Moment 3 Flashcards
neuroendocrine control center
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
steroid hormones trigger..(steroid jeans)
gene activation and protein synthesis in target cells
protein hormones change activity of…
existing enzymes in target cells
adrenal cortex - functions (rocky lips)
monitors blood sugar levels, helps lipid and protein metabolism
adrenal medulla (medus heart- bed - fight or flight)
controls cardiac function, raises blood sugar and controls size of blood vessels
it releases cortisol - which makes cells resistant to insulin. that’s how it raises it.
thyroid gland - helps regulate…
helps regulate metabolism and growth and development
parathyroid regulates what?
regulates calcium in blood
pancreas islets (island - sugar cane)
raises and lowers blood sugar. active in carbohydrate metabolism
thymus gland - function (just one thing)
immune responses
pineal gland (stove - clock)
daily biorhythms and sexual activity
pituitary gland - function
role in growth and development
hypothalamus - link between…
nervous system and endocrine.
hypothalamus communicates w/ pituitary by…
secreting releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH).
GnRH - gonadotropin RH (always at the front) - what hormones?
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
GHRH - growth hormone (always at the front)
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH
GHIH - growth hormone IH (gigi)
made in hypothalamus - (somatostatin) inhibits release of GH from anterior pituitary
TRH - thyrotropin RH
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyroptropin (TSH)
PRH - prolactin RH
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release prolactin
PIH - prolactin IH
made in hypothalamus - (dopamine) inhibits release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
CRH - corticotropin RH
made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH
oxytocin
made in hypothalamus - targets uterus - contractions and milk stimulation
ADH - antidiuretic hormone - function and targets what? (hypo has adhd)
made in hypothalamus - released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels - increases water retention
pituitary - what and where?
master gland. in the sella turcica in sphenoid.
TSH - made in…(tsh and pitt)
made in anterior pituitary - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
ACTH - adrenocortoctropic hormone - (sneeze gems)
made in anterior pituitary. stimulates adrenal cortex - release of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
GH - growth hormone - MADE WHERE, what grows? (pitt grows)
made in anterior pituitary - muscle and bone growth
FSH (pit likes fish)
made in anterior pituitary - gonads - sperm and ovarian follicles
LH - made where?
made in anterior pituitary - gonads - ovulation in females
PRL - prolactin (not RH or IH) - just prolactin
made in anterior pituitary - mammary glands, milk
Oxytocin - what and produced where? (where it starts, and where it goes)
produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets uterus, contractions, mammary glands - milk
ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - produced where and released from where? Targets what? (hypo has adhd)
produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels, increases water retention.
pineal gland - hormone
hormone - melatonin. targets brain - waking and sleeping
thyroid gland - what hormones and what do they target? (toned bc no milk)
hormones - T3, T4, calcitonin. T3 and T4 - targets most cells. calcitonin - targets bones and kidneys, lowers blood calcium
parathyroid - what hormone and targets what? (parrot crushing)
hormone - PTH, targets bones and kidneys, raises blood calcium
thymus - what hormone and targets what? - Stimulates production of what?
hormone - thymosin - targets lymphatic tissues, stimulates production of T cells
insulin - where and targets what? (insulin - muy MAL)
pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets liver, muscle, adipose, decreases blood glucose
glucagon - where and targets what?
pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets the liver, increases blood glucose
GHIH - (gigi)
(somatostatin). made in pancreas and hypothalamus, gi tract - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
adrenal medulla - which hormones, and targets what?
epinephrine and norepinephrine. targets heart, blood vessels, liver, and lungs. increases heart rate, blood sugar (fight or flight)
adrenal cortex - hormones
mineralcorticoids, glucocoricoids, androgens
mineralcorticoids - targets what and does what?
THIS IS (aldosterone) - target the kidneys, increase retention of Na+ and excretion of K+.
More salt - more fluid, raises bp
glucocorticoids
targets most tissue, released in response to long-term stressor, increase blood glucose.
cortisol is a glucocorticoid
androgens (andro)
targets most tissue, stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
GI tract hormones (3 gi)
gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin)
gastrin (gastric acid) - stimulates the release of what and produced where?
produced by G cells in stomach. targets stomach, stimulates release of HCl
secretin (maggie cooking) targets what?
released by duodenum. targets pancreas and liver. stimulates release of digestive enzymes and bile
CCK - cholecystokinin
released by duodenum - targets pancreas and liver, stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile
kidneys - hormones
erythropoietin and calcitriol.
erythro - bone marrow, stimulates production of new RBCs,
calcitriol - form of vitamin D3. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the stomach
heart hormones - what do they do?
ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide - targets kidneys and adrenal cortex. reduces reabsorption of Na+, lowers blood pressure
adipose tissue hormones - and what do they do?
leptin - targets brain, suppresses appetite.
hormones produced in the ovaries - (ovary pie)
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.
estrogen - targets what? (estrogen BOUM)
targets uterus, ovaries, mammary, brain. secondary sex characteristics
progesterone (pro preg)
targets uterus and mammary glands. uterine lining, maintenance of pregnancy.
inhibin - where is it from, and what does it target? (inhibit fish)
produced in testes, ovaries, and placenta. targets anterior pituitary. inhibits release of FSH
placenta hormones (placenta HIPE - 3 + 1) AND what does the last one do?
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hCG targets ovaries - stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
hormones produced by testes
testosterone and inhibin - testosterone targets testes and other tissue, promotes sperm, secondary sex characteristics
urinary system (3)
kidneys, urinary ducts and bladder
3 layers of kidneys
renal cortex (outer), renal medulla and renal pelvis
renal cortex (mattias w/ glum and hat)
outer layer of kidneys where blood vessels are located - composed of one million nephrons which have clusters of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by bowman’s capsule, leads to tubule
renal arteries (from a to a to a - then glum)
branch off the aorta, blood flows from arteries to arterioles in glomerulus, then filtered.
glomerular filtrate (glom WIG)
enters proximal convoluted tubule where water, ions, glucose and other molecules reabsorb into bloodstream
distal convoluted tubule (distal denver and ph)
removes urea and drugs. ph can also be adjusted here by secretion of hydrogen ions
unabsorbed material leaves…
collecting tubules in renal medulla and goes to renal pelvis as urine.
immune system (RLL w/ immune system)
lymphatic system, red bone marrow, leukocytes (wbc).
lymph is moved by…..to what?
one way by skeletal muscle to ducts, then to nodes
lymphatic tissue (TTAPS - kristian patch)
tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen and peyers patches.
thymus - maturation chamber for….
immature T cells
spleen
cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens
peyer’s patches
small intestines, protect digestive system
plasma proteins act as…
compliment system to repel bacteria
macrophages (T and Mac)
phagocytes that alert T cells of foreign substances
T lymphocytes (T cells) do what?
directly attack cells infected by pathogens
B lymphocytes (bee a target)
target specific bacteria for destruction
antibody-mediated when response it to an…
antigen
cell-mediated when response is to…
already infected cell
leukocytes (wbc) - produced in…
red bone marrow
types of WBC (g-BEN, BNT)
granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils eosinophils), t lymphoctyes, b lymphocytes, natural killer cells
macrophages
large, traveling or fixed, engulf and destroy. present antigens on its surface
dendritic cells (hello T-gel)
present antigens to t cells
neutrophils
short living phagocytes respond quickly
basophils (bass joins mast!)
alert body of invasion, release histamine
eosinophils (esop - defender)
large long living phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders
t lymphocytes - types (T - help suppress my killer memory) think T
helper t cells, killer T, suppressor T, and memory T cells
helper T cells (help Mac) - and produce what???
help body fight infection by producing antibodies. joins macrophage and activates T and B cells.
killer T - destroy cells infected with..
virus or tumor
suppressor T
suppress other T cells when battle is over
B lymphocytes produce…
antibodies
innate immune system
birth, protects from pathogens. considered non-specific.
adaptive immunity
acquired. specific. when person encounters infection or immunization.
naturally acquired active immunity
person is exposed and builds immunity without immunization
artificially acquired immunity
vaccine
naturally acquired passive immunity
during pregnancy or antibodies from breast milk
artificially acquired passive immunity
immunization
axial skeleton (SSHVR my axial) AXIAL - along the axis
vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, skull, hyoid bone
vertebral column (crunchy breakfast)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
rib cage (how many, etc)
12 pairs, 10 pair of true ribs, 2 pairs of floating, and sternum
sternum parts (MCX stern)
manubrium, corpus sterni and xiphoid process
ossicles - where specifically?
