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XIO > Moment 3 > Flashcards

Moment 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neuroendocrine control center

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

steroid hormones trigger..(steroid jeans)

A

gene activation and protein synthesis in target cells

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3
Q

protein hormones change activity of…

A

existing enzymes in target cells

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4
Q

adrenal cortex - functions (rocky lips)

A

monitors blood sugar levels, helps lipid and protein metabolism

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5
Q

adrenal medulla (medus heart- bed - fight or flight)

A

controls cardiac function, raises blood sugar and controls size of blood vessels

it releases cortisol - which makes cells resistant to insulin. that’s how it raises it.

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6
Q

thyroid gland - helps regulate…

A

helps regulate metabolism and growth and development

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7
Q

parathyroid regulates what?

A

regulates calcium in blood

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8
Q

pancreas islets (island - sugar cane)

A

raises and lowers blood sugar. active in carbohydrate metabolism

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9
Q

thymus gland - function (just one thing)

A

immune responses

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10
Q

pineal gland (stove - clock)

A

daily biorhythms and sexual activity

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11
Q

pituitary gland - function

A

role in growth and development

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12
Q

hypothalamus - link between…

A

nervous system and endocrine.

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13
Q

hypothalamus communicates w/ pituitary by…

A

secreting releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH).

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14
Q

GnRH - gonadotropin RH (always at the front) - what hormones?

A

made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

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15
Q

GHRH - growth hormone (always at the front)

A

made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH

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16
Q

GHIH - growth hormone IH (gigi)

A

made in hypothalamus - (somatostatin) inhibits release of GH from anterior pituitary

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17
Q

TRH - thyrotropin RH

A

made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyroptropin (TSH)

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18
Q

PRH - prolactin RH

A

made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release prolactin

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19
Q

PIH - prolactin IH

A

made in hypothalamus - (dopamine) inhibits release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

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20
Q

CRH - corticotropin RH

A

made in hypothalamus - stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH

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21
Q

oxytocin

A

made in hypothalamus - targets uterus - contractions and milk stimulation

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22
Q

ADH - antidiuretic hormone - function and targets what? (hypo has adhd)

A

made in hypothalamus - released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels - increases water retention

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23
Q

pituitary - what and where?

A

master gland. in the sella turcica in sphenoid.

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24
Q

TSH - made in…(tsh and pitt)

A

made in anterior pituitary - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

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25
Q

ACTH - adrenocortoctropic hormone - (sneeze gems)

A

made in anterior pituitary. stimulates adrenal cortex - release of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

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26
Q

GH - growth hormone - MADE WHERE, what grows? (pitt grows)

A

made in anterior pituitary - muscle and bone growth

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27
Q

FSH (pit likes fish)

A

made in anterior pituitary - gonads - sperm and ovarian follicles

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28
Q

LH - made where?

A

made in anterior pituitary - gonads - ovulation in females

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29
Q

PRL - prolactin (not RH or IH) - just prolactin

A

made in anterior pituitary - mammary glands, milk

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30
Q

Oxytocin - what and produced where? (where it starts, and where it goes)

A

produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets uterus, contractions, mammary glands - milk

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31
Q

ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - produced where and released from where? Targets what? (hypo has adhd)

A

produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary. targets kidneys and blood vessels, increases water retention.

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32
Q

pineal gland - hormone

A

hormone - melatonin. targets brain - waking and sleeping

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33
Q

thyroid gland - what hormones and what do they target? (toned bc no milk)

A

hormones - T3, T4, calcitonin. T3 and T4 - targets most cells. calcitonin - targets bones and kidneys, lowers blood calcium

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34
Q

parathyroid - what hormone and targets what? (parrot crushing)

A

hormone - PTH, targets bones and kidneys, raises blood calcium

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35
Q

thymus - what hormone and targets what? - Stimulates production of what?

A

hormone - thymosin - targets lymphatic tissues, stimulates production of T cells

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36
Q

insulin - where and targets what? (insulin - muy MAL)

A

pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets liver, muscle, adipose, decreases blood glucose

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37
Q

glucagon - where and targets what?

