Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

XIO > Maternity 6-2 > Flashcards

Maternity 6-2 Flashcards

1
Q

AUTOSOMES - how many?

A

22 pairs of AUTOSOMES (any chromosome not a sex hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many sex chromosomes

A

1 pair of sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chromosome

A

how you get your genes from your parents. located in nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genes are a

A

portion of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GENOTYPE

A

GENOTYPE = the genetic makeup of an individual when discussing a specific gene pair (can also be used to refer to an individual’s entire genetic makeup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

PHENOTYPE = the observable expression of an individual’s genotype, such as physical features, a biochemical or molecular trait, or a psychological trait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DOMINANT

A

DOMINANT = expressed (or phenotypically apparent) when only one copy of an allele is associated with the trait present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

RECESSIVE

A

RECESSIVE = expressed only when two copies of the alleles associated with the trait are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Karyotype (number forms the size of kary)

A

Pictorial analysis of number, form, and size of an individual’s chromosomes
Commonly uses white blood cells and fetal cells in amniotic fluid. used to test for diseases. what’s individual to you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do we get chromosomal abnormalities? (3 things)

A

Inherited
Spontaneous
Acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

abnormality of chromosomal number (somi is abnormal)

A

Monosomies (just one); trisomy’s (one extra, 3)
Polyploidy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

abnormality of chromosome structure (dit structure)

A

Deletions
Inversions
Translocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sex chrome abnormality

A

ambiguous gender at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deviations (poly ane is a deviant)

A

Polyploidy
Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy is the phenomenon in which a cell can have one or a couple of chromosomes missing or present in surplus. On the other hand, polyploidy refers to the presence of extra complete sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polyploidy (poly is an incompatible exact copy)

A

Polyploidy – the deviations is an exact multiple of the haploid number of a set of chromosomes. 3 sets of chromosomes. ( incompatible with life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aneuploidy (ana is not exactly a trisomy)

A

the deviation is not an exact multiple of the haploid set. This is Monosomies and trisomy’s. Trisomy the most common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chromosome abnormality - how common (666 is abnormal)

A

Incidence :
0.6 % in newborns
6% in stillbirths
60% in spontaneous abortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

trisomies most

A

common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chromosomal abnormality structure - translocation

A

exchange of chromosomal material, can occur in any chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A

Only one copy of the variant (the bad one) allele is needed for phenotypic expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heterozygous

A

you have a 50% chance of passing it on a variant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

the transfer of genetic material is from parents to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance (you can’t see recessive)

A

2 carriers of variant, they don’t express it. 25% of offspring are affected, 25% are unaffected, and 50% are carriers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

punnet squares

A

will be on the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

x-linked inheritence (no X for males)

A

Mimics autosomal dominant except no male-to-male transmission. (male doesn’t pass on X to male)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

multifactoral inheritance - ex.

A

when more than 1 factor causes a trait or health problem. ex - cleft palate and spinal bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Causes of Human Anomalies (the environment is infectious)

A

environment, maternal conditions (alcoholism - it actually changes your dna), infectious agents, mechanical problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Genetic Evaluation and Counseling

A

Genetic counseling: The process by which patients or relatives, at risk of an inherited disorder, are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing it, and the options open to them in management and family planning in order to prevent, avoid, or ameliorate it
Variety of reasons an individual should be referred to genetic counseling (see Box 10.2)
Ideal time: before conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities - beginnings

A

Beginning the preconception counseling process and referring for further genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities - taking (taking the history)

A

taking a family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities - scheduling

A

schedule genetic testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities - explaining

A

Explaining the purposes, risks/benefits of all screening and diagnostic tests (see Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests 10.1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities - answering

A

Answering questions and addressing concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

review slide

A

36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

INFERTILITY - definition (don’t forget viability)

A

Failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of appropriate, timed, unprotected intercourse or therapeutic donor insemination

OR

Inability to carry pregnancy to viability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Increase of Infertility - Ovarian disfunction (the ovaries have weight and immune problems)

A

Advancing age (reduced oocyte quality)
Overweight/ underweight
Immune system disorders
Psychological stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Increase of Infertility - this has to work for fertility

A

Normal functioning of an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Increase of Infertility - Tubal/Pelvic Pathology (tube ride)

A

STI’s (scar fallopian tubes)
Fibroids (scarring)
Cervical stenosis (sperm can’t get in)
Endometriosis (bleeding into abdomen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

copy slide

A

45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Initial Infertility Assessment - what labs?

A

Complete history and physical exam
Assessment of the reproductive track
Labs - check hormone levels, CBCs, thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Detection of Ovulation - direct proof

A

Retrieval of an ovum from the uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Assessment of Cervical Mucus (mucus is spinning)

A

Low Viscosity
High Spinbarkeit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

look at slide

A

51

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

hormone analysis - prolactin and thyroid

A

dx the cause of irregular or absent menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

progesterone

A

to maintain pregnancy

46
Q

FSH, estradiol

A

when assisted reproductive technology (ART), used to predict ovarian response to stimulants

47
Q

Hysterosalpingogram - on what day? (the sapling is invasive)

A

used to assess infertility. very invasive, uses dye. Day 5 after start of Menstrual cycle.
Late follicular, early proliferative phase

48
Q

semen analysis - 3 things (count correctly for motility)

A

sperm count, formed correctly, are they motile

49
Q

Other Tests

A

Ultrasound for identification of physical abnormalities in the scrotum, spermatic cord, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles and vas deferens
Genetic Testing
Medical disorders (hypopituitarism, metabolic disease)
Nutritional disorders

50
Q

Post-Coital Test

A

Assesses the sperm’s ability to survive in the person’s mucous

51
Q

Inability to Carry Pregnancy to Viability - what can cause it?

A

R/O STD/STIs and treat as necessary
Genetic work-up
Assess hormones
Physical assessment for chronic diseases, e.g., diabetes, SLE

52
Q

Nursing Care - infertility

A

Nursing Diagnosis
Facilitate grieving process
Prepare for diagnostic procedures
Encourage communication
Patient/client education
Provide information
Dispel myths
Support groups
Assist with increasing fertility

53
Q

copy slide

A

62

54
Q

Prior to fertilization, the ovum and the spermatozoon undergo the process of

A

meiosis

55
Q

When ovum and the spermatozoon come together to form the zygote, how many chromosomes?

A

this forms the zygote. the normal human diploid number of chromosomes (combination of two sets, i.e., 46) is established.

56
Q

Stages of Fetal Development (just 3 - easy) (7,8)

A

Pre-embryonic stage, Embryonic stage, Fetal stage

57
Q

Pre-embryonic stage: where does fertilization occur? and when is morula formed? (morula cleavage)

A

Fertilized egg know as the zygote (contains 23 chromosomes from female and 23 chromosomes from male), Fertilization takes place in the outer 3rd of the Fallopian tube, Cleavage (mitosis) occurs as zygote makes it way to the uterus, Morula formed after 4 cleavages (16 cells)

58
Q

stages of fetal development (the morula blasts the trophy)

A

The Morula divides into specialized cells that will later become fetal structures, The inner layer of cells called the Blastocyst will form the embryo and then the amnion, The outer layer of cells, called the trophoblast will eventually form the placenta

59
Q

Chorionic Villi develop from (cory is a trophy)

A

the Trophoblasts

60
Q

The three embryonic layers of cells formed are: (embryo is eme)

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

61
Q

Ectoderm (ectoblast my nerves, skin, and glands)

A

Ectoderm—forms the central nervous system, special senses, skin, and glands.

62
Q

Mesoderm (messy skeleton circulates pee and reproduces)

A

Mesoderm—forms the skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive organs.

63
Q

Endoderm (endo = inside) (endo breathing for liver pancakes in my stomach)

A

Endoderm—forms the respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and digestive system.

64
Q

Embryonic stage - what weeks? (embryo 28 weeks later)

A

Embryonic stage: end of second week through eighth week

65
Q

Fetal stage - what weeks?

A

Fetal stage—end of the eighth week until birth

66
Q

amniotic fluid and membrane functions - regulates what? and protects from what?

A

Protection against infection
Amniotic fluid index (indicator of well-being)
Regulates temperature
Protection against injury
Freedom of movement/symmetrical growth

67
Q

Hormones Produced by the Placenta (the placenta is a SHHEPR)

A

hCG
Human placental lactogen (hPL) or human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) (breastfeeding)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin

68
Q

PLACENTAL FUNCTIONING
- FETAL WELL BEING

A

nutritional compromise, growth restriction, respiratory, death

69
Q

Functions of the Placenta (placenta pie)

A

making, producing, removing, serving, protecting, inducing

70
Q

serving (serving face)

A

Serving as the interface between the mother and fetus

71
Q

making

A

Making hormones to control the physiology of the mother

72
Q

protecting (protect me from my mother)

A

Protecting the fetus from immune attack by the mother

73
Q

removing

A

Removing waste products from the fetus

74
Q

inducing

A

Inducing the mother to bring more food to the placenta

75
Q

producing

A

Producing hormones that mature into fetal organs

76
Q

Umbilical Cord (the cord has veins, arteries, and jelly)

A
  1. Umbilical Vein
    2. Wharton’s Jelly
    1. Umbilical Arteries
77
Q

how are chromosomes numbered? (the opposite)

A

Chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest, 1 to 22, with sex chromosomes designated by X and Y

78
Q

Inherited chromosomal abnormality ex. (the chromosomes are sickle)

A

e.g., sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, etc.

79
Q

spontaneous chromosomal abnormality

A

occurs spontaneously at the time of conception

80
Q

acquired chromosomal abnormality (I acquired it from the environment)

A

environmental

81
Q

translocation - balanced (just rearrange the balance)

A

balanced - genes are rearranged.

82
Q

translocation - unbalanced (the addition is unbalanced)

A

material is added or subtracted.

83
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance - what must the parents be?

A

Both parents must be heterozygous carriers.

84
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance - percentages

A

25% offspring may be affected, 50% is a carrier, 25% offspring is unaffected.

85
Q

environmental etiology of abnormalities - environment

A

environment, maternal conditions (alcohol, diabetes, smoking, nutrition)

86
Q

environmental etiology of anamolies - infectious agents

A

toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, CMV, varicella

87
Q

environmental etiology of anamolies - mechanical problems (the band is mechanical)

A

amniotic band constrictions (can restrict growth in legs, etc)

88
Q

detection of ovulation - over the counter - tests for what hormone? (think, was releases the prisoner)

A

, Over the counter ovulation detection kits (tests for LH) – 24-36 hours prior to ovulation

89
Q

detection of ovulation - progesterone? also…

A

Serum progesterone levels (elevated = ovulation), basil body temp, cervical mucous, ultrasound, imaging

90
Q

fetal development - Pre-embryonic stage - what weeks? (premie at 2 weeks)

A

fertilization through second week

91
Q

fetal development - Embryonic stage (embryo 28 weeks later)

A

end of the second week through the eighth week

92
Q

fetal development - Fetal stage

A

end of the eighth week until birth

93
Q

fetal development - implantation - and when does it happen?

A

Implantation- the trophoblast attaches itself to the endometrium (7-10 days after conception)

94
Q

Blastocyst

A

Blastocyst will form the embryo and amnion

95
Q

trophoblast (the only trophy is the placenta)

A

The outer layer of cells, will eventually form the placenta

96
Q

embryonic stage (the embryo is the body)

A

Basic structures of major body organs and main external features

97
Q

unbalanced translocation - what causes it? (on drugs and unbalanced)

A

exposure to certain drugs, viruses, and radiation, but cause isn’t always apparent.

98
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance - what type of transmission? (the horizon recesses)

A

horizontal transmission

99
Q

trisomy 21

A

21st chromosome has 3 chromosomes instead of 2. Downs.

100
Q

abortion is

A

less than 20 weeks. stillbirth is over 20 weeks.

101
Q

environmental anamolies - (the environment is hot)

A

chemicals, drugs, radiation, hyperthermia

102
Q

infertility risk for men - what prescriptions?

A

prescriptions for psorasis and ulcers, cycling, cushings, mumps after puberty, hernia repair, drugs/alcohol

103
Q

progesterone during ovulation

A

is elevated - can use a progesterone test to detect ovulation

104
Q

basal body temp

A

drops during follicular phase, goes up during luteal phase. increases during ovulation

105
Q

how to increase fertility - coitus how often?

A

no alcohol, no hot tubs, no douching, coitus at 36-48 hours, exercise

106
Q

Pre-embryonic stage - when does it occur? (premie for 2 weeks)

A

fertilization through second week

107
Q

trophoblast - when does it attach?

A

attaches to endometrium 7-10 days after conception

108
Q

umbilical cord formed from (am I the umbilical)

A

the amnion

109
Q

wharton’s jelly

A

Wharton’s jelly surrounds the vein and arteries to prevent compression

110
Q

umbilical cord - size

A

At term, the average umbilical cord is 22-in long and about 1-in wide

111
Q

hcg (progie loves hgtv)

A

stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy

XIO (372 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions