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XIO > Traffic - Week 1 > Flashcards

Traffic - Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

mechanistic approach

A

explains how - you shiver bc of a drop in body T

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2
Q

teleological approach

A

the why - shiver because you need to keep warm

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3
Q

Chemical Levels of Organization

A

atoms, molecules and cells - basic unit of living things.

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4
Q

All Cells…

A

obtain nutrients and O2, make energy, eliminate waste, make molecules, respond to change, exchange material, transport molecules, reproduce

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5
Q

Types of tissue

A

MENC - muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective

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6
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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7
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

sheets and secretory glands

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8
Q

Nervous tissue is in the…

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

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9
Q

Level of Organization (big picture)

A

cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, whole organism

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

a dynamic equilibrium where body conditions are

maintained within narrow limits.

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11
Q

all cells are in contact with the aqueous (watery)

internal environment

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

(1) plasma (fluid in the blood)

2) interstitial fluid (surrounding cells

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13
Q

Homeostasis maintains…

A

concentration of molecules, O2 and CO2, waste products, pH, water, salt levels, temp, volume and pressure

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14
Q

Sensor

A

a. monitors variable

b. responds to changes (stimuli) by sending input to integrator

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15
Q

integrator

A

determines set point (appropriate level of variable) b. compares set point to input c. sends response to effector

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16
Q

Effector

A

responds to changes
- most control systems operate using negative
feedback 1. decreases or shuts off original stimulus
2. resists change

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17
Q

Control mechanisms

A

sensor, integrator, effector

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18
Q

3 subdivisions of cells

A

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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19
Q

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

A

a.defines inside/outside
b. intracellular fluid (ICF) - inside cell c. extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cell
d.selectively permeable - controls movement of
molecules between ICF and ECF

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20
Q

nucleus

A

a.usually near cell center
b. double layered membrane
c.contains DNA, “genetic blueprint,” directs protein
synthesis, control center of cell

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

a. area between nucleus and plasma membrane
b. contains organelles
(1) separation of chemical reactions (2) specialized for a particular function
c. semiliquid, site of chemical reactions

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22
Q
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A

interconnected fluid-filled membrane

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23
Q

Types of ER

A

a. smooth - interconnected tubules
b. rough - interconnected flattened sacs
(1) has ribosomes which help in protein synthesis (cell also has “free” ribosomes)

24
Q

Rough ER

A

synthesizes proteins and lipids, releases them to ER

lumen. some will become new membrane for the cell or its organelles. Modified in lumen.

25
Q

Smooth ER

A

in most cells it packages and transports products of rough ER (sections pinch off and become transport vesicles, move to Golgi complex)

26
Q

Specialized Smooth ER

A

) lipid synthesis (steroid hormone secreting cells)

2) detoxify harmful substances (liver cells
(3) store calcium (muscle cells)

27
Q

Golgi complex

A

layers of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae). processes ER products into final form
3. sorts and sends products to appropriate place. (secretion, exocytosis)

28
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane containing hydrolytic enzymes. Digests bacteria. (1) pinocytosis - fluids, “cell drinking” (2) phagocytosis - large particles, “cell eating”

29
Q
  • peroxisomes
A

membrane sacs containing oxidative enzymes. use oxygen to remove hydrogen from molecules. Detoxifies - like alcohol.

30
Q

mitochondria

A

have double membrane
a. inner membrane has folds called cristae b. matrix is gel inside.
apoptosis ( cell death)
3. converts energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

31
Q

three steps in forming ATP

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

32
Q

glycolysis

A 
in cytosol
(2) glucose ➝ 2 pyruvic acid
 (3)  2 ATP/glucose 
(4) attach H to carrier molecules making nadh
this is anaerobic
33
Q

citric acid cycle

A 
needs oxygen 
(3) occurs in mitochondria 
acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle
(4) CO2 is produced
(5) H attached to carrier
molecules (NAD+, nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide; FAD, flavine adenine dinucleotide;
become NADH and FADH2. 2 more ATP
34
Q

electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

A

needs oxygen. inner mitochondrial membrane that has electrons. NADH and FADH2 enter. electron removed from each H, ends up on O2. Energy from E used to transport H across inner membrane, this creates gradient. H+ can only flow back across channels with ATP synthase (chemiosmotic mechanism). Yields 28 ATP. O2 and H become H2O.

35
Q

vaults

A

non-membranous, octagonal organelle made of

protein. used to transport molecules, mRNA. may help make cancer cells drug resistant.

36
Q

Cytosol

A

(liquid part of the cytoplasm) 55% of cell volume. enzyme regulation of intermediary metabolism (means Molecules made and broken down). ribosome synthesis. storage of fat and glycogen.
Inclusion - masses of stored nutrients. No membrane. Can break down to make atp. provides raw material for structure

37
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

TICS
protein network in cytosol
1. supports and organizes enzymes - rigidity
2. controls movements of cell and within cell
3. transport and movement
4. influence gene regulation

38
Q

3 parts of Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

39
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules

A

largest, maintain shape in cell development (helpful in asymmetrical cells) transports vesicles (motor protein) , movement of cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle. Made mostly of protein tubulin. Early in develop.

40
Q

centrioles

A

part of cytoskeleton - organelle, no membrane. (a pair of microtubule groups)
assemble the mitotic spindle

41
Q

Cytoskeleton - microfilaments

A

smaller, many made of actin, ring that divides a cell - pinches and separates halves
(3) amoeboid movement - some cells can break down actin filaments in order to move the whole cell (e.g., white blood. support microvilli. support microvilli - extensions of cytoplasm important for increasing surface area of cell

42
Q

Cytoskeleton - intermediate filaments

A

medium size, made of different proteins, very stable. strengthen and stabilize cell, hold together contractile units in muscle cells. Made of hair and nails-keratin. Communication.

43
Q

2 types of glands

A

Exocrine - secrete through ducts to outside of body

Endocrine - secrete hormones internally through blood

44
Q

Microvilli

A

Help Increase surface area

45
Q

Pseudopods

A

False feet

46
Q

cilia

A

shorter, hairlike, many on a single cell; move substances across surface of cell (respiratory tract, oviduct)

47
Q

flagella

A

long, one per human cell; move whole cell (sperm)

48
Q

cilia and flagella on microtubule

A

both have same basic structure of grouped

microtubules; movement is produced when a motor protein (dynein) displaces tubules relative to one another

49
Q

formation of mitotic spindle

A

(1) formed during mitosis (division of nucleus)
and directs movement of chromosomes (DNA)
(2) centrioles (a pair of microtubule groups)
assemble the mitotic spindle

50
Q

cilia and flagella

A

both have same basic structure of grouped

microtubules; movement is produced when a motor protein (dynein) displaces tubules relative to one another

51
Q

elements of cytoskeleton are interconnected

A

STOC

a. supports cell, responsible for rigidity and shape
b. organizes groups of enzymes
c. directs transport and movement
d. may transfer mechanical forces for communication, may influence gene regulation

52
Q

body controlled

A

mainly by nervous and endocrine systems

53
Q

size of human cell

A

10-20 μm in diameter

54
Q

exocytosis

A

A secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, becomes part of the plasma membrane.

55
Q

endocytosis

A

plasma membrane that pockets inward and pinches off as an endocytic vesicle. pseudopods.

56
Q

in the citric acid cycle…

A

the building blocks of fats and proteins can be used to make ATP - they can be made into intermediate molecules

XIO (372 decks)

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