A

pancreas hormones (abdomen) - targets the liver, increases blood glucose

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38
Q

GHIH - (gigi)

A

(somatostatin). made in pancreas and hypothalamus, gi tract - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

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39
Q

adrenal medulla - which hormones, and targets what?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine. targets heart, blood vessels, liver, and lungs. increases heart rate, blood sugar (fight or flight)

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40
Q

adrenal cortex - hormones

A

mineralcorticoids, glucocoricoids, androgens

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41
Q

mineralcorticoids - targets what and does what?

A

THIS IS (aldosterone) - target the kidneys, increase retention of Na+ and excretion of K+.

More salt - more fluid, raises bp

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42
Q

glucocorticoids

A

targets most tissue, released in response to long-term stressor, increase blood glucose.

cortisol is a glucocorticoid

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43
Q

androgens (andro)

A

targets most tissue, stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics

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44
Q

GI tract hormones (3 gi)

A

gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin)

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45
Q

gastrin (gastric acid) - stimulates the release of what and produced where?

A

produced by G cells in stomach. targets stomach, stimulates release of HCl

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46
Q

secretin (maggie cooking) targets what?

A

released by duodenum. targets pancreas and liver. stimulates release of digestive enzymes and bile

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47
Q

CCK - cholecystokinin

A

released by duodenum - targets pancreas and liver, stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile

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48
Q

kidneys - hormones

A

erythropoietin and calcitriol.

erythro - bone marrow, stimulates production of new RBCs,
calcitriol - form of vitamin D3. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the stomach

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49
Q

heart hormones - what do they do?

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide - targets kidneys and adrenal cortex. reduces reabsorption of Na+, lowers blood pressure

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50
Q

adipose tissue hormones - and what do they do?

A

leptin - targets brain, suppresses appetite.

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51
Q

hormones produced in the ovaries - (ovary pie)

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.

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52
Q

estrogen - targets what? (estrogen BOUM)

A

targets uterus, ovaries, mammary, brain. secondary sex characteristics

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53
Q

progesterone (pro preg)

A

targets uterus and mammary glands. uterine lining, maintenance of pregnancy.

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54
Q

inhibin - where is it from, and what does it target? (inhibit fish)

A

produced in testes, ovaries, and placenta. targets anterior pituitary. inhibits release of FSH

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55
Q

placenta hormones (placenta HIPE - 3 + 1) AND what does the last one do?

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hCG targets ovaries - stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone

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56
Q

hormones produced by testes

A

testosterone and inhibin - testosterone targets testes and other tissue, promotes sperm, secondary sex characteristics

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57
Q

urinary system (3)

A

kidneys, urinary ducts and bladder

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58
Q

3 layers of kidneys

A

renal cortex (outer), renal medulla and renal pelvis

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59
Q

renal cortex (mattias w/ glum and hat)

A

outer layer of kidneys where blood vessels are located - composed of one million nephrons which have clusters of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by bowman’s capsule, leads to tubule

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60
Q

renal arteries (from a to a to a - then glum)

A

branch off the aorta, blood flows from arteries to arterioles in glomerulus, then filtered.

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61
Q

glomerular filtrate (glom WIG)

A

enters proximal convoluted tubule where water, ions, glucose and other molecules reabsorb into bloodstream

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62
Q

distal convoluted tubule (distal denver and ph)

A

removes urea and drugs. ph can also be adjusted here by secretion of hydrogen ions

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63
Q

unabsorbed material leaves…

A

collecting tubules in renal medulla and goes to renal pelvis as urine.

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64
Q

immune system (RLL w/ immune system)

A

lymphatic system, red bone marrow, leukocytes (wbc).

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65
Q

lymph is moved by…..to what?

A

one way by skeletal muscle to ducts, then to nodes

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66
Q

lymphatic tissue (TTAPS - kristian patch)

A

tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen and peyers patches.

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67
Q

thymus - maturation chamber for….

A

immature T cells

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68
Q

spleen

A

cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens

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69
Q

peyer’s patches

A

small intestines, protect digestive system

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70
Q

plasma proteins act as…

A

compliment system to repel bacteria

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71
Q

macrophages (T and Mac)

A

phagocytes that alert T cells of foreign substances

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72
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells) do what?

