Moment 2 Flashcards
head lies near duodenum
pancreas
pancreas made up of___tissue
exocrine and endocrine tissue
exocrine tissue in pancreas secretes
digestive enzymes
main pancreatic duct connects
common bile duct near duodenum
endocrine tissue in pancreas secretes (think endocrine)
hormones (such as insulin) into blood
blood supply to pancreas from…(blood GSS in pancakes)
splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery
pancreas assists in digestion by..
secreting enzymes that break down food, mostly fats and proteins
zymogens in pancreas (gems in pancakes) AND become active when they enter…
produced by exocrine cells and converted to active version - lipase and amylase - when they enter the small intestine.
secretes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate
pancreas - to neutralize stomach acid that reaches small intestine
exocrine functions in pancreas controlled by…(not ans)
hormones released by stomach and small intestine (duodenum) when food is present.
most nutrients are absorbed in the..
small intestine. enzymes come from pancreas, liver, and stomach.
bile is secreted from the..
liver
bile is stored in the…
gall bladder
bile is useful for breaking down…
fats
small intestine lining is covered with…
villi and microvilli, which increases surface area for interaction with chyme.
main absorption organ of the digestive tract
small intestine
large intestine also called the
colon
large intestine functions - (cement)
concentrates, mixes, and stores waste material. attaches to rectum
3 general types of neurons (MIS neurons)
sensory, motor and interneurons
sensory neurons transmit signals to the…
CNS from touch, pain, temp, smell, hearing, sight and taste
motor neurons
transmit signals from CNS to rest of body by signaling muscles
interneurons transmit signals….
between neurons.
dendrites transmit signals towards…
the cell body, received from sensory receptors and interneurons
axon transmits impulses…
away from the cell body
axon is insulated by
oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath, has nodes of ranvier. it terminates at the synapse
brain consists of (HMF)
hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
hindbrain parts (CMP in the hind)
medulla oblongata, cerebellum and pons
midbrain does what? (meet in the middle)
integrates sensory signals and responses
forebrain (for THC)
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
thin gray matter covering cerebrum
4 lobes in brain
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
frontal lobe functions
short term and working memory, decision making, planning, judgement
parietal lobe
sensory input and spatial positioning of body
occipital lobe
visual input, processing and output
temporal lobe
auditory input and output
cerebellum - type of memory (belly implies)
implicit memories. damage to cerebellum - don’t blink when air blown in eye. Also balance.
posterior area of brain is called…
brain stem
3 parts of brain stem (pmm rose stem)
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
brain stem important for..(crud stem - CRD)
respiration, digestive and circulatory functions
midbrain (TTT chub middle)
tectum, tegmentum, and ventral tegmentum.
midbrain important for..(midway btwn sight and hearing)
helps relay info. regarding vision and hearing
information sent from cerebrum to…(cpm c)
pons, then medulla and cerebellum
medulla oblongata connects…(obvious)
connects spinal cord to brain
medulla oblongata important for..(2 systems)
circulatory and respiratory system
peripheral nervous system - parts
sympathetic and parasympathetic
autonomic nervous system maintains..(balance)
homeostasis
ANS controls___(BOGS) through the direction of the____
internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and glands, though the direction of the hypothalamus
ANS is controlled by the..
hypothalamus
ANS maintains homeostasis of…(HBBB)
heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, and blood ph, digestion and breathing
somatic nervous system
controls 5 senses and voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
efferent nerves bring signals from… (somatic)
CNS to sensory organs and muscles
afferent nerves bring signals from…(somatic) (opposite of away)
sensory organs and muscles to the CNS
reflexes are___of the___system
involuntary movements of the CNS
reflex arc bypasses the…
brain and is controlled by spinal cord, I.e. knee jerk
3 types of muscle tissue (SCS)
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
3 properties of muscles - EEC
excitability, contraction, and elongation
skeletal muscle is….
striated, made up of muscle fiber bound together in bundles
smooth muscle is…
involuntary, non-striated, shorter and wider than skeletal muscle.
muscle fiber contain bundles called___composed of____
myofibril, composed of repeating units called sarcomeres.
myofibrils contain which filaments?
