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XIO > Moment 5 > Flashcards

Moment 5 Flashcards

1
Q

reactants

A

on left side

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2
Q

products

A

on right side

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3
Q

coefficient

A

number before the element, indicates the ratio of reactants to products in terms of moles

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4
Q

unbalanced equation

A

one that does not follow the law of conservation of mass

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5
Q

octet rule

A

gain or lose electrons until outer level is 8. change can be in composition or configuration.

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6
Q

the substance undergoing a change

A

reactant

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7
Q

reagent (agent)

A

partner in reaction less transformed than the reactant (such as catalyst)

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8
Q

the final result of reaction

A

product

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9
Q

reaction conditions (PCCTS - strayed)

A

temp, pressure, concentration, occurring in a solution, presence or absence of catalyst.

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10
Q

combination reactions (just combine to 1)

A

two or more reactants combine to form a single product, ie A + B – . also called synthesis or addition reactions

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11
Q

decomposition reactions (just decomp)

A

chemical reactions where single compound breaks down into component parts or simpler compounds, ie A — B + C

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12
Q

most decomposition reactions are…

A

endothermic, heat needs to be added

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13
Q

thermal decomposition caused by…

A

heat

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14
Q

electrolytic decomposition due to…

A

electricity

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15
Q

types of separation processes (separation is FCCD)

A

filtration, crystallization, distillation and chromatography

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16
Q

separation…(into like piles)

A

sorts compounds after decomposition into like substances

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17
Q

single substitution, displacement, or replacement reactions occur when…

A

one reactant is displaced by another to form the final product

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18
Q

single substitution can be…

A

cationic or anionic

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19
Q

ions or bonds are exchanged by 2 compounds to form different compounds - examples (missed compounds - substitute the exchange - MISDD)

A

double displacement, double replacement, substitution, metathesis, ion exchange

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20
Q

double replacement reaction (just replacing, not changing)

A

chemical reactants exchange ions but the oxidation stays the same

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21
Q

indicator of double displacement (double tomogenesis)

A

formation of solid precipitate

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22
Q

acid/base reactions - which one gives, and which one accepts?

A

acid donates a proton, while base accepts proton

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23
Q

acid and base reactions form a…(think chem) and the base becomes____

A

salt and water. when the proton is donated, the base becomes water and the remaining ion forms a salt.

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24
Q

of atoms does not change during a…(atom at the Met)

A

metathesis reaction. even exchange.

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25
Q

combustion

A

sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces heat and sometimes light

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26
Q

what determines the compounds formed during combustion? (fuel for the fire)

A

fuels and oxidants

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27
Q

exothermic process

A

releases energy

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28
Q

combustion is a___process

A

exothermic

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29
Q

exothermic energy is commonly released as____, but can be____(LES)

A

heat, but can be other forms like light electricity or sound

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30
Q

the mass of the catalyst should be…

A

the same at the beginning as the end

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31
Q

activation energy

A

minimum amount required to get a reaction started

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32
Q

causes particles to collide

A

activation energy

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33
Q

a catalyst enables..

A

more particles to react, which lowers the activation energy

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34
Q

potential of hydrogen (pH)

A

measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution

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35
Q

a lower ph indicates a higher concentration of______(H - igh and low)

A

H+

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36
Q

pH of pure water

A

7, neutral

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37
Q

acidic ph

A

ph lower than 7

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38
Q

alakaline/BASE

A

ph higher than 7

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39
Q

common bases (BASSED - bath tub)

A

drain cleaner, soap, baking soda, ammonia, egg whites, sea water

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40
Q

common acids (SUB V - think body)

A

urine, stomach acid, vinegar, battery acid

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41
Q

pH indicator

A

detects hydrogen+

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42
Q

halochromic (chrome - color)

A

changes color to indicate hydrogen in pH indicator

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43
Q

traits of bases in aqueous solution

A

bitter taste, soapy texture, can restore the blue of litmus paper, can produce salts in reaction w/ acids

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44
Q

yields H+ ions

A

acids - Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis

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45
Q

yields OH- ions

A

bases- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis

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46
Q

some nonmetal oxides are classified as..(bases are usually metals - 1st place base metal)

A

bases bc they easily produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water

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47
Q

property that defines an acid (jesse t-shirt - couch)

A

the ionization of H atoms, and split from parent to make electrical charge. Either provide H+ or accept OH-, and they lower the pH.

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48
Q

carboxylic acids (carbon goes with…)

A

ionization of O atoms. carbon bonds w/ an O atom.

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49
Q

soluble in water and high boiling point

A

acid

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50
Q

strong or weak acids (give or receive)

A

the tendency of atoms to ionize by donating or accepting charged particles

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51
Q

strong acid (take all)

A

if all atoms ionize

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52
Q

acetic acid - HC2H3O2 is a___acid

A

weak, bc only O2 ionize in water

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53
Q

highly reactive acids and bases are…

A

strong bc they form and break bonds quickly

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54
Q

properties of salts (salt AB metal in tight water)

A

they are formed from acid base reactions, are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic, disassociate in water, comprised of tightly bonded ions.

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55
Q

salt hydrolysis reaction (how salt is made)

A

when salt and water react to form a base and an acid

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56
Q

basic units of metric system (metric system is glm)

A

meter, liter, gram.

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57
Q

metric system starts w/ a…(counting by 10s)

A

base unit and increases or decreases in units of 10

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58
Q

deka

A

10 times the base unit

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59
Q

hecto

A

100 times the base amount

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60
Q

kilo

A

1,000 times the base amount

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61
Q

deci/centi/milli

A

1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 of base amount

62
Q

SI

A

uses the second to measure time

63
Q

SI base units - ampere (refrigerator)

A

ampere (A) - to measure electrical current

64
Q

graduate cylinders

A

used for precise measurements, made of either polypropylene (shatter-resistant - can’t be heated) or polymethylpentene (known for clarity)

65
Q

measurement should be taken from bottom of curve (bottom graduate)

A

graduated cylinder

66
Q

burette (glass barrett)

A

glassware used to dispense liquid

67
Q

erlenmeyer, or volumetric flask used for….

A

measuring, mixing, transporting, and reacting. Most accurate for volume.

68
Q

pipette - read at the…..

A

accurately measure small amounts of liquid. measurement read at the meniscus.

69
Q

repipette (re-pump)

A

a hand-operated pump that dispenses solution

70
Q

balances (SET)

A

ex. triple-beam balance, spring balance, electronic balance - all measure mass and force

71
Q

electronic balance is the most…(then…)

A

accurate, followed by triple-beam and then spring.

72
Q

plate (nadia)

A

part of a triple-beam where the item to be weighted is placed

73
Q

the sum of the weight of each beam is the…(sum is the total)

A

total weight of the object

74
Q

triple-beam includes (ikea)

A

set screw to calibrate.

75
Q

data tables should be formed for…

A

every trial.

76
Q

data should be…(RRA - do it and make it right)

A

repeatable, reproduceable and accurate

77
Q

researchers should perform…(practice makes..)

A

practice tests, correctly calibrate and retest

78
Q

most important skill in science

A

observation

79
Q

data-analysis process (analyze the OC)

A

twin skills of ordering and categorizing. should be able to compare results with other published tests

80
Q

scientific models (science and..)

A

mathematical statements that describe physical behavior

81
Q

scientific laws (nature behave)

A

statements about natural behavior that have stood the test of time

82
Q

theory (put it all in)

A

statement of behavior that consolidates all current observations

83
Q

terms that signal causes

A

since, because, due to

84
Q

terms that signal effects (consequence)

A

consequently, therefore, this leads to

85
Q

first step in scientific method (what’s the issue?)

A

formulating the problem

86
Q

second step in scientific method

A

forming a hypothesis

87
Q

third step in scientific method

A

test the hypothesis w/ experimentation

88
Q

quantitative

A

numeric measurement

89
Q

qualatative

A

based on feeling or preference

90
Q

final step in scientific method

A

draw conclusion

91
Q

control group (control is normal)

A

represents the “normal” state of the variable being manipulated.

92
Q

controls can be..

A

negative or positive

93
Q

positive controls (positive outcome)

A

variables that the researcher expects to have an effect on the outcome of the experiment

94
Q

negative control group (think what is neg)

A

placebos

95
Q

variable that is purposely changed (change to be independent)

A

independent variable. The independent variable is changed by the scientists.

96
Q

variable that is observed when independent variable is changed

A

dependent variable, this is the data.

97
Q

constants (except…)

A

all variables except independent and dependent

98
Q

co2 moves out of capillaries and…

A

diffuses across a thin layer into the lungs. this decreases co2 in the blood. air in lungs which is rich in co2 is then exhaled.