A

directly attack cells infected by pathogens

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73
Q

B lymphocytes (bee a target)

A

target specific bacteria for destruction

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74
Q

antibody-mediated when response it to an…

A

antigen

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75
Q

cell-mediated when response is to…

A

already infected cell

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76
Q

leukocytes (wbc) - produced in…

A

red bone marrow

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77
Q

types of WBC (g-BEN, BNT)

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils eosinophils), t lymphoctyes, b lymphocytes, natural killer cells

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78
Q

macrophages

A

large, traveling or fixed, engulf and destroy. present antigens on its surface

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79
Q

dendritic cells (hello T-gel)

A

present antigens to t cells

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80
Q

neutrophils

A

short living phagocytes respond quickly

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81
Q

basophils (bass joins mast!)

A

alert body of invasion, release histamine

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82
Q

eosinophils (esop - defender)

A

large long living phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders

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83
Q

t lymphocytes - types (T - help suppress my killer memory) think T

A

helper t cells, killer T, suppressor T, and memory T cells

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84
Q

helper T cells (help Mac) - and produce what???

A

help body fight infection by producing antibodies. joins macrophage and activates T and B cells.

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85
Q

killer T - destroy cells infected with..

A

virus or tumor

86
Q

suppressor T

A

suppress other T cells when battle is over

87
Q

B lymphocytes produce…

A

antibodies

88
Q

innate immune system

A

birth, protects from pathogens. considered non-specific.

89
Q

adaptive immunity

A

acquired. specific. when person encounters infection or immunization.

90
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

person is exposed and builds immunity without immunization

91
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

vaccine

92
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

during pregnancy or antibodies from breast milk

93
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

immunization

94
Q

axial skeleton (SSHVR my axial) AXIAL - along the axis

A

vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, skull, hyoid bone

95
Q

vertebral column (crunchy breakfast)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

96
Q

rib cage (how many, etc)

A

12 pairs, 10 pair of true ribs, 2 pairs of floating, and sternum

97
Q

sternum parts (MCX stern)

A

manubrium, corpus sterni and xiphoid process

98
Q

ossicles - where specifically?

A

bones in middle ear

99
Q

appendicular skeleton (app backwards - PPA)

A

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages

100
Q

pectoral girdle (think pecs - just 2)

A

scapulae (shoulders), clavicles (collarbone)

101
Q

pelvic girdle - attached to…

A

pelvic (hip) bones - attached to sacrum

102
Q

upper appendages (bones) CHRUMP arm

A

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

103
Q

lower appendages (FFTTMPP)

A

femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

104
Q

synarthrosis (syn in the skull - fc)

A

fibrous or cartilage, immovable, skull sutures, teeth

105
Q

amphiarthrosis (fc amphib)

A

fibrous or cartilage, slightly moveable, invertebrae discs

106
Q

diarthrosis (SKW the die)

A

always synovial, free movement, wrist, knee, shoulder

107
Q

fibrous (CGSS) (couch fibers from cigs)

A

connective tissue, suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

108
Q

suture (suture skull)

A

immovable, skull

109
Q

gomphosis (gum)

A

immovable, teeth, mandible

110
Q

syndesmosis joint (syndy - uptight)

A

slightly moveable, distal tibiofibular joint

111
Q

cartilginous (cart your sis to the sink (CSS)

A

cartilage, synchondrosis, symphysis

112
Q

synchondrosis (high sink)

A

hyaline, nearly immovable, first rib, sternum

113
Q

symphysis (fc pubic symphysis)

A

fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

114
Q

synovial (PHGS CB - candy)

A

most common, pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket

115
Q

pivot (atlas pivoting)

A

allows rotation, between c1 and c2

116
Q

hinge (everything hinges on knee)

A

movement in one plane, knee

117
Q

saddle (a/2 saddle)

A

pivoting in 2 planes and axial rotation, first metacarpal, trapezium

118
Q

gliding (graceful hands)

A

allows sliding, carpals

119
Q

condyloid joint (candy 2/no A)

A

allows pivoting in 2 planes but no axial, radiocarpal joint

120
Q

ball and socket

A

highest range of motion, hip

121
Q

joints - types (joint at HE BPGS)

A

hinge, ball and socket, pivot, ellipsoid, gliding and saddle joints

122
Q

each muscle is attached to…

A

2 bones, the origin and the insertion

123
Q

origin (don’t move original)

A

remains immobile

124
Q

insertion - the one that…

A

bone that moves as the muscle moves

125
Q

red marrow manufactures… (both)

A

red and white blood cells

126
Q

yellow bone marrow stores…

A

stores fat

127
Q

types of bones (FILS)

A

long, short, flat or irregular

128
Q

bones are made of..(bones connect)

A

connective tissue with a base of pulp containing collagen and living cells

129
Q

2 types of connective bone tissue (2 main types)

A

compact bone and spongy bone

130
Q

compact bone (compact) - consists of….

A

(cortical) tightly packed cells, strong and dense.

131
Q

haversian canals run which direction?

A

run vertically through compact bone

132
Q

lamellae (lamell hair)

A

concentric circles that surround haversian canals

133
Q

lacunae (cune - spaces)

A

space between lamellae

134
Q

haversian system (have some milk)

A

lamellae and canals (+ arteries, lymph, etc). provides reservoir for ca and phosphorus.

135
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone (red trabec w/ girdle)

A

consists of trabeculae, network of girders with open space filled w/ red bone marrow

136
Q

diaphysis (just part of the bone - you know this)

A

in long bone. consists of compact bone surrounding marrow cavity and spongy bone containing red marrow in the epipyses.

137
Q

undigested food is stored in the…

A

rectum

138
Q

major glands in the endocrine system (too many glands at PPPTTA)

A

pineal, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus and adrenal

139
Q

organs that contain endocrine tissue and produce hormones are the…(end - pancakes and eggs)

A

pancreas and the ovaries or testes

140
Q

part of the brain involved in the endocrine system

A

the hypothalamus (which controls the pituitary gland)

141
Q

all body systems are regulated by the…

A

endocrine system in some way

142
Q

what organ releases insulin?

A

pancreas - which signals cells to uptake sugar

143
Q

without insulin…

A

sugar will not enter cells, resulting in high blood sugar.

144
Q

when pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, what is the result?

A

type I diabetes

145
Q

type I diabetes (auto-immune)

A

the body’s own immune cells mistakenly destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

146
Q

what is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels drop?

A

glucagon

147
Q

glucose raises.. (sugar high)

A

raises blood sugar levels, and can be used by cells for their energy.

148
Q

pineal gland releases which hormone?

A

melatonin

149
Q

lipid-based hormones can enter a…(genetic)

A

cell and regulate DNA.

150
Q

long-lasting hormones (2 main)

A

estrogen and progestogen

151
Q

short lived hormones

A

polar, water-soluble hormones like epinephrine

152
Q

epinephrine is released in response to…

A

stress

153
Q

what happens when adrenal glands secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength and metabolism increase - fight or flight

154
Q

hormone imbalance can cause what diseases? (DHG)

A

diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and gigantism

155
Q

hyperthyroidism - what happens?

A

thyroid releases too much thyroxine

156
Q

activation of the neuroendocrine system (same 2 systems that always communicate)

A

system that integrates the endocrine and the nervous system

157
Q

what activates the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

158
Q

specialized cells in the hypothalamus release..(who it talks to)

A

releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones to the pituitary

159
Q

what gland sends FSH?

A

pituitary

160
Q

ex. of activation of the neuroendocrine system (baby)

A

fetus pushes on cervix and sends signals to nervous system through hypothalamus, which results in oxytocin being secreted by posterior pituitary gland.

161
Q

oxytocin released by…

A

POSTERIOR pituitary gland

162
Q

kidneys are superior to what region?

A

the lumbar region

163
Q

where is erythropoietin produced? Specifically

A

the renal cortex

164
Q

renal medulla - what is regulated here? (100 times a day)

A

inner region of the kidney where concentration of urine is regulated

165
Q

what manufactures urine?

A

kidneys

166
Q

excretory system

A

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

167
Q

urethra in men carries..

A

urine and sperm

168
Q

nitrogenous waste from…or it will form…

A

protein digestion is toxic and must be removed or it will form ammonia.

169
Q

function of kidneys (kid DUBB-W)

A

filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, producing active form of vitamin D.

170
Q

functional unit of the kidney is…

A

the nephron

171
Q

nephrons are a…(mattias - trash)

A

system of microscopic tubes that use pressure to remove wastes and reabsorb important molecules and water.

172
Q

blood enters the kidneys full of…

A

waste from protein metabolism. goes from nephron capillary to renal artery, then to glomerulus, where stuff is filtered out of blood. then moves through tubule. water is reabsorbed through capillaries back into the blood

173
Q

filtrate is….(WUGS)

A

water, urea, glucose salts and other small molecules

174
Q

what is the final product in tubule?