2 protein microfilaments - thick and thin filaments
thick filament is composed of…(my thick hair)
myosin
thin filament is composed of…(act thin)
actin
action potential - muscle
Ca is released and binds to myosin and actin, myosin head of thick binds to actin of thin, and adenosine triphosphate released from glucose, contraction occurs.
testes are the…
male gonads
epididymis (didy)
stores sperm as it matures
seminal vesicles secrete…(seminary alchy)
alkaline fluid into ejaculatory duct
prostate gland secretes…(pro-state)
white fluid as part of semen
bulbourethral (cowpers - male) (bulb)
secretes fluid into urethra to neutralize acidity
FSH in men stimulates…(fish)
spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone in males stimulates…(test loot)
testosterone production
testosterone - responsible for…
male sex characteristics
functions of female reproductive system
produce ova (oocytes or egg cells), transfer ova to fallopian tubes, receive sperm, and provide nourishment and protect embryo.
bartholin’s glands secrete…(female) (violin)
lubricating fluid
ovaries produce and secrete what? (just shorten it)
female gonads, produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone
fallopian tubes carry…
mature egg toward uterus
fertilization usually occurs in…
the fallopian tubes
3 phases of ovarian cycle (FOL for ovaries)
follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase
follicular phase - (women) - FSH stimulates…AND secretes…
maturation of follicle, which then secretes estrogen
FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone
ovulation (ooo lute)
release of secondary oocyte from the ovary, and starts surge of LH
luteal phase - formation of…(dead lut)
formation of corpus luteum from follicle.
corpus luteum secretes…(pro corpse)
progesterone and estrogen, which inhibits FSH and LH.
progesterone maintains…(pro endo)
thickness of endometrium
3 phases of uterine cycle (pms)
proliferative phase, secretory phase and menstrual phase
proliferative phase (after)
regeneration of uterine lining
secretory phase (maggie veins)
endometrium becomes more vascular, nutrients secreted to prepare for implantation
menstruation - shedding…
shedding of endometrium
pregnancy - when a blastocyst implants…(blast the tv)
it releases hCG. this hormone prevents corpus luteum from degrading, and it continues to produce estrogen and progesterone
parturition (birth) (prost)
cervix stretches and release of oxytocin. oxytocin and estrogen stimulate release of prostaglandins, which increase uterine contractions. POSITIVE feedback.
integumentary system (SSHN - grease)
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair and nails.
functions of integumentary (SPC skin)
protection, secretion/excretion and communication
skin manufactures what?
vitamin D
layers of skin - top to bottom (4) (every dog says hello to skin)
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, hypodermis (inner most layer)
epidermis consists of only___cells
epithelial cells, no blood vessels
layers of the epidermis…deepest to most shallow (add basal, spin in granola, milk, and corn)
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
dermis (CCHEBSSSN)
mostly connective tissue, contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat gland, elastin, nerve endings and collagen fibers.
subcutaneous layer not an actual…
layer of skin, consists of connective tissue, binds skin to underlying muscle. fat deposits help to cushion and insulate body
keratinocytes - where?
epidermis - produce keratin
melanocytes - where and do what? (melin skin deep)
epidermis - produce melanin
langerhans cells - where, and which stratum? (lang hangs close)
These are dendtritic cells - epidermis - antigen-presenting cells of immune system, in stratum spinosum
merkel cells - what and where? what stratum? (merk - tickle basil on top)
epidermis - detect light touch. in stratum basale
fibroblasts - where, secretes what…(4th in the deep south)
dermis - a cell that secrete collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglcans
adipocytes - where and what are they?
dermis, fat cells
macrophages - where and function (mac down in biyou)
dermis - phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens
mast cells - where and function (deep seas)
dermis - antigen-presenting cells, play role in inflammatory response (release histamine)
receptors - what kind of cells and where are they located? (reception is deeper than you think)
sensory cells in dermis
control center (part of brain)
hypothalamus
effectors - (blood sweat and tears)
organ or cell that acts in response to stimuli - sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles
vasodilation - blood vessels near surface of skin release…
heat into environ. and lower body temp
exocrine glands secrete…(general)
substances into ducts
sebaceous glands -type of gland and secrete what? (sebaceous holes)
holocrine glands that secrete sebum.
sebum
oily mix of lipids and proteins.
types of sweat glands
either eccrine or apocrine glands.
eecrine glands (eek, no hair)
not connected to hair follicles. activated by elevated body temp. all over body.
eecrine glands secrete.. (GASP B - eek)
electrolytes and water containing (salt) sodium chloride, potassium, bicoarbonate, glucose and antimicrobial peptides.
apocrine glands secrete….(FTP)
oily solution containing fatty acids, triglycerides and proteins.
apocrine glands located in..(apron)
armpits, groin, palms, soles of feet.