99
Q

water moves passively across a membrane though…

A

pores made of aquaporin proteins

100
Q

ex of osmosis (plant osmosis)

A

plants take in water through their roots. root cells contain minerals, sugar and salt dissolved in water.

101
Q

formula for density

A

d = m/v

102
Q

lower than pH of 7

A

acids

103
Q

bases provide…

A

hydroxide ions (OH-) or accept H+ ions and raise pH.

104
Q

higher than pH of 7

A

bases

105
Q

maintains pH of 7

A

neutral

106
Q

ex. of neutral solutions

A

water and human blood

107
Q

cells function in a ____pH range

A

narrow

108
Q

buffers

A

chemicals used by body to control pH. they can absorb excess H+ or OH-.

109
Q

ex. of buffers in the body

A

carbon dioxide and bicarbonate

110
Q

ionic bond contains a____and a_____

A

a metal and a non-metal. KCl

111
Q

empirical evidence

A

evidence generated through experimentation

112
Q

process of analyzing data includes these factors: (control the bias with accuracy - analyze - CARB)

A

the presence of bias (intentional or unintentional) controlled setting (changing one variable at a time), accurate data collection, replicable results.

113
Q

conclusions are often presented as…(a leads to b)

A

cause and effect

114
Q

independent variable (independent age)

A

the cause. variable being tested

115
Q

controlled variable AND ex. (control everyday)

A

conditions being kept the same, ex. temp

116
Q

ex. causal relationship - smoking and…

A

emphysema

117
Q

as glucose rises..

A

the body releases insulin. Insulin allows for the cells to take in glucose

118
Q

if blood glucose levels are too low..

A

glucagon is released, causing liver to break down glycogen into glucose

119
Q

only variable you can manipulate in an experiment

A

the independent variable

120
Q

ex. of independent variables

A

type or concentration of medicine

121
Q

independent variable is plotted on the___axis

A

x-axis

122
Q

dependent variable is plotted on the___axis (why it depends…)

A

y-axis

123
Q

dependent variable

A

the effect. what is measured after the independent variable is changed

124
Q

ex. of dependent variables (flower in light)

A

growth or response

125
Q

control variables and ex. (control everyday - my hair)

A

should be kept the same during experiment, ex. temperature and humidity

126
Q

8 parts of speech (VAAPPN CI)

A

nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Some also consider articles, a, an, the.

127
Q

a complete sentence must contain a…

A

subject and a predicate

128
Q

simple predicate is the…

A

verb

129
Q

complete predicate includes the..(predict the verb and…)

A

verb and its compliments and modifiers

130
Q

the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple subject?

A

the noun - the child

131
Q

the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete subject?

A

the eager, enthusiastic child

132
Q

the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the simple predicate?

A

the verb - voiced

133
Q

the eager, enthusiastic child voiced his story w/ excitement - the complete predicate?

A

includes direct object - his story, and the prepositional modifier - with excitement

134
Q

predicate

A

the part of the sentence containing a verb and stating something about the subject

135
Q

clause

A

a group of words containing a subject and verb

136
Q

independent clause

A

simple sentence that can stand on its own

137
Q

dependent clause

A

cannot stand on its own

138
Q

phrase - missing

A

a group of words that doesn’t have a subject and a verb, used as a single part of speech

139
Q

a simple sentence contains one…(santa)

A

independent clause

140
Q

a complex sentence has an..(one of each)

A

independent clause and a dependent clause

141
Q

a compound sentence has..(me and tu compound)

A

2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon

142
Q

a compound-complex sentence has..(compound 3 santas)

A

2 independent clauses and a dependent clause

143
Q

3 steps in the process of writing (PWR)

A

prewriting, writing and revision

144
Q

si base unit - kelvin

A

the kelvin (K) used to measure thermodynamic temp,

145
Q

si base unit - candela (the candle is….)

A

the candela (cd) used to measure luminous intensity

146
Q

si base unit - mole

A

mole (mol) - amount of substance at molecular level

147
Q

si base units - meter and kilogram

A

meter (m) measure length and kilogram (kg) used to measure mass

148
Q

SI base units (si MMACKK on tu)

A

ampere, the kelvin (K) candela (cd) mole (mol) meter (m) kilogram (kg)

149
Q

the independent variable is the…

A

difference between the experimental groups. I.e. the dimples.

150
Q

the dependent variable is the…

A

data collected from the experiment. ie - the gas mileage

XIO (393 decks)

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