenital birth defects and abortion, don’t give to pregnant women. targets connective tissue, missing organ

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4
Q

CMV what type of virus

A

DNA virus. herpes family. targets retinal blood vessels, looks like cotton.

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5
Q

Rubella is what type of virus

A

RNA virus

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6
Q

HPV through cracked skin

A

protein deficiency

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7
Q

conjunctuvita

A

common cold transmission

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8
Q

through intact mucous membrane

A

SG

syphilis and gonhorrea. gonhorrea hitches ride on sperm cells. syphilis - corkscrew motion.

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9
Q

through damaged mucous

A

CHHH

chlymidia, herpes, HPV, HIV.

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10
Q

sequelae related

A

measles - SSPE - subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis. strep infect followed by rheumatic fever and glomeruloneprhitis.

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11
Q

examples of diseases

A 
CAM
cystic fibrosis (genetic predis), artherosclerosis (diet and chronic inflammation), measles (virus). Difference between the 3 is they have different underlying cause.
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12
Q

Downs syndrome

A

chromosomal abberation

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13
Q

cause of AIDS

A

HIV. AIDS is a syndrome, many systems affected.

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14
Q

SSPE

A

measles, enters CNS, no envelope, stuck in nerves. paralysis and death.

can recover from measles and enters into CNS, can’t aquire envelope, gets stuck in nerve cells. slow disease - leads to paralysis, eventually death.

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15
Q

strep to rheumatic fever

A

80 strains of strep, antibodies can cross-react with heart valve antigen.

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16
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

strep. inflammation of the glomeruli (filtration unit of kidneys). bacterial infection, makes antibodies, bacteria killed, bacterial cells and antibody settle. filtered into glomerulus, can lead to chronic infection.

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17
Q

definition of pathogen with examples

A

HIV the etiologic agent of AIDS. Sars corona virus 2 is the etiologic agent of Covid 19. pathogen is the parasite and causative agent of disease is its host.

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18
Q

frank pathogen

A

primary pathogen. always evolve with virulent factors.

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19
Q

heliobacteria pylorii (helium)

A

survives natural acidic barrier, able to cross mucosal lining of stomach (causes ulcers). frank pathogen.

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20
Q

virulent factor definition

A

enhances disease causing ability of bacteria

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21
Q

3 virulent factors of H. Pylorii

A

HUF

  1. arrangement of flagella (lopotrichous flagella - bunch of flagella at one end of cell). provides thrust to cross mucosal barrier to epithelial. 2. HCO3 ion secretion (bicarbonate) neutralizes acid. 3. urease secretion - breaks down urea to ammonia and CO2. NH3 = basic compound, neutralizes the immediate microenvironment
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22
Q

ex. of frank pathogens

A

TB, cholera, h. pylorri

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23
Q

UTI

A

E. Coli

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24
Q

ex. of non-pathogenic

A

S. epidermitis

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25
Q

super infection

A

yeast infection from antibiotics for another infection

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26
Q

Parenteral route definition

A

directly deposited into tissue beneath skin or mucous membrane puncture, injection, bites ( vertebrates / invertebrates), dryness and cracked skin area ( due to malnutrition, etc - not a true entry portal, rather a circumvention of entry route. bypass traditional route.

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27
Q

ex. of viruses and bacteria from parental routes (HHGHT)

A

HHGHT

HIV, Hepatitis C and B virus and HPV. tetanus and gangrene. puncture wound.

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28
Q

During infection, each side

A

(human and microbe ) tries to outmaneuvre each other; in the process, often times both coevolves

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29
Q

primary pathogen has…

A

virulent factors, i.e. capsules, cell wall

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30
Q

opportunistic

A

e.coli and pseudomonas (ECCHO) yeast opportunist pneumonia

may be part of normal microflora, goes to new environment and causes disease, ex. e.coli. can also be in environment, ex. pseduomonas spc. elderly, chemotherapy, cancer patients, HIV, organ transplant

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31
Q

pnemocystis

A

causes pnemocystic pnemonia, lethal in HIV patients

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32
Q

super infection

A

yeast infection from antibotics

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33
Q

pseudomonas spc.

A

ubiquitious bacteria, can’t get rid of it, grows in antimicrobial agents meant to kill bacteria. no harm to healthy person, cystic fibrosis patient can be fatal, colonizes in lungs.

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34
Q

burn patients

A

Lethal to burn patients bc of other complications. green color due to pseudomona colonization, no toxins secreted by pseudomonas.

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35
Q

colonization

A

MELLKS

growth of microorganisms on epithelial, skin, mucosal, liver, kidneys, lungs.

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36
Q

intoxication

A

ingestion, presence of toxins in blood stream

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37
Q

cloistridium botulinum and solmonella

A

intoxication

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38
Q

infestation

A

presence of large parasites inside or outside the body, head lice, worms

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39
Q

asymptomatic

A

CCHPSS
present but not detected, HIV, but no symptoms of AIDS. advantage to pathogen, ex. STD, polio, CMV, syphillis, chlymidia (enters through damaged mucous), causes PID.

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40
Q

sign can be symptom also

A

nausea = symptom sign = vomiting, chill is a symptom, but shivering is a sign

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41
Q

the incubation period is…

A

variable. depends on host resistance, immune system, the specific microorganism. compromised immune system my drastically reduce incubation period - shorter.

42
Q

subclinical

A

prodromal period. mono - feeling yucky. tingling before cold sores break out.

43
Q

period of illness

A

Critical, patient may die if not treated. pathogen tries to invade. virulence factors may overwhelm immune, visible by rashes, fever, etc. eventually defense system takes over; this period ends

44
Q

period of decline can cause..

