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XIO > Moment 2 > Flashcards

Moment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

head lies near duodenum

A

pancreas

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2
Q

pancreas made up of___tissue

A

exocrine and endocrine tissue

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3
Q

exocrine tissue in pancreas secretes

A

digestive enzymes

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4
Q

main pancreatic duct connects

A

common bile duct near duodenum

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5
Q

endocrine tissue in pancreas secretes (think endocrine)

A

hormones (such as insulin) into blood

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6
Q

blood supply to pancreas from…(blood GSS in pancakes)

A

splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery

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7
Q

pancreas assists in digestion by..

A

secreting enzymes that break down food, mostly fats and proteins

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8
Q

zymogens in pancreas (gems in pancakes) AND become active when they enter…

A

produced by exocrine cells and converted to active version - lipase and amylase - when they enter the small intestine.

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9
Q

secretes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate

A

pancreas - to neutralize stomach acid that reaches small intestine

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10
Q

exocrine functions in pancreas controlled by…(not ans)

A

hormones released by stomach and small intestine (duodenum) when food is present.

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11
Q

most nutrients are absorbed in the..

A

small intestine. enzymes come from pancreas, liver, and stomach.

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12
Q

bile is secreted from the..

A

liver

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13
Q

bile is stored in the…

A

gall bladder

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14
Q

bile is useful for breaking down…

A

fats

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15
Q

small intestine lining is covered with…

A

villi and microvilli, which increases surface area for interaction with chyme.

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16
Q

main absorption organ of the digestive tract

A

small intestine

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17
Q

large intestine also called the

A

colon

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18
Q

large intestine functions - (cement)

A

concentrates, mixes, and stores waste material. attaches to rectum

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19
Q

3 general types of neurons (MIS neurons)

A

sensory, motor and interneurons

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20
Q

sensory neurons transmit signals to the…

A

CNS from touch, pain, temp, smell, hearing, sight and taste

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit signals from CNS to rest of body by signaling muscles

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22
Q

interneurons transmit signals….

A

between neurons.

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23
Q

dendrites transmit signals towards…

A

the cell body, received from sensory receptors and interneurons

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24
Q

axon transmits impulses…

A

away from the cell body

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25
Q

axon is insulated by

A

oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath, has nodes of ranvier. it terminates at the synapse

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26
Q

brain consists of (HMF)

A

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

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27
Q

hindbrain parts (CMP in the hind)

A

medulla oblongata, cerebellum and pons

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28
Q

midbrain does what? (meet in the middle)

A

integrates sensory signals and responses

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29
Q

forebrain (for THC)

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

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30
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin gray matter covering cerebrum

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31
Q

4 lobes in brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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32
Q

frontal lobe functions

A

short term and working memory, decision making, planning, judgement

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33
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory input and spatial positioning of body

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34
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual input, processing and output

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35
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory input and output

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36
Q

cerebellum - type of memory (belly implies)

A

implicit memories. damage to cerebellum - don’t blink when air blown in eye. Also balance.

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37
Q

posterior area of brain is called…

A

brain stem

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38
Q

3 parts of brain stem (pmm rose stem)

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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39
Q

brain stem important for..(crud stem - CRD)

A

respiration, digestive and circulatory functions

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40
Q

midbrain (TTT chub middle)

A

tectum, tegmentum, and ventral tegmentum.

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41
Q

midbrain important for..(midway btwn sight and hearing)

A

helps relay info. regarding vision and hearing

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42
Q

information sent from cerebrum to…(cpm c)

A

pons, then medulla and cerebellum

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43
Q

medulla oblongata connects…(obvious)

A

connects spinal cord to brain

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44
Q

medulla oblongata important for..(2 systems)

A

circulatory and respiratory system

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45
Q

peripheral nervous system - parts

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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46
Q

autonomic nervous system maintains..(balance)

A

homeostasis

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47
Q

ANS controls___(BOGS) through the direction of the____

A

internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and glands, though the direction of the hypothalamus

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48
Q

ANS is controlled by the..