A

urine

175
Q

bladder has sensors that communicate with the..

A

CNS

176
Q

urine is composed of…(mostly…)

A

95% water, urea, salts and excess organic molecules

177
Q

how do kidneys maintain blood pressure? (can just change amount w/…)

A

by controlling the volume of blood. secreted hormones from kidneys constrict or dilate blood vessels, resulting in the need to increase or decrease bp.

178
Q

how do kidneys help control production of RBCs? - this isn’t correct..check.

A

cardiovascular pumps blood into kidneys through renal artery, pressure of blood helps the glomerulus filter out wastes and return nutrients through renal vein to the blood. kidneys also produce renin, hormone that regulates bp by retaining or removing water and salt.

179
Q

innate 3 lines of defense (skin inflamed by nymph)

A

1) skin, mucus, secretions 2) phagocytes, specific proteins and inflammatory response 3) adaptive immunity - lymphocytes (B and T cells).

180
Q

functions of immune system

A

prevents entry of pathogens - prevents entry, signaling, and targeting.

181
Q

pathogens enter the body through…(duri)

A

digestive, urinary and reproductive. injuries.

182
Q

where do B and T cells reside?

A

in the lymph

183
Q

external barriers

A

skin and mucus

184
Q

chemical barriers (chemicals - stove)

A

low pH, salt and enzymes

185
Q

cellular barriers (good bugs)

A

commensal microorganisms

186
Q

first response if a pathogen makes it into your body…(fire, mast, and danny)

A

inflammatory response, histamines are released, increasing blood flow to the area and more wbcs known as phagocytes.

187
Q

interferons (hep virus)

A

proteins that interfere w/ the production of new viruses. they are released if a virus enters the body

188
Q

internal barriers (cheer and ramirez - couch)

A

antimicrobial peptides and natural killer lymphocytes

189
Q

2 general responses of the adaptive immune system (adaptive humor)

A

cellular or humoral

190
Q

adaptive immune system responds by remembering..

A

signal molecules called antigens.

191
Q

adaptive immune system’s functional cells (main ones)

A

lymphocytes called B and T cells

192
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (mac Helps B and T cells)

A

macrophages - digest pathogens and present them to helper T cells. will either activate B cell or cytotoxic T cell

193
Q

helper T cells produce…(helpers make the storm)

A

cytokines to active cytotoxic T cell, which then searches and destroys any cell w/ that pathogen

194
Q

helper T cells can activate..(hangs w/ T)

A

B cells

195
Q

B cells multiply into…(just one, you know it)

A

secretory cells called plasma cells

196
Q

plasma cells produce large amounts of..

A

an antibody that bind to the antigen

197
Q

both passive and active immunity can be..(fake)

A

induced artificially

198
Q

rapid treatment, anti-venom, from a snake bite is a form of..(the snake is passive)

A

passive immunity - the anti-venom was given to you, therefore passive. You didn’t form the antibodies.

199
Q

HIV (danny can’t adapt)

A

infects helper T cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents adaptive immune from operating

200
Q

allergy symptoms caused by…(too many sails)

A

overactive immune system causing overproduction of mast cells that release histamine.

201
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system mistakenly attacks body

202
Q

ex. of autoimmune disease (DAM)

A

type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and MS.

203
Q

serous membrane (seriously inside)

A

lines internal cavities. mucous membranes line external

204
Q

you want inflammation to be…

A

temporary and localized

205
Q

opsonins

A

tags placed on non-self cells. ex - antibodies

206
Q

histamine will..(open sinuses)

A

vasodilate any tissue so more blood can flow in. also makes holes in capillaries bigger so WBCs can get through

207
Q

diapedesis (remember prof. Bailey reference)

A

squeeze through the capillaries, ie wbcs when bacteria is detected

208
Q

ex of cytokines (CLNH - clan storm)

A

lactoferrin and nitric oxide (toxic to bacteria), histamine, clotting trigger

209
Q

renal arteries allows oxygenated blood to enter…(needs to get to…)

A

kidneys and renal veins, and allows deoxygenated blood to leave.

210
Q

calcitriol - targets what, and what happens? (citrus stomach)

A

targets intestines, increases reabsorption of Ca2+.

211
Q

cellular response - adaptive immunity

A

cellular destroys infected cell

212
Q

humoral response - adaptive immunity

A

humoral destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells

XIO (372 decks)

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