A

secondary infection - immune system exhausted. ex. measles infection, turns into pneumonia.

45
Q

long incubation

A

long incubation - rabies, leprosy, HIV.

46
Q

short incubation

A

SEC

cold, ebola (high virulence, so short incubation period), Sars corona virus 2.

47
Q

ex. of pathogenic (path to my nose)

A

S. Aureus

48
Q

gram negative

A

pseuduomonas

49
Q

pathogens that can cross placenta barrier

A

CRST

CMV, rubella, syphilis and Toxoplasma only

50
Q

placenta

A

effective barrier made by embryo most pathogens are prevented but some are able to cross - infect embryo / fetus and cause complications

51
Q

pathogens that cross placenta cause…

A

DAMPEB

deafness, abortion, encephalitis, mental retardation, premature births, birth defects etc

52
Q

HPV enters via…

A

microabrasions, cuts, wounds. targets living cells, infects basil epithelial.

53
Q

HPV replication is…

A

synchronized with differientiation of cells, so when skin cells die from top layer, viral replication is complete.

54
Q

avoids immune cells

A

HPV

55
Q

HPV mucous membrane (areas)

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, eurogenital system

56
Q

chicken pox

A

varicella zoster virus. only herpes member that is aerosole. 2 diseases at the same time.

57
Q

doesn’t cross digestive

A

corona, just enters lower part - fecal

58
Q

viruses in poop - through GI

A

Hep A, norovirus

59
Q

constant flow of tears

A

inactivates and washes away many pathogens ( due to lysozyme in tears – part of chemical barrier of the defense system )

60
Q

placenta basal membrane is…

A

poorly developed.

61
Q

tb attacks..(cell wall)

A

pathogen targets alveolar macrophages. Pathogen has evolved with a cell wall containing mycolic acid that prevents killing inside macrophages and induces chronic inflammation in lungs called tubercles

62
Q

disease can be due to…

A

host tissue damage or microbial waste products accumulation

63
Q

spiral are found as…

A

individual cells, not grouped together

64
Q

invasive pathogens enter through….

A

CEMPPS

skin, mucous membrane, conjunctiva and eye, placenta, and parental route.

65
Q

skin protects…

A

outer kerantised layer dead cell, some pathogens make their way via hair folicles (acne)

66
Q

envelope viruses enter digestive…

A

through ingestion

67
Q

Ebola - type of virus

A

RNA

68
Q

Zika - type of virus

A

RNA

69
Q

measles vaccine…

A

not given immediately after birth in developed countries but given immediately in underdeveloped countries.

70
Q

herpes 1

A

cold sores

71
Q

herpes 2

A

genital

72
Q

sporadic CJD

A

parkinson’s, etc

73
Q

Areas affected by HIV

A

NIRD

digestive, integumentary, respiratory, nervous - all systems

74
Q

down’s syndrome has

A

a global impact on the body

75
Q

ex. of asymptomatic…

A

HIV infected, but symptomless for AIDS. Women asymptomatic for STDs, gonhorreoa

76
Q

opportunistic pathogens only cause disease….

A

when body’s innate or adaptive defenses are compromised - takes advantage of weakened immune system - others wait for a wound / open lesion in epithelial barrier

77
Q

signs are…

A

the objective manifestation of disease

78
Q

clinical symptoms that are apparent (what disease)

A

in prodromal period - measles. Symptoms last 2-7 days

79
Q

steps of disease in order

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

80
Q

endospores….(w/ ex)

A

aka bacterial spores. glass beads structure. commonly made by the Gram (+)ve bacteria. clostridium and bacillus tentanae

81
Q

endospores are produced in…(unfavorable)

A

response to unfavorable conditions. 1. nutrient depletion 2. presence of toxic compounds in enviro. 3. presence of radiation

82
Q

single bacterium makes one spore for…

A

survival; not multiplication. they are metabolically inactive. spores are dormant structures and highly resistant to harsh environments

83
Q

spores contain intact…

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes and dipicolinic acid accompanied by increased Ca ions (essential for resuming metabolism later - during germination)

84
Q

spore diameter in mother cell..

A

can be smaller, same size, or larger compared to mother cell.

85
Q

spore has a keratinized…

A

cell wall and they are dehydrated. long stay outside.

86
Q

Sporulation (sporogenesis):

A

process of endospore formation within vegetative or mother cell. Not a 1 step process

87
Q

Germination (awake)

A

is the process by which the endospore returns to the vegetative cell

88
Q

endospore location..

A

can be terminal, central, subterminal. can be useful for identification of bacterial cells

89
Q

bacillus anthracis germinates..

A

in alveoli of lungs, makes toxins

90
Q

clostridium botulism germinates in..

A

intestines, then secretes toxins.

91
Q

primary pathogens ex.

A

TB, solmonella, cholera, micobacterium

92
Q

opportunistic pathogen ex. PPECYS

A

PPECYS

yeast, E. coli, CMV, Pneumocystis carinii, S. aureus, pseudomononas

93
Q

Period of decline

A

Period of decline: individual susceptible to secondary infection. signs and symptom fades, reduced malaise feeling

94
Q

Period of illness (invasive phase)

A

signs and symptoms of disease becomes apparent, rashes, fever, etc.

95
Q

examples of pathogens

A

HIV and Sars Corona Virus 2

96
Q

bacterial cell anatomy (AACC)

A

cell envelope, appendages, cytoplasm, accessory structures

97
Q

cell envelope

A

capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane

98
Q

External structures

A

includes cell envelope and appendages

99
Q

Internal structures

A

are the accessory structures

100
Q

accessory structures

A

chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes and inclusions

XIO (372 decks)

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