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XIO > chem ch. 20 > Flashcards

chem ch. 20 Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates or polyhydroxy are

A

aldehyde or ketones

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2
Q

carbohydrates end in…

A

ose

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3
Q

simple monosaccaharide has…

A

3-7 carbons

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4
Q

triose

A

monosaccharide with 3 carbons

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5
Q

tetrose monosaccharide

A

4 carbons

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6
Q

pentose

A

5 carbons

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7
Q

hexose

A

6 carbons - glucose in this category

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8
Q

heptose

A

7 carbons

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9
Q

aldose

A

when they have aldehyde functional gropu

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10
Q

ketose

A

when they have ketone functional group

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11
Q

fischer projection

A

This is the straight chain, not coiled/cyclic. C=O aldehyde or ketone should be at the top.

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12
Q

every sugar has a…

A

chiral carbon

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13
Q

if you have aldose with 4C, how many will be chiral?

A

2 of them will be chiral

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14
Q

if you have pentose, 5 C, then you have how many chiral carbons?

A

3, it’s always 2 less with aldos

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15
Q

ketoriose has no…

A

chiral center

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16
Q

top and bottom C are not..

A

chiral. they are attached to H2OH and H

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17
Q

ketose chiral is…

A

3 less than the total number of Cs

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18
Q

ketotetrose has how many chiral?

A

1 chiral. 3 less than the total C - 4

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19
Q

isomers types

A

stereoisomers and structural

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20
Q

stereoisomer can be either…

A

1) enatiomer

2) diastereomers

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21
Q

for sugars, nature uses D or L? (nature Digs sugar)

A

D - sugars (amino acid is the opposite, it’s L for amino acids)

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22
Q

if OH group is on the right, it’s

A

D. If it’s left, it’s L

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23
Q

two stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are called…

A

diastomers

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24
Q

sugar reactions - aldehyde

A

aldehyde - oxidized to carboxylic acid and can be reduced to alcohol

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25
Q

sugar w/ aldehyde naming when oxidized (sugar ate the oxi)

A

D-glucose becomes D-gluconate

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26
Q

any sugar reduced is called…

A

reducing sugar

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27
Q

all aldoses are…

A

reducing sugars (because they can be oxidized)

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28
Q

ketone can’t be…

A

oxidized

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29
Q

BUT*****ketoses in basic solution can be…

A

oxidized (they normally cannot because they don’t have a free bond) - it’s called tautomerization. The double bond is literally moved from the second carbon to the top carbon.

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30
Q

all simple sugars, including all aldhydes and ketose in BASIC solution (OH-) are…

A

reducing sugars.

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31
Q

sugars can also do…

A

reduction reaction - ie - aldehydes reduced to primary alcohol and ketones reduced to secondary alcohol

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32
Q

haworth structure

A

coiled together

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33
Q

aldehyde + alcohol =

A

hemiacetal

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34
Q

internal hemiacetal formation will become

A

cyclic

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35
Q

C # 1 is the…

A

anomeric carbon - ONLY in cyclic structure, not Fischer

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36
Q

if OH is pointing up (on top), it’s

A

beta

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37
Q

if OH is pointing down (on the bottom), it’s

A

alpha

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38
Q

in the solution, alpha and beta can be…

A

converted to each other (first converted to Fischer (straight chain) - then either alpha or beta)

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39
Q

mutarotation

A

alpha can be converted to B and vice versa in solution

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40
Q

look at C number one, and you can tell if it’s

A

alpha or beta depending on how the OH is arranged - either on top or on bottom

41
Q

D-glucose

A

also called dextrose or blood sugar. Aldohexose. D-glucose is most abundant

42
Q

anything cyclic with anything other than C is called.

A

heterocylic

43
Q

D-glucose is found in…(what foods) (FCH glucose)

A

fruit, honey, corn syrup

44
Q

building block of all polysaccharides is…

A

D-glucose

45
Q

D-glucose can be stored as…

A

gylcogen in our liver

46
Q

D-galactose (this is an aldohexose) (milk of the galaxy)

A

known as milk sugar - in milk is lactose

47
Q

important component of brain and nervous system (brain is a galaxy)

A

D-galactose

48
Q

galactosemia

A

deficiency of enzyme to covert galactose to glucose. as a result, toxic level of galactose in blood, kidney failure. treatment is galactose free diet.

49
Q

D-fructose - what food can you find it in?

A

fruit sugar, honey

50
Q

is sugar soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble and can make H bonds

51
Q

D-ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)

A

main compenent of DNA and RNA

52
Q

glycosidic bond

A

the bond (oxygen) between two carbons in disaccharide

53
Q

disaccharides (3 of them) (die slm)

A

1) maltose
2) lactose
3) sucrose

54
Q

lactase - think, not lactose

A

enzyme that breaks down lactose - if you don’t have it, you are lactose intolerant

55
Q

sucrose is known as…

A

table sugar (alpha 1 and 2 link)

56
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymer of glucose only*****

one that is digestible by humans is starch

57
Q

starch (amy loves starch)

A

A) amylose (20%) - this is the soluble part - non-branched
B) amylopectine (80%) - branched
beans, wheat, grains

58
Q

glycogen

A

found in animals, polymer of glucose, can be stored in liver

59
Q

cellulose - covered in cellulose (plants in the frat)

A

most abundant polysaccharide on earth, but humans can’t use it. Fibrous. B (1,4)

60
Q

saccharides can be any of the following: (1, 2 or 3)

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides

61
Q

general name for glyceraldehyde

A

aldotriose. Aldotriose can be used for different sugars, it’s just a general name.

62
Q

in sugars, every carbon aside from the functional group has to have…

A

an OH group

63
Q

the last C in all sugars looks like…

A

CH2OH

64
Q

ketone with 3 Cs (ketotriose) is the only one that…

A

doesn’t have chiral center. Ketotriose doesn’t exist in nature, btw

65
Q

fructose is a ketose with…(we’re left with 3 fruits)

A

6 carbons, and the 3rd C the OH is on the left. All other OHs on the right

66
Q

glucose is an aldose with…(glucose is the 3rd house on the left)

A

6 carbons, and the 3rd OH is on the left, the other OHs on the right

67
Q

for mirror image, DO not change any carbons that…

A

are not chiral. Only switch the chiral carbons (ie - don’t switch the top and bottom carbons)

68
Q

enantiomers are…

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images - just means that they are mirror images of each other

69
Q

the next to last carbon used that is attached to the D or L is called..

A

penaltimate carbon

70
Q

if you have more than one chiral carbon, how do you determine D or L?

A

use the chiral carbon furthest from the functional group, so it will be the second from the bottom

71
Q

remember, aldehydes can be oxidized to..

A

carboxylic acid

72
Q

remember, aldehydes can be reduced to…

A

alcohols

73
Q

any sugar that can be oxidized, is called..

A

a reducing sugar. A reducing sugar is anything that can be changed to a carboxylate

74
Q

sugar alcohols are what structure?

A

hayworth structure

75
Q

fischer projection only used for

A

straight chain sugars

76
Q

when you make sugar alcohols into a circle, you’re joining which carbons together?

A

1 and 5, and 6 is sticking out on top - (if there are 6 carbons - if there are 7, then it’s the 6th carbon)

77
Q

in sugar alcohols, the OH from the 5th carbon (or second to last)

A

is the one that joins with aldehyde to form the hemiacetal. The double bond from the aldehyde becomes a single bond, and it turns into OH

78
Q

to identify D or L, look at the…

A

C furthest away from the carbonyl group (obviously not the last one, but the one with the last OH group)

79
Q

d-glucose is the building block…

A

of all polysaccharides

80
Q

glucose can be stored as…

A

glycogen in our body

81
Q

every single sugar has to be converted to…

A

glucose for us to use it

82
Q

galactosemia

A

deficiency of the enzyme to covert gala - glu. as a result, toxic level of galactose in blood. treatment is galactose free diet.

83
Q

sugar is insoluble or soluble?

A

very soluble bc of the OH groups

84
Q

in diastomers, the difference is…

A

OH group is on different side for at least one chiral center. that’s it.

85
Q

where to place OH group in ring (up or down) (downright confusing)

A

right is down, left is up

86
Q

alpha is going…

A

down

87
Q

beta is on..

A

top

88
Q

left (L) OH is which way?

A

up

89
Q

right (D) OH is which way? (downright confusing)

A

down

90
Q

maltose (malts only need 2 glucoses)

A

2 glucose

91
Q

lactose (milk for GG)

A

1 glucose + 1 galactose

92
Q

sucrose (fg sucrose is good)

A

fructose and glucose

93
Q

gyclosidic bond is labeled with what carbons?

A

the carbons that are linked together, can be 1,4 or 1,2 etc.

94
Q

in glcyocidic bond, if the first carbon is alpha, label it

A

alpha 1,4. if it’s beta, do beta 1,4

95
Q

2 disaccharides combined form…

A

acetal (a C attached to 2 oxygen, an acetyl group, and an H)

96
Q

maltose - alpha and beta info. (malt is god)

A

alpha 1,4

97
Q

lactose - alpha and beta info. (frat lactose intolerant)

A

beta 1,4

98
Q

sucrose - alpha and beta info. (sucrose is the first god, and FG it’s good) and what’s it’s made of

A

alpha 1,2 anomeric link fructose and glucose

99
Q

glycogen - alpha or beta info. (god needs glycogen)

A

alpha 1,4 link, some alpha 1,6 but usually 1,4

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