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XIO > Eating habits - 4th set > Flashcards

Eating habits - 4th set Flashcards

1
Q

Glycocalyx sugar (poly)

A

is viscous, gelatinous material present on the external surface - composed mainly of polysaccharide. composition varies - synthesized inside cell and secreted outside onto cell surface

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2
Q

2 types of glycocalyx

A

Capsule: glycocalyx is well structured and firmly attached to cell wall
Slime layer : secreted portion is disorganized and loosely attached

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3
Q

capsule functions - passive defense

A

protection (anti-phagocytic) , slippery nature, protects from drying
I. Protection: due to it’s anti-phagocytic nature ( virulence factor)
A. protects pathogenic bacteria from host cell phagocytosis
2. slippery nature - makes it difficult to surround and engulf. bacteria gets inside cell, because of capsule, will remain in vesicle. fusion with lysosome is prevented. then bacteria replicate in phagocyte then out into cytoplasm.
3. protects cell from drying ; due to it’s functional capacity to bind and retain water molecules ( hydrophilic nature) prevents cell drying or desiccation

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4
Q

peptidoglycan (cell wall) (cheer stand)

A

large. tail, backbone and bridge. macromolecule and provides - rigidity and mechanical stability is due to highly cross linked structure

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5
Q

backbone (cleaners) (cell wall)

A

linear polymer of repeat disaccharide units - the units are made of alternating NAG and NAM linked by O - glycosidic linkage. Nag and nam modified glucose
molecule.

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6
Q

tail (snake) (cell wall)

A

tetrapeptide composed of alternating D and L amino acids because they are the isomers of the amino acids- attaches to NAM sugar via a complex linkage- minimizes tendency to form helices and provides an extended “rigid” - STABILIZES peptidoglycan structure peptide chain

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7
Q

bridge (chain) (cell wall) (2/3)

A

crosslink between parallel tetrapeptide side chains reinforces and confers 2 or 3 dimensional stability to the peptidoglycan structure. made of either short chain of amino acids or directly bonded to one another - links 3rd residue of one chain to the 4th residual amino acid of the adjacent tetrapeptide chain

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8
Q

incomplete phagocytosis

A

Incomplete phagocytosis is when the vesicle containing the engulfed bacteria fails / prevented from fusing with the lysosomes; lysosomal enzymes kills the engulfed cells

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9
Q

capsules do not..

A

transport - no role. everything freely permeates through capsule

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10
Q

prevnair 13

A

B cells activation by capsules chemical components. B cells are activated independent of T cells and are differentiated into antibody producing plasma cells as well as memory B cells Ab secreted by plasma cells protects against invading pathogens. Memory cells long half life; it’s differentiation into plasma cells BCR and cross linking by repetitive capsule components for B cell activation
B cells are part of adaptive immunity. B cells proliferation and differentiation following activation via BCR.

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11
Q

bacillus anthracis capsule not sugar but…

A

amino acid - polypeptides made of poly d. glutamic acid

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12
Q

staining of glycocalyx

A

staining and detection is by negative staining using acidic (anionic) dye

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13
Q

slime layer seen in..

A

bacteroids

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14
Q

capsule function

A

Protection: due to it’s anti-phagocytic nature ( virulence factor)

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15
Q

s. pyogenes (strep throat) - passive defense (serum)

A

has hyaluronic acid capsule, which impairs recognition by immune system, escapes detection by defense cells. it also has a slippery nature.

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16
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae forms

A

capsulated form and non capsulated form

(capsulated is pathogenic, can escape and colonize) (non pathogenic - easily recognized and eliminated)

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17
Q

ex. of colonization

A

Streptococccus mutans and dental plaque scrape teeth to get rid of it.acids destroy tooth surface. it colonizes tooth surface, then produces acid from food particles. acid destroys tooth surface

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18
Q

capsule used to make vaccine

A

Vaccines : Brevnair -13 (capsule component from 13 different strains) vaccine against streptococcus pneumonia
13 different strains from pneumonia incorporated in vaccine.
activates b-cell receptors (BCRs). They bind to strep capsule. BCR and polysaccharid gets cross linked, then activation, proliferation, and differentiation
of B cell. then forms plasma cells, just differentiated B cells, the antibodies. B cells make antibodies, and they bind to bacteria, and prevent infection from initiating by bacterial cell. B cells are adaptive.

