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XIO > Moment 4 > Flashcards

Moment 4 Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules (PLNC)

A

large and complex. 4 groups - carbohydrates (poysaccharides), nucleic acids, proteins and lipids

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2
Q

building blocks in catabolic reactions (building cat FAMN)

A

what they break down into - monosaccharides (glucose), amino acids, fatty acids (glycerol) and nucleotides

During catabolic reactions, proteins are broken down into amino acids, lipids are broken down into fatty acids, and polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides

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3
Q

endothermic reaction

A

reactions that absorb heat

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4
Q

exothermic

A

reactions that release heat

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5
Q

oxidation (loss of an electron) of carbs that provides cells with…

A

most of their energy

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6
Q

glucose can be further broken down by…

A

cellular respiration or fermentation by glycosis.

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7
Q

structure of carbs - formula

A

CH2O, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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8
Q

carbs are broken down into…

A

sugar or glucose

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9
Q

simple sugars (simply FGGD)

A

monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galctose AND disaccharides

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10
Q

monosaccharides have one__for every____molecule

A

carbon for every water molecule

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11
Q

monomer (mono used for? - the point of everything)

A

is a small molecule. single compound that forms chemical bonds w/ other monomers to make a polymer. used to fuel production of energy in the form of atp

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12
Q

polymer (mono follows poly)

A

chemical compound of larger molecules formed by repeating monomers

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13
Q

ex. of polymers (pink polymers - PNC)

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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14
Q

lipids - soluble in…

A

molecules that are soluble in nonpolar solvents, they are hydrophobic and nonpolar. they have C-H bonds. they are not true polymers bc they are not formed from one type of repeating monomer.

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15
Q

major role of lipids

A

energy storage and structural functions.

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16
Q

groups (types) of lipids

A

fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids and waxes - all insoluble in water

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17
Q

fats from food (trilgycerides)

A

gylcerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains.

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18
Q

fatty acids (fatty necklace)

A

chains w/ reduced carbon at one end and carboxylic acid group at other.
This is what lipids are made of.

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19
Q

ex of fatty acid

A

soap

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20
Q

phospholipids (2 necklaces - think phospho)

A

2 fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate group. lipids that have a phosphate group rather than fatty acid

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21
Q

glycerides (glycy fat)

A

type of lipid, formed from fatty acid and gylcerol (type of alcohol)

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22
Q

ex of gylceride

A

fat and oil

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23
Q

proteins are just…(their basic make up)

A

polymers of long chains of amino acids. macromolecules formed from amino acids, they are polypeptides - many peptides linked together

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24
Q

how are peptide ions formed?

A

condensation. results from loss of water when 2 molecules are joined together

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25
Q

hydrolysis reaction (opposite of…)

A

Condensation requires energy - hydrolysis releases energy.

opposite of condensation reaction. water is added during condensation, and it releases energy as bonds break between monomers

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26
Q

peptide (think peptide bond)

A

a compound of 2 or more amino acids

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27
Q

amino acids are formed by….(partial amino)

A

formed by partial hydrolysis of protein, which forms amide bond.

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28
Q

in amino acids (carbon chain), there is…(amine 4)

A

carboxylic acid group and amine group, a central carbon atom and an attached R group (side chain)

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29
Q

enzymes

A

proteins w/ strong catalytic power, make chemical reactions happen faster and more often, but doesn’t start them. they dont get consumed in the reaction.

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30
Q

substrate

A

reactant, enzymes only react w/ substrate that is matched for it

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31
Q

nucleic acids are made of..(nuclear punch) which elements…

A

polymers composed of nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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32
Q

hydrolysis (cat is basic)

A

reaction in which water is broken down into hydrogen cations and hyroxide anions

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33
Q

oligonucleotides

A

short DNA or RNA molecules, broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleosides

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34
Q

nucleosides formed by…. (cat-o)

A

a purine base end in “osine”, and pyrimidine base end in “idine”

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35
Q

macromolecular nucleic acid polymers

A

(RNA and DNA) formed from nucleotides, which are monomeric units joined by phosphodiester bonds

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36
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

used to make nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for protein

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37
Q

nucleic acids functions - (nuclear energy and storage)

A

store information and energy and are also important catalysts

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38
Q

RNA catalyzes the…

A

transfer of DNA genetic information into protein coded information

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39
Q

ATP is an___nucleotide

A

RNA

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40
Q

nucleotides (only 3 things) - USED to form…it’s all just sugar

A

used to form nucleic acid, made of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

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41
Q

chromosomes (gene in car - history book)

A

consist of genes - single units of genetic information. consist of DNA that winds around histone proteins, allows gene regulation.

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42
Q

DNA

A

a nucleic acid located in the nucleus and mitochondria, synthesis of proteins. a macromolecule.

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43
Q

DNA base attached with…

A

hydrogen bonds, so easy to dismantle

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44
Q

4 types of nitrogenous base in DNA (what pairs w/ what - micro)

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

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45
Q

5 bases in DNA and RNA can be categorized as either..(just cat and pyramid)

A

pyrimidine or purine

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46
Q

pyrimidine base (CUT the pyramids)

A

includes cytosine, thymine and uracil

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47
Q

purine base (A Gato - purine)

A

adenine and guanine

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48
Q

ex of nucleosides (sides are AT)

A

adenosine and thymidine

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49
Q

bases are the most..(basic base) - learn this!

A

basic components. C joins w/ G, A joins w/ U - if it’s DNA/RNA conversion.

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50
Q

codons are made of….(3 codes)

A

like ACG. groups of 3 nucleotides, rings of a ladder. a gene can be thousands of codons long. form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA

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51
Q

a codon has the code for…

A

either a single amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

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52
Q

there are start and stop

A

condons. genes end with a stop codon.

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53
Q

when DNA replication starts…

A

it unwinds

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54
Q

DNA replication is controlled by…

A

enzymes

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55
Q

helicase

A

enzymes that instigate the deforming of hydrogen bonds

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56
Q

origin of replication

A

where the splitting starts

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57
Q

RNA helps…(helper RNA)

A

convert stored info in the genes composed of DNA into the proteins.

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58
Q

types of RNA (TRM) transfer ribs

A

ribosomal, transfer, and messenger RNA

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59
Q

transcription (transcribe Banjeree)

A

process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA to RNA

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60
Q

translation (last step)

A

the process where ribosomes use tRNA to put together protein

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61
Q

transfer RNA - help with Banerjee

A

molecule that helps in the translation process

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62
Q

RNA and DNA differ…

A

RNA has ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA nitrogen base is AGCU. Thymine is only found in DNA

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63
Q

only one backbone

A

RNA

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64
Q

uses pentose

A

RNA

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65
Q

mendel’s law

A

law of segregation - no allele is favored over another one.

law of independent assortment - alleles are not inherited together, they are assorted.

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66
Q

law of segregation

A

there are 2 alleles and half of the total # of alleles is contributed by each parent. offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either allele, and no allele has advantage over another.

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67
Q

law of independent assortment (candy assortment - except…)

A

traits are passed on randomly and not influenced by other traits. exception is linked traits. alleles not inherited together.

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68
Q

punnett square

A

alleles combine from contributing genes to form various phenotypes (graph that shows the different combos)

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69
Q

dominant allele is expressed when…

A

2 different alleles are presented in a pair

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70
Q

gene (gene regulates dna’s structure)

A

part of DNA that identifies traits and is passed on. can have structural or regulatory functions.

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71
Q

genotype (all in one)

A

collection of all genes that make up an individual - combo of two alleles also called genotype

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72
Q

recessive genes

A

part of the genotype that may not be expressed

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73
Q

allele - also known as a….

A

variation of a gene, also known as a trait

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74
Q

occurs in pairs

A

genes

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75
Q

homozygous pair of alleles

A

dd, 2 alleles that are the same

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76
Q

heterozygous

A

Dd - 2 alleles that are different

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77
Q

monohybrid cross (monotrait)

A

cross involving only one trait, single trait 2 alleles. Parents are both homozygous. Tall plant crossed w/ short plant.

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78
Q

dihybrid cross (di - 2 - my eyes)

A

involving more than one trait, more combos are possible. starts w/ parental cross of 2 homozygous organisms. one is dominant for both traits, the other recessive for both traits.

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79
Q

1st monohybrid cross typically occurs between (mono - homo)

A

2 homozygous parents

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80
Q

co-dominance (co-cow)

A

cows can have red or white hair, or red and white hair

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81
Q

incomplete dominance (diluted strawberry milk)

A

both dominant and recessive genes are expressed. ie snapdragons can be red, white, or pink

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82
Q

polygenic inheritance (poly jeans)

A

traits that are influenced by more than one gene, plus environmental influences

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83
Q

multiple alleles

A

gene w/ more than 2 possible alleles

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84
Q

polymorphic gene

A

gene w/ 2 or more possible forms

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85
Q

atoms consist of

A

nucleus, protons and electrons

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86
Q

nucleus is___charged

A

positively, due to protons

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87
Q

molecules (adam)

A

atoms bonded together

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88
Q

neutral atoms (what cancels each other out?)