bones in middle ear
appendicular skeleton (app backwards - PPA)
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages
pectoral girdle (think pecs - just 2)
scapulae (shoulders), clavicles (collarbone)
pelvic girdle - attached to…
pelvic (hip) bones - attached to sacrum
upper appendages (bones) CHRUMP arm
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
lower appendages (FFTTMPP)
femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
synarthrosis (syn in the skull - fc)
fibrous or cartilage, immovable, skull sutures, teeth
amphiarthrosis (fc amphib)
fibrous or cartilage, slightly moveable, invertebrae discs
diarthrosis (SKW the die)
always synovial, free movement, wrist, knee, shoulder
fibrous (CGSS) (couch fibers from cigs)
connective tissue, suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
suture (suture skull)
immovable, skull
gomphosis (gum)
immovable, teeth, mandible
syndesmosis joint (syndy - uptight)
slightly moveable, distal tibiofibular joint
cartilginous (cart your sis to the sink (CSS)
cartilage, synchondrosis, symphysis
synchondrosis (high sink)
hyaline, nearly immovable, first rib, sternum
symphysis (fc pubic symphysis)
fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
synovial (PHGS CB - candy)
most common, pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket
pivot (atlas pivoting)
allows rotation, between c1 and c2
hinge (everything hinges on knee)
movement in one plane, knee
saddle (a/2 saddle)
pivoting in 2 planes and axial rotation, first metacarpal, trapezium
gliding (graceful hands)
allows sliding, carpals
condyloid joint (candy 2/no A)
allows pivoting in 2 planes but no axial, radiocarpal joint
ball and socket
highest range of motion, hip
joints - types (joint at HE BPGS)
hinge, ball and socket, pivot, ellipsoid, gliding and saddle joints
each muscle is attached to…
2 bones, the origin and the insertion
origin (don’t move original)
remains immobile
insertion - the one that…
bone that moves as the muscle moves
red marrow manufactures… (both)
red and white blood cells
yellow bone marrow stores…
stores fat
types of bones (FILS)
long, short, flat or irregular
bones are made of..(bones connect)
connective tissue with a base of pulp containing collagen and living cells
2 types of connective bone tissue (2 main types)
compact bone and spongy bone
compact bone (compact) - consists of….
(cortical) tightly packed cells, strong and dense.
haversian canals run which direction?
run vertically through compact bone
lamellae (lamell hair)
concentric circles that surround haversian canals
lacunae (cune - spaces)
space between lamellae
haversian system (have some milk)
lamellae and canals (+ arteries, lymph, etc). provides reservoir for ca and phosphorus.
spongy (cancellous) bone (red trabec w/ girdle)
consists of trabeculae, network of girders with open space filled w/ red bone marrow
diaphysis (just part of the bone - you know this)
in long bone. consists of compact bone surrounding marrow cavity and spongy bone containing red marrow in the epipyses.
undigested food is stored in the…
rectum
major glands in the endocrine system (too many glands at PPPTTA)
pineal, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus and adrenal
organs that contain endocrine tissue and produce hormones are the…(end - pancakes and eggs)
pancreas and the ovaries or testes
part of the brain involved in the endocrine system
the hypothalamus (which controls the pituitary gland)
all body systems are regulated by the…
endocrine system in some way
what organ releases insulin?
pancreas - which signals cells to uptake sugar
without insulin…
sugar will not enter cells, resulting in high blood sugar.
when pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, what is the result?
type I diabetes
type I diabetes (auto-immune)
the body’s own immune cells mistakenly destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
what is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels drop?
glucagon
glucose raises.. (sugar high)
raises blood sugar levels, and can be used by cells for their energy.
pineal gland releases which hormone?
melatonin
lipid-based hormones can enter a…(genetic)
cell and regulate DNA.
long-lasting hormones (2 main)
estrogen and progestogen
short lived hormones
polar, water-soluble hormones like epinephrine
epinephrine is released in response to…
stress
what happens when adrenal glands secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream?
heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength and metabolism increase - fight or flight
hormone imbalance can cause what diseases? (DHG)
diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and gigantism
hyperthyroidism - what happens?
thyroid releases too much thyroxine
activation of the neuroendocrine system (same 2 systems that always communicate)
system that integrates the endocrine and the nervous system
what activates the pituitary?
hypothalamus
specialized cells in the hypothalamus release..(who it talks to)
releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones to the pituitary
what gland sends FSH?
pituitary
ex. of activation of the neuroendocrine system (baby)
fetus pushes on cervix and sends signals to nervous system through hypothalamus, which results in oxytocin being secreted by posterior pituitary gland.
oxytocin released by…
POSTERIOR pituitary gland
kidneys are superior to what region?
the lumbar region
where is erythropoietin produced? Specifically
the renal cortex
renal medulla - what is regulated here? (100 times a day)
inner region of the kidney where concentration of urine is regulated
what manufactures urine?
kidneys
excretory system
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
urethra in men carries..
urine and sperm
nitrogenous waste from…or it will form…
protein digestion is toxic and must be removed or it will form ammonia.
function of kidneys (kid DUBB-W)
filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, producing active form of vitamin D.
functional unit of the kidney is…
the nephron
nephrons are a…(mattias - trash)
system of microscopic tubes that use pressure to remove wastes and reabsorb important molecules and water.
blood enters the kidneys full of…
waste from protein metabolism. goes from nephron capillary to renal artery, then to glomerulus, where stuff is filtered out of blood. then moves through tubule. water is reabsorbed through capillaries back into the blood
filtrate is….(WUGS)
water, urea, glucose salts and other small molecules
what is the final product in tubule?
urine
bladder has sensors that communicate with the..
CNS
urine is composed of…(mostly…)
95% water, urea, salts and excess organic molecules
how do kidneys maintain blood pressure? (can just change amount w/…)
by controlling the volume of blood. secreted hormones from kidneys constrict or dilate blood vessels, resulting in the need to increase or decrease bp.
how do kidneys help control production of RBCs? - this isn’t correct..check.
cardiovascular pumps blood into kidneys through renal artery, pressure of blood helps the glomerulus filter out wastes and return nutrients through renal vein to the blood. kidneys also produce renin, hormone that regulates bp by retaining or removing water and salt.
innate 3 lines of defense (skin inflamed by nymph)
1) skin, mucus, secretions 2) phagocytes, specific proteins and inflammatory response 3) adaptive immunity - lymphocytes (B and T cells).
functions of immune system
prevents entry of pathogens - prevents entry, signaling, and targeting.
pathogens enter the body through…(duri)
digestive, urinary and reproductive. injuries.
where do B and T cells reside?
in the lymph
external barriers
skin and mucus
chemical barriers (chemicals - stove)
low pH, salt and enzymes
cellular barriers (good bugs)
commensal microorganisms
first response if a pathogen makes it into your body…(fire, mast, and danny)
inflammatory response, histamines are released, increasing blood flow to the area and more wbcs known as phagocytes.
interferons (hep virus)
proteins that interfere w/ the production of new viruses. they are released if a virus enters the body
internal barriers (cheer and ramirez - couch)
antimicrobial peptides and natural killer lymphocytes
2 general responses of the adaptive immune system (adaptive humor)
cellular or humoral
adaptive immune system responds by remembering..
signal molecules called antigens.
adaptive immune system’s functional cells (main ones)
lymphocytes called B and T cells
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (mac Helps B and T cells)
macrophages - digest pathogens and present them to helper T cells. will either activate B cell or cytotoxic T cell
helper T cells produce…(helpers make the storm)
cytokines to active cytotoxic T cell, which then searches and destroys any cell w/ that pathogen
helper T cells can activate..(hangs w/ T)
B cells
B cells multiply into…(just one, you know it)
secretory cells called plasma cells
plasma cells produce large amounts of..
an antibody that bind to the antigen
both passive and active immunity can be..(fake)
induced artificially
rapid treatment, anti-venom, from a snake bite is a form of..(the snake is passive)
passive immunity - the anti-venom was given to you, therefore passive. You didn’t form the antibodies.
HIV (danny can’t adapt)
infects helper T cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents adaptive immune from operating
allergy symptoms caused by…(too many sails)
overactive immune system causing overproduction of mast cells that release histamine.
autoimmune disease
immune system mistakenly attacks body
ex. of autoimmune disease (DAM)
type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and MS.
serous membrane (seriously inside)
lines internal cavities. mucous membranes line external
you want inflammation to be…
temporary and localized
opsonins
tags placed on non-self cells. ex - antibodies
histamine will..(open sinuses)
vasodilate any tissue so more blood can flow in. also makes holes in capillaries bigger so WBCs can get through
diapedesis (remember prof. Bailey reference)
squeeze through the capillaries, ie wbcs when bacteria is detected
ex of cytokines (CLNH - clan storm)
lactoferrin and nitric oxide (toxic to bacteria), histamine, clotting trigger
renal arteries allows oxygenated blood to enter…(needs to get to…)
kidneys and renal veins, and allows deoxygenated blood to leave.
calcitriol - targets what, and what happens? (citrus stomach)
targets intestines, increases reabsorption of Ca2+.
cellular response - adaptive immunity
cellular destroys infected cell
humoral response - adaptive immunity
humoral destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells
