Eating Habits - second set Flashcards
abortion caused by….
STG
gonnorhea and syphillis, toxoplasma
toxoplasma causes…
abortion, birth defects, retardation
rubella virus causes..
congenital birth defects and abortion, don’t give to pregnant women. targets connective tissue, missing organ
CMV what type of virus
DNA virus. herpes family. targets retinal blood vessels, looks like cotton.
Rubella is what type of virus
RNA virus
HPV through cracked skin
protein deficiency
conjunctuvita
common cold transmission
through intact mucous membrane
SG
syphilis and gonhorrea. gonhorrea hitches ride on sperm cells. syphilis - corkscrew motion.
through damaged mucous
CHHH
chlymidia, herpes, HPV, HIV.
sequelae related
measles - SSPE - subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis. strep infect followed by rheumatic fever and glomeruloneprhitis.
examples of diseases
CAM cystic fibrosis (genetic predis), artherosclerosis (diet and chronic inflammation), measles (virus). Difference between the 3 is they have different underlying cause.
Downs syndrome
chromosomal abberation
cause of AIDS
HIV. AIDS is a syndrome, many systems affected.
SSPE
measles, enters CNS, no envelope, stuck in nerves. paralysis and death.
can recover from measles and enters into CNS, can’t aquire envelope, gets stuck in nerve cells. slow disease - leads to paralysis, eventually death.
strep to rheumatic fever
80 strains of strep, antibodies can cross-react with heart valve antigen.
glomerulonephritis
strep. inflammation of the glomeruli (filtration unit of kidneys). bacterial infection, makes antibodies, bacteria killed, bacterial cells and antibody settle. filtered into glomerulus, can lead to chronic infection.
definition of pathogen with examples
HIV the etiologic agent of AIDS. Sars corona virus 2 is the etiologic agent of Covid 19. pathogen is the parasite and causative agent of disease is its host.
frank pathogen
primary pathogen. always evolve with virulent factors.
heliobacteria pylorii (helium)
survives natural acidic barrier, able to cross mucosal lining of stomach (causes ulcers). frank pathogen.
virulent factor definition
enhances disease causing ability of bacteria
3 virulent factors of H. Pylorii
HUF
- arrangement of flagella (lopotrichous flagella - bunch of flagella at one end of cell). provides thrust to cross mucosal barrier to epithelial. 2. HCO3 ion secretion (bicarbonate) neutralizes acid. 3. urease secretion - breaks down urea to ammonia and CO2. NH3 = basic compound, neutralizes the immediate microenvironment
ex. of frank pathogens
TB, cholera, h. pylorri
UTI
E. Coli
ex. of non-pathogenic
S. epidermitis
super infection
yeast infection from antibiotics for another infection
Parenteral route definition
directly deposited into tissue beneath skin or mucous membrane puncture, injection, bites ( vertebrates / invertebrates), dryness and cracked skin area ( due to malnutrition, etc - not a true entry portal, rather a circumvention of entry route. bypass traditional route.
ex. of viruses and bacteria from parental routes (HHGHT)
HHGHT
HIV, Hepatitis C and B virus and HPV. tetanus and gangrene. puncture wound.
During infection, each side
(human and microbe ) tries to outmaneuvre each other; in the process, often times both coevolves
primary pathogen has…
virulent factors, i.e. capsules, cell wall
opportunistic
e.coli and pseudomonas (ECCHO) yeast opportunist pneumonia
may be part of normal microflora, goes to new environment and causes disease, ex. e.coli. can also be in environment, ex. pseduomonas spc. elderly, chemotherapy, cancer patients, HIV, organ transplant
pnemocystis
causes pnemocystic pnemonia, lethal in HIV patients
super infection
yeast infection from antibotics
pseudomonas spc.
ubiquitious bacteria, can’t get rid of it, grows in antimicrobial agents meant to kill bacteria. no harm to healthy person, cystic fibrosis patient can be fatal, colonizes in lungs.
burn patients
Lethal to burn patients bc of other complications. green color due to pseudomona colonization, no toxins secreted by pseudomonas.
colonization
MELLKS
growth of microorganisms on epithelial, skin, mucosal, liver, kidneys, lungs.
intoxication
ingestion, presence of toxins in blood stream
cloistridium botulinum and solmonella
intoxication
infestation
presence of large parasites inside or outside the body, head lice, worms
asymptomatic
CCHPSS
present but not detected, HIV, but no symptoms of AIDS. advantage to pathogen, ex. STD, polio, CMV, syphillis, chlymidia (enters through damaged mucous), causes PID.
sign can be symptom also
nausea = symptom sign = vomiting, chill is a symptom, but shivering is a sign
the incubation period is…
variable. depends on host resistance, immune system, the specific microorganism. compromised immune system my drastically reduce incubation period - shorter.
subclinical
prodromal period. mono - feeling yucky. tingling before cold sores break out.