A

hypothalamus

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49
Q

ANS maintains homeostasis of…(HBBB)

A

heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, and blood ph, digestion and breathing

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50
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls 5 senses and voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

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51
Q

efferent nerves bring signals from… (somatic)

A

CNS to sensory organs and muscles

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52
Q

afferent nerves bring signals from…(somatic) (opposite of away)

A

sensory organs and muscles to the CNS

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53
Q

reflexes are___of the___system

A

involuntary movements of the CNS

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54
Q

reflex arc bypasses the…

A

brain and is controlled by spinal cord, I.e. knee jerk

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55
Q

3 types of muscle tissue (SCS)

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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56
Q

3 properties of muscles - EEC

A

excitability, contraction, and elongation

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57
Q

skeletal muscle is….

A

striated, made up of muscle fiber bound together in bundles

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58
Q

smooth muscle is…

A

involuntary, non-striated, shorter and wider than skeletal muscle.

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59
Q

muscle fiber contain bundles called___composed of____

A

myofibril, composed of repeating units called sarcomeres.

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60
Q

myofibrils contain which filaments?

A

2 protein microfilaments - thick and thin filaments

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61
Q

thick filament is composed of…(my thick hair)

A

myosin

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62
Q

thin filament is composed of…(act thin)

A

actin

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63
Q

action potential - muscle

A

Ca is released and binds to myosin and actin, myosin head of thick binds to actin of thin, and adenosine triphosphate released from glucose, contraction occurs.

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64
Q

testes are the…

A

male gonads

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65
Q

epididymis (didy)

A

stores sperm as it matures

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66
Q

seminal vesicles secrete…(seminary alchy)

A

alkaline fluid into ejaculatory duct

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67
Q

prostate gland secretes…(pro-state)

A

white fluid as part of semen

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68
Q

bulbourethral (cowpers - male) (bulb)

A

secretes fluid into urethra to neutralize acidity

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69
Q

FSH in men stimulates…(fish)

A

spermatogenesis

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70
Q

luteinizing hormone in males stimulates…(test loot)

A

testosterone production

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71
Q

testosterone - responsible for…

A

male sex characteristics

72
Q

functions of female reproductive system

A

produce ova (oocytes or egg cells), transfer ova to fallopian tubes, receive sperm, and provide nourishment and protect embryo.

73
Q

bartholin’s glands secrete…(female) (violin)

A

lubricating fluid

74
Q

ovaries produce and secrete what? (just shorten it)

A

female gonads, produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone

75
Q

fallopian tubes carry…

A

mature egg toward uterus

76
Q

fertilization usually occurs in…

A

the fallopian tubes

77
Q

3 phases of ovarian cycle (FOL for ovaries)

A

follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase

78
Q

follicular phase - (women) - FSH stimulates…AND secretes…

A

maturation of follicle, which then secretes estrogen

FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone

79
Q

ovulation (ooo lute)

A

release of secondary oocyte from the ovary, and starts surge of LH

80
Q

luteal phase - formation of…(dead lut)

A

formation of corpus luteum from follicle.

81
Q

corpus luteum secretes…(pro corpse)

A

progesterone and estrogen, which inhibits FSH and LH.

82
Q

progesterone maintains…(pro endo)

A

thickness of endometrium

83
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle (pms)

A

proliferative phase, secretory phase and menstrual phase

84
Q

proliferative phase (after)

A

regeneration of uterine lining

85
Q

secretory phase (maggie veins)

A

endometrium becomes more vascular, nutrients secreted to prepare for implantation

86
Q

menstruation - shedding…

A

shedding of endometrium

87
Q

pregnancy - when a blastocyst implants…(blast the tv)

A

it releases hCG. this hormone prevents corpus luteum from degrading, and it continues to produce estrogen and progesterone

88
Q

parturition (birth) (prost)

A

cervix stretches and release of oxytocin. oxytocin and estrogen stimulate release of prostaglandins, which increase uterine contractions. POSITIVE feedback.

89
Q

integumentary system (SSHN - grease)

A

sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair and nails.

90
Q

functions of integumentary (SPC skin)

A

protection, secretion/excretion and communication

91
Q

skin manufactures what?

