Eating habits - 5th set

Question 1

fungi

Answer 1

They are heterotrophs and saprophytes; some are parasites Cell wall made of chitin (target for antifungal agents) is present.

Question 2

Fungi prefers to grow..

Answer 2

in acidic pH ( 5 or lower ) with high salt and sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70 % or more

Question 3

fungi have a filamentous…

Answer 3

body (mycelium); individual filament is called hypha (plural - hyphae)

Question 4

The hyphae are well adapted to..(eating - sick - kitchen table)

Answer 4

absorb food –high surface to volume ratio –releases enzymes to breakdown food; also acts as a repellant

Question 5

Vegetative hyphae

Answer 5

segment of hyphae which obtains nutrition

Question 6

Aerial hyphae

Answer 6

projects above the surface; bears reproductive spores

Question 7

Specialized hyphae includes

Answer 7

haustoria and rhizoids

Question 8

Dimorphic fungi can grow as…

Answer 8

yeast like ( unicellular ) or as mycelia

Question 9

2 classes of hyphae

Answer 9

depending on the presence of septa ( cross wall ) In some, individual cells are separated from one another by septa (septate hyphae vs coenocytic hyphae )

Question 10

All fungi have lysosomes

Answer 10

-digest damaged cells -helps parasitic fungi to invade host

Question 11

Fungi have unusual reproductive modes

Answer 11

Sexual as well as Asexual produces spores. Asexual or sexual spores germinates, develop into new hyphae and mycelium

Question 12

antifungal drugs target

Answer 12

Affects / targets membrane component

Question 13

Azoles

Answer 13

includes Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Fluconazole FYI -inhibits ergosterol synthesis ; interfere in the synthetic pathway-active component of medications (over the counter) to treat localized, superficial yeast infection

Question 14

Antifungals that target cell division (grease - couch)

Answer 14

Gresiofulvin (synthesized by some fungi)-exact mechanism, unknown-thought to interfere with spindle fibers component microtubules during polymerization/depolarmerization; blocks mitotic events used for nail and skin fungal infection treatment.

Question 15

Antifungal - Nucleic acid synthesis (kitchen counter - cite-o-sine)

Answer 15

poor target. Flucytosine: taken by yeast cell’s permease and converted into active, inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil ( inhibits nucleic acid synthesis )

Question 16

hetro means…

Answer 16

different carbon and energy sources.

Question 17

facultative anaerobes (flex) and ex.

Answer 17

flexible in their oxygen requirement. ex. - yeast (candida)

Question 18

sabarouds fungi medium

Answer 18

high salt and sugar, and acid ph unique.

Question 19

hyphae…(1)

Answer 19

1 filament from hairlike fungi body

Question 20

hyphae are…(noe)

Answer 20

one hyphae close by will release repellants will signal other hyphae to move to different area for nutrients.

Question 21

part of hyphae on top of and under bread..

Answer 21

bread, called arial hyphae. usually has reproductive cells. part under, in bread - called vegetative hyphae

Question 22

parasitic

Answer 22

grows on sikin called haustoria, they are gentle in their actions. others are rhizoids, feeds off dead organic matter, much more aggressive.

Question 23

fungi are…(missed question)

Answer 23

natural decomposers, act upon dead organic matter and recycle most elements to the atmosphere or environ.

Question 24

most that infect us are…(diana)

Answer 24

dimorphic. oval shaped. dimporphic that grow on us - that means morphology is based on temperature (environment).
when outside they have one form, but inside body have a different form.

Question 25

in coenocytic hyphae, no…

Answer 25

no septa and cells are multinucleated

Question 26

food moves to all…

Answer 26

all cells in fungal body

Question 27

most that infect us are…

Answer 27

diamoprhic

Question 28

cellular resources are (nose)

Answer 28

nutrients to septae

Question 29

point of growth are…

Answer 29

tops of cells of ariel hyphe

Question 30

fungi secretes…

Answer 30

keratinase to help it go deeper into the host.

Question 31

reproduction is…(always)

Answer 31

sexual as well as asexual - always produce spores.

Question 32

difference btwn bacteria

Answer 32

fungal spores can be destroyed by heat, and 2) fungal spore is mainly for multiplication, but bacterial spore is not for multiplication

Question 33

mycelium

Answer 33

has male and female hyphae

Question 34

hetrokaryotic (sexual reprod) (skeleton corner)

Answer 34

also called dikaryon - when there are 2 nucleus within a cell. it can undergo reproduction a few times by itself.

Question 35

zygote (sexual reprod)

Answer 35

zygospore, 2N chromosome. will get transformed into spore producing structure called fruiting bodies.

Question 36

meiosis (#) (sexual reprod)

Answer 36

becomes N # of chromosome

Question 37

conidium and sporangium

Answer 37

fruiting bodies. will release spore and germinate, blown by wind or inhaled. germinate then cause fungal infection. specifically sexual repro.

Question 38

asexual makes..

Answer 38

spore producing structure

Question 39

fungal plasma membrane has (membrane - bedroom)

Answer 39

sterols like other eukaryotic cells, besides phospholipids and proteins. most bacteria do not have cholesterol or sterol, but cell wall instead. sterol is called ergosterol.

Question 40

antifungal drugs targets (same)

Answer 40

membrane component = erogosterol of fungi membrane

Question 41

azoles

Answer 41

superficial yeast infection or fungal

Question 42

fungal cell wall is (glue)

Answer 42

fungal cell wall is chitin, it is made up of sugar. glucan sythase are involved in chitin synthesis.

Question 43

aspergillosis

Answer 43

lung infection

Question 44

Gresiofulvin (grease 2) - no oral…

Answer 44

because stomach epithelial are constantly turning over. no IV, the bone marrow blood cells have limited life span and cont. turnover of blood cells

Question 45

fluorouracil (kitchen floor)

Answer 45

stops DNA sythesis, only effective for yeast. incorporated into DNA.

Question 46

Azole blocks..

Answer 46

ergosterol, which is needed for stability of cell membrane.

Question 47

majority of fungi are…(ana - lamp)

Answer 47

aerobes or facultative anaerobes (can switch to fermentation if O2 is absent) ( Ex. yeast) –few are obligate anaerobes - found in cattle’s and deer’s intestine

Question 48

Haustoria (opposite)

Answer 48

are associated with parasitic fungi

Question 49

Rhizoids are…

Answer 49

are associated with saprophytic fungi

Question 50

septa have (fingers)

Answer 50

microscopic openings -mobilizes cellular resources right to the point of growth

Question 51

septate hyphae (x)

Answer 51

cross wall

Question 52

coenocytic hyphae (many co-ed)

Answer 52

no septa - cells are multinucleated

Question 53

anti-fungal drugs - Polyenes (poly w/ nya - cat tree)

Answer 53

includes Amphotericin and Nystatin-binds to ergosterol component ; forms pores results in leaky membrane -very toxic; limited use in life threatening conditions

Question 54

Saprophytes feed off…

Answer 54

of dead cells.

Question 55

dikaryon stage (skelton bedroom)

Answer 55

nucleus fuses - 2N. Fruiting bodies that contain spores. break apart and spores are released

Question 56

Echinocandins - antifungal

Answer 56

used for Candida and Aspergillosis treatment-interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis inhibiting glucan synthase - involved in chitin synthesis. when chitin is compromised, there is no cell wall.

Question 57

trophs means

Answer 57

nutrients. Fungi use carbon from sugar, amino acids.

Question 58

human pathogenic fungi are

Answer 58

dimorphic ( thermally dimorphic)

Question 59

obligate anaerobes

Answer 59

can’t tolerate atmospheric oxygen