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19
Q

b cells made into memory..

A

cells, long half life. when infected again, memory cells will quickly differentiate to form plasma B cells (the antibodies).

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20
Q

cell wall below..

A

capsule

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane =

A

Plasma membrane ≡ Inner membrane

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22
Q

External structures (membrane)

A

includes cell envelope and appendages

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23
Q

Internal structures (membrane)

A

are the accessory structures

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24
Q

appendages (membrane)

A

flagella, fimbriae, pili, endoflagella

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25
Q

accessory structures (membrane)

A

chromosome, plasmid, ribosomes, inclusions

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26
Q

inclusions (membrane)

A

volutin granules, polysaccharide granules, , β- Hydroxy butyric acid granules

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27
Q

gram - cell wall (where)

A

periplasm and periplasmic space. thin layered, suspended in the periplasmic space - stably anchored to outer membrane

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28
Q

Gram negative 2 pairs of rings

A

an outer and inner one (outer - cell wall. Inner - attached to cytoplasm - gram negative

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29
Q

active defense barrier

A

directs attack on host defense cells, like macrophages, T-helper cells, B cells. remain inside macrophages (riding in police car) and then multiply. ex. measles attacks B and T cells, can develop lethal pneumonia.

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30
Q

plasma membrane is…

A

is thin structure lies inside the cell wall, encloses cytoplasm- defines the external boundary of cell- plasma membrane components

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31
Q

dynamic role

A

plasma membrane - acts as selective barrier; monitors flow in both direction
• helps maintain constant, appropriate internal environment. ATP

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32
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

fluid mosaic - sea

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33
Q

plasma proteins

A

are in motion laterally: grouped into 2 classes, Integral proteins: permeases
Proteins: are in motion laterally: grouped into 2 classes,
Integral proteins: extend into or through the lipid bilayer - typically are trans membrane proteins.
peripheral - attach to inner and outer surface of membrane. functions as enzymes, scaffold, receptors etc

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34
Q

plasma membrane made of…

A

phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins. no cholesterol - exception: Mycoplasma membrane

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35
Q

pbp

A

penicillin binding protein - facilitates bridge or crossbridge in gram positive and gram negative cells. pencillin causes osmotic lysis.

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36
Q

Protoplast

A

gram + cells stripped of its cell wall. osmotically fragile

37
Q

Spheroplast

A

gram - cells partially stripped of its cell wall, can’t completely strip gram - cell wall - always some part still there

38
Q

surgical would infection

A

s. aureus

39
Q

spores have no

A

metabolism

40
Q

the periplasmic space is between the

A

plasma membrane and the outer cell wall

41
Q

bacillus anthracis germinates in

A

alveoli of lungs

42
Q

cloistridium botulism germinates in

A

intestines

43
Q

tail is always linked to

A

NAM - more functional groups to attach to

44
Q

dextrorotary - D amino acid

A

less common

45
Q

laveoratory - L amino acid

A

more common

46
Q

alternating nag and nam prevent

A

helices from forming

47
Q

lipotechoic acids (ft tech)

A

span the length and attach to plasma membrane lipids

48
Q

wall techoic (bed wall)

A

embedded in peptidoglycan layer - cell wall

49
Q

techoic acids hold..

A

everything together

50
Q

gives negative charge to gram +

A

phosphate

51
Q

lipoproteins in gram - (hip)

A

stably anchor peptidoglycan to outer membrane

52
Q

teichoic acid provides..

A

antigenic specificity - we recognize it as foreign

53
Q

pamps are on..

A

bacteria. it’s a barcode

54
Q

techoic acids are found..

A

in our intestines, skin and oral cavity

55
Q

tlr

A

is a prr on wbc. they recognize pamps - techoic acid. lipopolysaccharide, flagella, dna. cause inflammation.

56
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines - IL 1, 16 and 18

A

secreted from defense cells. promotes inflammation to eliminate pathogen

57
Q

lipoproteins

A

anchor peptidoglycan in gram -

58
Q

trans protein ex.

A

ex. cholera membrane trans protein acts as a biosensor.

59
Q

pamps ex

A

capsule component such as poly D glutamic acid, D amino acids and teichoic acid

60
Q

no transfer TRNA

A

in diaminopemlic acid, not a real amino acid

61
Q

peptide bond allows for..

A

direct bridge in gram -

62
Q

dedicated RNA in gram +

A

allows for links in bridge

63
Q

outer membrane (lipopolysaccaride) is asymetrical bc..

A

2 leaflets

64
Q

inner leaflet made of

A

phospholipids

65
Q

outer leaflet made of

A

lipopolysaccharides (O and A)

66
Q

porin proteins are

A

trans proteins and channel proteins

67
Q

mac lysis is a ___response

A

innate

68
Q

gram - in our body

A

e.coli and entobacterium

69
Q

variable in gram -

A

sugar coating, not variable is the lipopolysaccharide.
- composition of polysaccharide varies amongst bacteria sps even in same species, polysac. different ex. E.Coli 0157:H7 (in cattle). E. Coli K12 -(human intestines). When 0157 gets inside humans from eating meat not cooked, it secretes toxin harmful to kidneys. Children cannot fight it. toxin and targets kidney cells in kids, blood vessels. most who died were kids or elderly.

70
Q

syrum resistant strains

A

evolved to escape mac lysis - neissan gonorrhea

71
Q

How bacterial membrane differs from eukaryotic membranes ?

A

Mycoplasma membrane unique feature

72
Q

no cholesterol in

A

bacterial membrane, but it’s protected by rigid cell wall

73
Q

has cholesterol

A

mycoplasma membrane, smallest living organism. no cell wall, so antibiotics don’t work on it.

74
Q

not static

A

plasma membrane

75
Q

disinfectants

A

lysol - it is phenol based organic solvent. always works on inanimate objects only. humans use antiseptic like alcohol. dissolves lipids, content leaks out, cell dies.

76
Q

polymixin (neosporin)

A

binds to membrane phospholipids and disrupts membrane structure. alters permeability causing leakage, cell death. applied topically only.

77
Q

endotoxin fever induction

A

bacteria recognized as non self, macrophage active, pick up bacteria,. oxygen will flush and bacteria will die and lipid A will be released. macrophage will be “activated” and it will secret interlukin 1 (which is pro-inflammatory) into bloodstream, travel to hypothalamus. activates an enzyme called cox enzyme, or cyclo oxygenic. will generate prostoglandins. it resets the switch for temperature regulation

78
Q

lipopolysaccharide

A

It’s asymmetric lipid bilayer; made of, inner leaflet made of phospholipids. outer leaflet lipopolysaccride

79
Q

anti-inflammatory drugs used when

A

TLRs are activated bc they cause inflammation

80
Q

techoic acids inside us

A

intestines, skin, oral cavity, are called mamps

81
Q

MAC is formed

A

typically on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host’s complement system

82
Q

the innate response is (storm)

A

complement protein, cytokine

83
Q

pamps are just MLLTP

A

MLLTP
mycobacteria. lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycan, lipoproteins. The body recognizes that pamps are invaders. used by innate immune.

84
Q

advantages of fever

A

you take rest , and energy is used to fight bacteria. increased temperature may slow bacterial growth.
Increased temperature also enhances cellular reactions of the defense cells in eliminating pathogens (as we heat in chemistry to increase chemical reaction rates

85
Q

1st line of defense (PCM)

A

physical barrier, chemical barrier, normal microflora

86
Q

2nd line of defense

A

compliment proteins and MAC lysis, inflammation, phagocytosis

87
Q

3rd line of defense

A

B and T cells (adaptive)

88
Q

chemical barrier

A

ph of stomach lysosomes

XIO (372 decks)

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