1 cc = ___milliliters
1
protective double membrane in lung lobe is called…
pleura, surrounded by pleural fluid
lungs are located in which cavity?
thoracic
heart sends blood low in oxygen and high in CO2 to…
the lungs
rate of diffusion in lungs is directly proportional to…(grade the space)
the surface area and the concentration gradient
rate of diffusion in lungs is inversely proportional to…(distance means nothing)
the distance between the 2 solutions
during diffusion, oxygen in the lungs is moved into…
the blood, and co2 in the blood moves into the lungs
recently inhaled air in the alveoli has high concentrations of what compared to the capillaries?
oxygen
capillaries contain high concentrations of what?
CO2
alveoli contain low levels of what?
CO2
ventilation occurs as a combo of what? (prof bailey)
muscle action and negative pressure
atherosclerosis can lead to…(ather and ish)
can lead to ischemia - accumulation of lipid and overgrown smooth muscle reduce blood flow, in later stages Ca2+ accumulates (“hardening of the arteries”)
myocardial ischemia
insufficient O2 to heart), factors causing ischemia:
a. vascular spasm - decreased O2 triggers platelet activating factor (PAF) release from vessels, causing spastic constriction, further decreasing O2 to heart
myocardial infarction
heart attack
stroke
when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes.
heart attack
when an artery supplying your heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked. Fatty deposits build up over time, forming plaques in your heart’s arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form and block your arteries, causing a heart attack
aneurysm
A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
hypertension
high blood pressure. BP above 140/90 (high-normal is 135/85)
causes of hypertension (kitchen counter)
kidney salt regulation
b. excessive salt intake
c. diet low in fruit, vegetables, dairy (low in K+and Ca2+)
d. defects in Na+-K+ pumps
e. abnormal local vasoactive substances
f. excess vasopressin
atherosclerosis
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
gastrointestinal starts at the…
mouth and ends at anus
mechanical digestion begins in the..
mouth
saliva provides..(2)
amylase and lipase to start chemical digestion of starch and lipids
bolus
food packaged into small parcels
deglutition
swallowing
as food passes, epiglottis closes…
trachea so food does not enter the respiratory system. then enters the esophagus
peristalsis in esophagus
contractions that move bolus to gastric sphincter then stomach.
chyme
stomach breaks down food into chyme
3 main secretions in stomach (PHM - think acid)
pepsinogen, mucus, and hydrochloric acid
pepsin helps..
digest proteins
erythrocytes are
RBCs
where are old RBCs recycled?
spleen
brush border - where and what enzymes? (brush duo)
in duodenum - proteases, lactase, disaccharidases, and bicarbonate.
small intestines absorb nutrients into___and lipids into____as_____
blood, and absorbs lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons and vitamin B12.
blood-carrying nutrients from small intestine pass to the….(kitchen table)
liver through the hepatic portal duct, where enzymes deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize toxins, and store glucose at glycogen.
digested material is passed from the hepatic portal to the…
cecum and into the large intestine.
vermiform appendix projects from..(see verm)
cecum
water and nutrients are absorbed in the..
small intestines
leftover water and salt from digested food is absorbed in the…
large intestine
vitamin K is absorbed in the…
large intestine
waste accumulates in the…
rectum
regulates many aspects of nutrition (floating)
hormones
ghrelin
induces hunger
leptin
causes sensation of satiety
insulin induces..
cellular uptake of glucose, and glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen.
enzymes are…
proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body.
enzymes are involved in chemical digestion of foods in these organs…(PMSS)
mouth, stomach, pancreas, small intestine
enzyme in mouth (just one)
salivary amylase, breaks down starch
enzyme in stomach
pepsin, breaks down proteins
enzyme in pancreas (TAL pancake)
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase
small intestine - brush border enzymes break down…(melt sugar)
molecules, carbohydrates breakdown into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
each muscle fiber is connected to a…
nerve fiber
muscle signal and response can be disrupted by…
sprain or strain to muscular dystrophy
glands in the integumentary system (ssc - ferris on the skin)
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous glands
what is excreted from the skin? (skin in moscow - MMSCW)
water, minerals, sodium, chloride, magnesium
sweat can contain…(lua)
urea, lactic acid and alcohol
vital role in thermoregulation
integumentary. flushed cheeks to cool the blood.
amylase in pancreas does what?
breaks down starch
trypsin in pancreas does what? (trip on pb)
breaks down protein
lipase in pancreas does what?
breaks down fat