period of illness
Critical, patient may die if not treated. pathogen tries to invade. virulence factors may overwhelm immune, visible by rashes, fever, etc. eventually defense system takes over; this period ends
period of decline can cause..
secondary infection - immune system exhausted. ex. measles infection, turns into pneumonia.
long incubation
long incubation - rabies, leprosy, HIV.
short incubation
SEC
cold, ebola (high virulence, so short incubation period), Sars corona virus 2.
ex. of pathogenic (path to my nose)
S. Aureus
gram negative
pseuduomonas
pathogens that can cross placenta barrier
CRST
CMV, rubella, syphilis and Toxoplasma only
placenta
effective barrier made by embryo most pathogens are prevented but some are able to cross - infect embryo / fetus and cause complications
pathogens that cross placenta cause…
DAMPEB
deafness, abortion, encephalitis, mental retardation, premature births, birth defects etc
HPV enters via…
microabrasions, cuts, wounds. targets living cells, infects basil epithelial.
HPV replication is…
synchronized with differientiation of cells, so when skin cells die from top layer, viral replication is complete.
avoids immune cells
HPV
HPV mucous membrane (areas)
gastrointestinal, respiratory, eurogenital system
chicken pox
varicella zoster virus. only herpes member that is aerosole. 2 diseases at the same time.
doesn’t cross digestive
corona, just enters lower part - fecal
viruses in poop - through GI
Hep A, norovirus
constant flow of tears
inactivates and washes away many pathogens ( due to lysozyme in tears – part of chemical barrier of the defense system )
placenta basal membrane is…
poorly developed.
tb attacks..(cell wall)
pathogen targets alveolar macrophages. Pathogen has evolved with a cell wall containing mycolic acid that prevents killing inside macrophages and induces chronic inflammation in lungs called tubercles
disease can be due to…
host tissue damage or microbial waste products accumulation
spiral are found as…
individual cells, not grouped together
invasive pathogens enter through….
CEMPPS
skin, mucous membrane, conjunctiva and eye, placenta, and parental route.
skin protects…
outer kerantised layer dead cell, some pathogens make their way via hair folicles (acne)
envelope viruses enter digestive…
through ingestion
Ebola - type of virus
RNA
Zika - type of virus
RNA
measles vaccine…
not given immediately after birth in developed countries but given immediately in underdeveloped countries.
herpes 1
cold sores
herpes 2
genital
sporadic CJD
parkinson’s, etc
Areas affected by HIV
NIRD
digestive, integumentary, respiratory, nervous - all systems
down’s syndrome has
a global impact on the body
ex. of asymptomatic…
HIV infected, but symptomless for AIDS. Women asymptomatic for STDs, gonhorreoa
opportunistic pathogens only cause disease….
when body’s innate or adaptive defenses are compromised - takes advantage of weakened immune system - others wait for a wound / open lesion in epithelial barrier
signs are…
the objective manifestation of disease
clinical symptoms that are apparent (what disease)
in prodromal period - measles. Symptoms last 2-7 days
steps of disease in order
incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
endospores….(w/ ex)
aka bacterial spores. glass beads structure. commonly made by the Gram (+)ve bacteria. clostridium and bacillus tentanae
endospores are produced in…(unfavorable)
response to unfavorable conditions. 1. nutrient depletion 2. presence of toxic compounds in enviro. 3. presence of radiation
single bacterium makes one spore for…
survival; not multiplication. they are metabolically inactive. spores are dormant structures and highly resistant to harsh environments
spores contain intact…
DNA, RNA, ribosomes and dipicolinic acid accompanied by increased Ca ions (essential for resuming metabolism later - during germination)
spore diameter in mother cell..
can be smaller, same size, or larger compared to mother cell.
spore has a keratinized…
cell wall and they are dehydrated. long stay outside.
Sporulation (sporogenesis):
process of endospore formation within vegetative or mother cell. Not a 1 step process
Germination (awake)
is the process by which the endospore returns to the vegetative cell
endospore location..
can be terminal, central, subterminal. can be useful for identification of bacterial cells
bacillus anthracis germinates..
in alveoli of lungs, makes toxins
clostridium botulism germinates in..
intestines, then secretes toxins.
primary pathogens ex.
TB, solmonella, cholera, micobacterium
opportunistic pathogen ex. PPECYS
PPECYS
yeast, E. coli, CMV, Pneumocystis carinii, S. aureus, pseudomononas
Period of decline
Period of decline: individual susceptible to secondary infection. signs and symptom fades, reduced malaise feeling
Period of illness (invasive phase)
signs and symptoms of disease becomes apparent, rashes, fever, etc.
examples of pathogens
HIV and Sars Corona Virus 2
bacterial cell anatomy (AACC)
cell envelope, appendages, cytoplasm, accessory structures
cell envelope
capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
External structures
includes cell envelope and appendages
Internal structures
are the accessory structures
accessory structures
chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes and inclusions
