Moment 5 Flashcards
reactants
on left side
products
on right side
coefficient
number before the element, indicates the ratio of reactants to products in terms of moles
unbalanced equation
one that does not follow the law of conservation of mass
octet rule
gain or lose electrons until outer level is 8. change can be in composition or configuration.
the substance undergoing a change
reactant
reagent (agent)
partner in reaction less transformed than the reactant (such as catalyst)
the final result of reaction
product
reaction conditions (PCCTS - strayed)
temp, pressure, concentration, occurring in a solution, presence or absence of catalyst.
combination reactions (just combine to 1)
two or more reactants combine to form a single product, ie A + B – . also called synthesis or addition reactions
decomposition reactions (just decomp)
chemical reactions where single compound breaks down into component parts or simpler compounds, ie A — B + C
most decomposition reactions are…
endothermic, heat needs to be added
thermal decomposition caused by…
heat
electrolytic decomposition due to…
electricity
types of separation processes (separation is FCCD)
filtration, crystallization, distillation and chromatography
separation…(into like piles)
sorts compounds after decomposition into like substances
single substitution, displacement, or replacement reactions occur when…
one reactant is displaced by another to form the final product
single substitution can be…
cationic or anionic
ions or bonds are exchanged by 2 compounds to form different compounds - examples (missed compounds - substitute the exchange - MISDD)
double displacement, double replacement, substitution, metathesis, ion exchange
double replacement reaction (just replacing, not changing)
chemical reactants exchange ions but the oxidation stays the same
indicator of double displacement (double tomogenesis)
formation of solid precipitate
acid/base reactions - which one gives, and which one accepts?
acid donates a proton, while base accepts proton
acid and base reactions form a…(think chem) and the base becomes____
salt and water. when the proton is donated, the base becomes water and the remaining ion forms a salt.
of atoms does not change during a…(atom at the Met)
metathesis reaction. even exchange.
combustion
sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces heat and sometimes light
what determines the compounds formed during combustion? (fuel for the fire)
fuels and oxidants
exothermic process
releases energy
combustion is a___process
exothermic
exothermic energy is commonly released as____, but can be____(LES)
heat, but can be other forms like light electricity or sound
the mass of the catalyst should be…
the same at the beginning as the end
activation energy
minimum amount required to get a reaction started
causes particles to collide
activation energy
a catalyst enables..
more particles to react, which lowers the activation energy
potential of hydrogen (pH)
measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution
a lower ph indicates a higher concentration of______(H - igh and low)
H+
pH of pure water
7, neutral
acidic ph
ph lower than 7
alakaline/BASE
ph higher than 7
common bases (BASSED - bath tub)
drain cleaner, soap, baking soda, ammonia, egg whites, sea water
common acids (SUB V - think body)
urine, stomach acid, vinegar, battery acid
pH indicator
detects hydrogen+
halochromic (chrome - color)
changes color to indicate hydrogen in pH indicator
traits of bases in aqueous solution
bitter taste, soapy texture, can restore the blue of litmus paper, can produce salts in reaction w/ acids
yields H+ ions
acids - Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis
yields OH- ions
bases- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis
some nonmetal oxides are classified as..(bases are usually metals - 1st place base metal)
bases bc they easily produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water
property that defines an acid (jesse t-shirt - couch)
the ionization of H atoms, and split from parent to make electrical charge. Either provide H+ or accept OH-, and they lower the pH.
carboxylic acids (carbon goes with…)
ionization of O atoms. carbon bonds w/ an O atom.
soluble in water and high boiling point
acid
strong or weak acids (give or receive)
the tendency of atoms to ionize by donating or accepting charged particles
strong acid (take all)
if all atoms ionize
acetic acid - HC2H3O2 is a___acid
weak, bc only O2 ionize in water
highly reactive acids and bases are…
strong bc they form and break bonds quickly
properties of salts (salt AB metal in tight water)
they are formed from acid base reactions, are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic, disassociate in water, comprised of tightly bonded ions.
salt hydrolysis reaction (how salt is made)
when salt and water react to form a base and an acid
basic units of metric system (metric system is glm)
meter, liter, gram.
metric system starts w/ a…(counting by 10s)
base unit and increases or decreases in units of 10
deka
10 times the base unit
hecto
100 times the base amount
kilo
1,000 times the base amount
deci/centi/milli
1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 of base amount
SI
uses the second to measure time
SI base units - ampere (refrigerator)
ampere (A) - to measure electrical current
graduate cylinders
used for precise measurements, made of either polypropylene (shatter-resistant - can’t be heated) or polymethylpentene (known for clarity)
measurement should be taken from bottom of curve (bottom graduate)
graduated cylinder
burette (glass barrett)
glassware used to dispense liquid
erlenmeyer, or volumetric flask used for….
measuring, mixing, transporting, and reacting. Most accurate for volume.
pipette - read at the…..
accurately measure small amounts of liquid. measurement read at the meniscus.
repipette (re-pump)
a hand-operated pump that dispenses solution
balances (SET)
ex. triple-beam balance, spring balance, electronic balance - all measure mass and force
electronic balance is the most…(then…)
accurate, followed by triple-beam and then spring.
plate (nadia)
part of a triple-beam where the item to be weighted is placed
the sum of the weight of each beam is the…(sum is the total)
total weight of the object
triple-beam includes (ikea)
set screw to calibrate.
data tables should be formed for…
every trial.
data should be…(RRA - do it and make it right)
repeatable, reproduceable and accurate
researchers should perform…(practice makes..)
practice tests, correctly calibrate and retest
most important skill in science
observation
data-analysis process (analyze the OC)
twin skills of ordering and categorizing. should be able to compare results with other published tests
scientific models (science and..)
mathematical statements that describe physical behavior
scientific laws (nature behave)
statements about natural behavior that have stood the test of time
theory (put it all in)
statement of behavior that consolidates all current observations
terms that signal causes
since, because, due to
terms that signal effects (consequence)
consequently, therefore, this leads to
first step in scientific method (what’s the issue?)
formulating the problem
second step in scientific method
forming a hypothesis
third step in scientific method
test the hypothesis w/ experimentation
quantitative
numeric measurement
qualatative
based on feeling or preference
final step in scientific method
draw conclusion
control group (control is normal)
represents the “normal” state of the variable being manipulated.
controls can be..
negative or positive
positive controls (positive outcome)
variables that the researcher expects to have an effect on the outcome of the experiment
negative control group (think what is neg)
placebos
variable that is purposely changed (change to be independent)
independent variable. The independent variable is changed by the scientists.
variable that is observed when independent variable is changed
dependent variable, this is the data.
constants (except…)
all variables except independent and dependent
co2 moves out of capillaries and…
diffuses across a thin layer into the lungs. this decreases co2 in the blood. air in lungs which is rich in co2 is then exhaled.
water moves passively across a membrane though…
pores made of aquaporin proteins
ex of osmosis (plant osmosis)
plants take in water through their roots. root cells contain minerals, sugar and salt dissolved in water.
formula for density
d = m/v
lower than pH of 7
acids
bases provide…
hydroxide ions (OH-) or accept H+ ions and raise pH.
higher than pH of 7
bases
maintains pH of 7
neutral
ex. of neutral solutions
water and human blood
cells function in a ____pH range
narrow
buffers
chemicals used by body to control pH. they can absorb excess H+ or OH-.
ex. of buffers in the body
carbon dioxide and bicarbonate
ionic bond contains a____and a_____
a metal and a non-metal. KCl
empirical evidence
evidence generated through experimentation
process of analyzing data includes these factors: (control the bias with accuracy - analyze - CARB)
the presence of bias (intentional or unintentional) controlled setting (changing one variable at a time), accurate data collection, replicable results.
conclusions are often presented as…(a leads to b)
cause and effect
independent variable (independent age)
the cause. variable being tested
controlled variable AND ex. (control everyday)
conditions being kept the same, ex. temp
ex. causal relationship - smoking and…
emphysema
as glucose rises..
the body releases insulin. Insulin allows for the cells to take in glucose
if blood glucose levels are too low..
glucagon is released, causing liver to break down glycogen into glucose
only variable you can manipulate in an experiment
the independent variable
ex. of independent variables
type or concentration of medicine
independent variable is plotted on the___axis
x-axis
dependent variable is plotted on the___axis (why it depends…)
y-axis
dependent variable
the effect. what is measured after the independent variable is changed
ex. of dependent variables (flower in light)
growth or response
control variables and ex. (control everyday - my hair)
should be kept the same during experiment, ex. temperature and humidity
8 parts of speech (VAAPPN CI)
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Some also consider articles, a, an, the.
a complete sentence must contain a…
subject and a predicate
simple predicate is the…
verb
complete predicate includes the..(predict the verb and…)
verb and its compliments and modifiers
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple subject?
the noun - the child
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete subject?
the eager, enthusiastic child
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple predicate?
the verb - voiced
the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete predicate?
includes direct object - his story, and the prepositional modifier - with excitement
predicate
the part of the sentence containing a verb and stating something about the subject
clause
a group of words containing a subject and verb
independent clause
simple sentence that can stand on its own
dependent clause
cannot stand on its own
phrase - missing
a group of words that doesn’t have a subject and a verb, used as a single part of speech
a simple sentence contains one…(santa)
independent clause
a complex sentence has an..(one of each)
independent clause and a dependent clause
a compound sentence has..(me and tu compound)
2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon
a compound-complex sentence has..(compound 3 santas)
2 independent clauses and a dependent clause
3 steps in the process of writing (PWR)
prewriting, writing and revision
si base unit - kelvin
the kelvin (K) used to measure thermodynamic temp,
si base unit - candela (the candle is….)
the candela (cd) used to measure luminous intensity
si base unit - mole
mole (mol) - amount of substance at molecular level
si base units - meter and kilogram
meter (m) measure length and kilogram (kg) used to measure mass
SI base units (si MMACKK on tu)
ampere, the kelvin (K) candela (cd) mole (mol) meter (m) kilogram (kg)
the independent variable is the…
difference between the experimental groups. I.e. the dimples.
the dependent variable is the…
data collected from the experiment. ie - the gas mileage