A

vitamin D

92
Q

layers of skin - top to bottom (4) (every dog says hello to skin)

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, hypodermis (inner most layer)

93
Q

epidermis consists of only___cells

A

epithelial cells, no blood vessels

94
Q

layers of the epidermis…deepest to most shallow (add basal, spin in granola, milk, and corn)

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

95
Q

dermis (CCHEBSSSN)

A

mostly connective tissue, contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat gland, elastin, nerve endings and collagen fibers.

96
Q

subcutaneous layer not an actual…

A

layer of skin, consists of connective tissue, binds skin to underlying muscle. fat deposits help to cushion and insulate body

97
Q

keratinocytes - where?

A

epidermis - produce keratin

98
Q

melanocytes - where and do what? (melin skin deep)

A

epidermis - produce melanin

99
Q

langerhans cells - where, and which stratum? (lang hangs close)

A

These are dendtritic cells - epidermis - antigen-presenting cells of immune system, in stratum spinosum

100
Q

merkel cells - what and where? what stratum? (merk - tickle basil on top)

A

epidermis - detect light touch. in stratum basale

101
Q

fibroblasts - where, secretes what…(4th in the deep south)

A

dermis - a cell that secrete collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglcans

102
Q

adipocytes - where and what are they?

A

dermis, fat cells

103
Q

macrophages - where and function (mac down in biyou)

A

dermis - phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens

104
Q

mast cells - where and function (deep seas)

A

dermis - antigen-presenting cells, play role in inflammatory response (release histamine)

105
Q

receptors - what kind of cells and where are they located? (reception is deeper than you think)

A

sensory cells in dermis

106
Q

control center (part of brain)

A

hypothalamus

107
Q

effectors - (blood sweat and tears)

A

organ or cell that acts in response to stimuli - sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles

108
Q

vasodilation - blood vessels near surface of skin release…

A

heat into environ. and lower body temp

109
Q

exocrine glands secrete…(general)

A

substances into ducts

110
Q

sebaceous glands -type of gland and secrete what? (sebaceous holes)

A

holocrine glands that secrete sebum.

111
Q

sebum

A

oily mix of lipids and proteins.

112
Q

types of sweat glands

A

either eccrine or apocrine glands.

113
Q

eecrine glands (eek, no hair)

A

not connected to hair follicles. activated by elevated body temp. all over body.

114
Q

eecrine glands secrete.. (GASP B - eek)

A

electrolytes and water containing (salt) sodium chloride, potassium, bicoarbonate, glucose and antimicrobial peptides.

115
Q

apocrine glands secrete….(FTP)

A

oily solution containing fatty acids, triglycerides and proteins.

116
Q

apocrine glands located in..(apron)

A

armpits, groin, palms, soles of feet.

117
Q

1 cc = ___milliliters

A

1

118
Q

protective double membrane in lung lobe is called…

A

pleura, surrounded by pleural fluid

119
Q

lungs are located in which cavity?

A

thoracic

120
Q

heart sends blood low in oxygen and high in CO2 to…

A

the lungs

121
Q

rate of diffusion in lungs is directly proportional to…(grade the space)

A

the surface area and the concentration gradient

122
Q

rate of diffusion in lungs is inversely proportional to…(distance means nothing)

A

the distance between the 2 solutions

123
Q

during diffusion, oxygen in the lungs is moved into…

A

the blood, and co2 in the blood moves into the lungs

124
Q

recently inhaled air in the alveoli has high concentrations of what compared to the capillaries?

A

oxygen

125
Q

capillaries contain high concentrations of what?

A

CO2

126
Q

alveoli contain low levels of what?

A

CO2

127
Q

ventilation occurs as a combo of what? (prof bailey)

A

muscle action and negative pressure

128
Q

atherosclerosis can lead to…(ather and ish)

A

can lead to ischemia - accumulation of lipid and overgrown smooth muscle reduce blood flow, in later stages Ca2+ accumulates (“hardening of the arteries”)

129
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

insufficient O2 to heart), factors causing ischemia:
a. vascular spasm - decreased O2 triggers platelet activating factor (PAF) release from vessels, causing spastic constriction, further decreasing O2 to heart

130
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

131
Q

stroke

A

when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes.

132
Q

heart attack

A

when an artery supplying your heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked. Fatty deposits build up over time, forming plaques in your heart’s arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form and block your arteries, causing a heart attack

133
Q

aneurysm

A

A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.

134
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure. BP above 140/90 (high-normal is 135/85)

135
Q

causes of hypertension (kitchen counter)

A

kidney salt regulation

b. excessive salt intake
c. diet low in fruit, vegetables, dairy (low in K+and Ca2+)
d. defects in Na+-K+ pumps
e. abnormal local vasoactive substances
f. excess vasopressin

136
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

137
Q

gastrointestinal starts at the…

A

mouth and ends at anus

138
Q

mechanical digestion begins in the..

A

mouth

139
Q

saliva provides..(2)

A

amylase and lipase to start chemical digestion of starch and lipids

140
Q

bolus

A

food packaged into small parcels

141
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

142
Q

as food passes, epiglottis closes…

A

trachea so food does not enter the respiratory system. then enters the esophagus

143
Q

peristalsis in esophagus

A

contractions that move bolus to gastric sphincter then stomach.

144
Q

chyme

A

stomach breaks down food into chyme

145
Q

3 main secretions in stomach (PHM - think acid)

A

pepsinogen, mucus, and hydrochloric acid

146
Q

pepsin helps..

A

digest proteins

147
Q

erythrocytes are

A

RBCs

148
Q

where are old RBCs recycled?

A

spleen

149
Q

brush border - where and what enzymes? (brush duo)

A

in duodenum - proteases, lactase, disaccharidases, and bicarbonate.

150
Q

small intestines absorb nutrients into___and lipids into____as_____

A

blood, and absorbs lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons and vitamin B12.

151
Q

blood-carrying nutrients from small intestine pass to the….(kitchen table)

A

liver through the hepatic portal duct, where enzymes deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize toxins, and store glucose at glycogen.

152
Q

digested material is passed from the hepatic portal to the…

A

cecum and into the large intestine.

153
Q

vermiform appendix projects from..(see verm)

A

cecum

154
Q

water and nutrients are absorbed in the..

A

small intestines

155
Q

leftover water and salt from digested food is absorbed in the…

A

large intestine

156
Q

vitamin K is absorbed in the…

A

large intestine

157
Q

waste accumulates in the…

A

rectum

158
Q

regulates many aspects of nutrition (floating)

A

hormones

159
Q

ghrelin

A

induces hunger

160
Q

leptin

A

causes sensation of satiety

161
Q

insulin induces..

A

cellular uptake of glucose, and glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen.

162
Q

enzymes are…

A

proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body.

163
Q

enzymes are involved in chemical digestion of foods in these organs…(PMSS)

A

mouth, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

164
Q

enzyme in mouth (just one)

A

salivary amylase, breaks down starch

165
Q

enzyme in stomach

A

pepsin, breaks down proteins

166
Q

enzyme in pancreas (TAL pancake)

A

pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase

167
Q

small intestine - brush border enzymes break down…(melt sugar)

A

molecules, carbohydrates breakdown into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

168
Q

each muscle fiber is connected to a…

A

nerve fiber

169
Q

muscle signal and response can be disrupted by…

A

sprain or strain to muscular dystrophy

170
Q

glands in the integumentary system (ssc - ferris on the skin)

A

sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous glands

171
Q

what is excreted from the skin? (skin in moscow - MMSCW)

A

water, minerals, sodium, chloride, magnesium

172
Q

sweat can contain…(lua)

A

urea, lactic acid and alcohol

173
Q

vital role in thermoregulation

A

integumentary. flushed cheeks to cool the blood.

174
Q

amylase in pancreas does what?

A

breaks down starch

175
Q

trypsin in pancreas does what? (trip on pb)

A

breaks down protein

176
Q

lipase in pancreas does what?

A

breaks down fat

XIO (393 decks)

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