A

atoms that have an equal number of protons and electrons

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89
Q

atomic radius (distance between…think radius)

A

distance btwn nucleus and outermost electron

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90
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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91
Q

atomic mass

A

total number of protons and neutrons added together. electrons so small their weight isn’t added

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92
Q

isotopes

A

members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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93
Q

isotopes not observed to decay are..

A

stable, non-radioactive

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94
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable nuclei and spontaneous reactions resulting in radiation.

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95
Q

electrons (leprach)

A

part of the lepton family of element particles.

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96
Q

stable electron arrangement (low is stable)

A

atom w/ all electrons in lowest available positions

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97
Q

valence shell

A

outer shell of atom

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98
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in valence shell, these determine bonding behavior

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99
Q

shells (climbin)

A

K, L, M, N.

100
Q

polar bond (polar opposites)

A

covalent bond with one end negative and one end positive, electrons shared unequally. ie hydrogen and oxygen

101
Q

negative ion

A

when an atom gains an electron

102
Q

positive ion

A

when an atom loses an electron

103
Q

ionic bond

A

complete transfer of electrons. between ions w/ opposite charges like metal and non-metal, result is neutral. formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms

104
Q

ionization (willow)

A

process by which neutral particles are ionized into charged particles

105
Q

compound (most basic combo)

A

when 2 or more different types of atoms bond

106
Q

molecules or crystalline solids (same crystal)

A

atoms of same element bond

107
Q

chemical bonding (just electrons)

A

union btwn electron structures

108
Q

ionic bonding (robin’s eye)

A

atom gains or loses electrons, turning it into an ion or charged atom.

109
Q

covalent bonding - and the types

A

electrons shared equally between nonmetals and have non-polar bond. shared unequally = polar bond

110
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

atom interacts w/ hydrogen atom in same area

111
Q

dipole

A

one atom exerts slightly more force in a bond than another

112
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electronegative difference between atoms is small, and one side is negatively charged, the other is positively charged. WATER IS POLAR.

113
Q

electronegative difference is large (willow hair)

A

ionic bond

114
Q

pure noncovalent bond (no charge if it’s pure)

A

no electronegativity

115
Q

element (elementary)

A

most basic type of matter

116
Q

smallest unit of an element

A

atom

117
Q

smallest independent unit of a compound (m is independent)

A

molecule

118
Q

diatomic elements (di - HON)

A

elements that exist in nature as pairs, ie hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

119
Q

low reactivity = (think shell almost full)

A

high number of electrons

120
Q

principle energy levels (sister alice - shield out)

A

shield outer energy level from nuclear attraction, allowing valence electrons to react

121
Q

further down periodic table

A

more reactive

122
Q

intensive properties (intensity never changes)

A

do not depend on amount of matter or quantity of the sample. will not change if sample size is increased or decreased.

123
Q

ex of intensive properties (CHB MD)

A

color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, density

124
Q

extensive properties (extensive effects - one goes down, the other goes down)

A

do depend on amount of matter or quantity of sample. if sample size decreases, property decreases.

125
Q

ex. of extensive properties (VEEW MME - 2 e’s)

A

volume, mass, weight, energy, entropy, number of moles, electrical charge

126
Q

physical properties AND ex. of physical property (VE (rubber band) T MC)

A

property that can be observed or measured, ie color, elasticity, mass, volume, temp. ex - boiling water.

127
Q

density (d =…)

A

measure of amount of mass per unit volume

128
Q

formula for density

A

D=m/V

129
Q

specific heat (per what?)

A

heat capacity per unit mass.

130
Q

thermal equalibrium (can’t transfer if it’s equal)

A

two regions w/ the same temp, and no net heat transfer will occur

131
Q

conduction (touch)

A

a form of heat transfer that requires contact

132
Q

chemical property - ex. (burn H)

A

RUST - a chemical change that must be carried out in order to observe and measure a property, ie when hydrogen gas is burned it forms water.

133
Q

important properties of h2o (basic fact about h2o)

A

highly polar, negatively charged end and positively charged sides

134
Q

cohesive and adhesive

A

water. cohesive allows it to travel w/out using energy. cohesive also creates surface tension.

135
Q

weaker than covalent and ionic bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

136
Q

turgid

A

a plant cell that swells bc of water retention

137
Q

matter

A

substances that have mass and occupy space

138
Q

4 states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas and plasma

139
Q

solid (think bonds)

A

rigid w/ strong bonds

140
Q

liquid - weak…

A

weak bonds

141
Q

gas (bonds…)

A

does not form bonds

142
Q

in order to transition from solid to liquid…(lazy heat)

A

additional heat must be added to overcome the latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization, etc.

143
Q

in the solid state, water is ___dense than in liquid

A

less. ie ice cubes float

144
Q

a substance changing from solid to liquid is called…

A

melting

145
Q

a liquid converted to a gas is called…(not condens)

A

vaporization

146
Q

solid to gas conversion (brad)

A

sublimation

147
Q

gas to solid conversion

A

deposition

148
Q

evaporation (vape before boil)

A

change from liquid to gas at temp below it’s boiling point

149
Q

speed of evaporation process decreased or increased by…

A

atmospheric pressure

150
Q

condensation (dew from nowhere)

A

the phase change in substance from gas to liquid. temp decrease, causing intermolecular cohesive forces

151
Q

hydrologic cycle (logically warm water rises) life cycle

A

warm air containing water vapor rises and cools

152
Q

rate of chemical reactions is determined by..(bumper cars)

A

how frequently reacting atoms and molecules interact. also temp and shape

153
Q

catalysts

A

accelerate chemical reactions

154
Q

inhibitors

A

decrease reaction rates

155
Q

some types of reactions release energy in the form of…

A

heat or light, or transfer electrons or H ion, or chemical bonds are broken

156
Q

reactive radicals (vamp react light)

A

chemical bonds are broken down by heat or light, combined w/ electrons and form new bonds

157
Q

ex. of radical reactions (radical FOG)

A

ozone and greenhouse gasses fossil fuels

158
Q

4 basic types of cells (MENC)

A

epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular

159
Q

covalent bonds in macromolecules formed by an..(cove fruit) - this is known as…

A

(end the energy) endergonic (absorption of energy) removal or loss of water. this is known as dehydration or condensation. (this is how peptide ions are formed. Peptides are 2 or more amino acids)

160
Q

dehydration or condensation requires…

A

energy

161
Q

covalent bonds can be broken by an…(ex bond)

A

exergonic addition of water, known as hydrolysis

162
Q

carbohydrates (just sugar)

A

sugars or starch found in all living organisms

163
Q

monomers that join together to form carbohydrates have this formula

A

C(n)H2(n)O(n)

164
Q

carbohydrate monomers are usually how many carbons long? (start w/ your fav)

A

3, 4, 5, 6 carbons long

165
Q

formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

166
Q

2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration form…(just di)

A

disaccharides

167
Q

sucrose (fg makes s)

A

a common disaccharide made up of 2 monosaccharides, one glucose and one fructose

168
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate molecules formed by large numbers of linked monosaccharides.

169
Q

animals store monosaccharide glucose in the…

A

polysaccharide glycogen

170
Q

glycogen is formed by…(dried fruit) and stored in…

A

dehydration synthesis and stored mainly in the liver and muscle

171
Q

when glucose is needed for energy…(use gin - how liver converts it)

A

JUST amino acids and break down of glycogen are caused by hydrolysis. Everything else is dehydration.

glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose

172
Q

plants store carbohydrates as the..(think storage - micro)

A

polysaccharide starch

173
Q

different forms of carbohydrates - (3 branches)

A

linear, branched, helix shaped

174
Q

linear carbohydrates ex. (line in cellulite chin)

A

cellulose and chitin - they form structures

175
Q

cellulose is a major component in…where EXACTLY?

A

rigid cell wall in plants

176
Q

glycoproteins and glycolipids are…(costco - see friends)

A

molecules that contain carbohydrates and other macromolecules, help w/ cell recognition

177
Q

C and H bonds are called…(C and H has fat)

A

fatty-acid chains

178
Q

fats are used for..(cushion - CSI)

A

energy storage, cushioning, and insulation

179
Q

fats are found in..

A

oils, butter, and meat

180
Q

waxes (waxy alcohol)

A

contain long fatty acid chains connected to alcohols. they are hydrophobic and are used by living things to stay dry

181
Q

where are waxes found? (bird waning)

A

bird feathers and leaves

182
Q

phospholipid functions (think bi-layer)

A

form semipermeable membrane around cells, help separate aqueous compartments.

183
Q

steroids (steroid at circus)

A

have a 4-ring structure that includes cholesterol, sex hormones, hormones of adrenal cortex.

184
Q

steroids often function as…(get the message)

A

chemical messengers

185
Q

amino acids are composed of…(amine 4)

A

central carbon, amine group, carboxylic acid, and a side group.

186
Q

peptide bond in proteins are the…

A

the link between amino acids in covalent bond

187
Q

fibrous, hydrophobic proteins like keratin and collagen have hydrophobic___on their surface

A

hydrophobic amino acids on their surface and are not water soluble

188
Q

globular proteins (glob in water)

A

have hydrophilic surface amino acids and are soluble in water.

189
Q

proteins associated w/ the cell membrane have…(just bi-layer def)

A

a layer of hydrophobic amino acids sandwiched between layers of hydrophilic amino acids.

190
Q

proteins are embedded in membranes when they function as..(pb in tunnel)

A

transport or signal transfer

191
Q

enzymes speed up reactions by…(speed of energy)

A

lowering energy required by the system to initiate the reaction

192
Q

2 types of reactions

A

exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (require energy)

193
Q

enzyme activity is affected by…(envir)

A

environmental conditions, such as temp and ph level

194
Q

active site (active action)

A

where catalysis occurs

195
Q

ex. of an enzyme (eskimo pepsi)

A

pepsin

196
Q

pepsin

A

produced and secreted by stomach cells to initiate protein digestion in stomach

197
Q

3 components of nucleotides (ocean - 3 things floating - same 3 things)

A

nitrogenous base, a sugar, a phosphate group.

198
Q

2 nucleic acids in living systems are..(the bige ones)

A

DNA and RNA

199
Q

in humans, DNA can contain a few hundred…(baseball)

A

DNA bases to more than a million bases.

200
Q

genes made of DNA are located on…

A

chromosomes. primary unit of heredity. most contain info to synthesize protein, a few code for other molecules that assemble protein.

201
Q

DNA contains..(tide - same)

A

nucleotides composed of deoxyribose sugar, one of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) and a phosphate molecule

202
Q

messenger RNA (mina- plant)

A

located in nucleus. transcribes genetic code from DNA template for protein.

203
Q

rRNA - located where? (where everything is located…)

A

receives info from mRNA. rRNA located in cytoplasm.

204
Q

tRNA - transfer RNA (UPS)

A

brings amino acid dictated by mRNA code to the ribosomes. ribosome then provides catalytic environment for peptide bond to form.

205
Q

ribosomes are the site of…

A

protein synthesis from amino acid monomers.

206
Q

the sequence of nucleotides is important in…(build pb)

A

the process of building proteins. errors are called mutations.

207
Q

nucleic acids can be found in small amounts in…(eat nuc)

A

all foods that contain protein

208
Q

single circular chromosome (basic living thing)

A

bacteria

209
Q

how many chromosomes in a human

A

46

210
Q

genes cluster in areas between DNA that..(?)

A

have unknown functions

211
Q

how many genes do humans have?

A

25,000

212
Q

structural genes are converted into…(structure for mina)

A

short-lived RNA, messenger RNA, that is decoded by ribosomes and assembled into proteins to build living things

213
Q

regulatory genes (regulate pb jeans)

A

control expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through an intermediate.

214
Q

sides and ladder of DNA are made of…(smile sugar) dark repair

A

sides are phosphate and sugar molecules, ladder is adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.

215
Q

A is always paired with..(me and Tu)

A

T, and G and is always paired with C. this is called base complimentary pairs.

216
Q

complimentary bases are linked by 2 hydrogen bonds for..(me and Tu - just 2)

A

A and T, and 3 hydrogen bonds for G and C.

217
Q

chromatids (chromosome’s twin)

A

two identical copies of DNA made before a cell can replicate. they are then separated.

218
Q

two strands of DNA run in___directions

A

opposite - called anti-parallel

219
Q

sense strand (sensing 5 to 3)

A

DNA coded in 5 to 3 direction

220
Q

anti-sense strand (anti-epiq)

A

strand used in DNA replication and transcription

221
Q

law of dominance (not dominant)

A

mendel’s third law - recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive.

222
Q

children inherit how many copies of each gene?

A

2 - one from each parent, and 2 alleles for each gene.

223
Q

ex of phenotypes

A

eye color, blood type

224
Q

inherited traits

A

traits passed from parent to offspring through gametes (eggs or sperm) each gamete carries 1 chromosome of the pair (and one copy of each gene).

225
Q

non-mendelian inheritance occurs…(think alleles)

A

when there are factors other than dominant and recessive alleles. ie. multiple alleles - blood types A, B, O.

226
Q

ex of non-mendelian inheritance (in the middle or share)

A

incomplete dominant-recessive that leads to an intermediate (red and white flowers makes pink), co - dominance (AB blood expresses both A and B) and interactions between genes called “epistasis”.

227
Q

if 3:1 or 9:3:3:1 relationship not obtained, then…

A

it’s non-mendelian inheritance

228
Q

ions (eye on pos. or neg)

A

atoms w/ a positive or negative charge

229
Q

cations

A

positive charge, anions - negative charge

230
Q

ionic compounds

A

compounds w/ ionic bonds

231
Q

intensive physical properties (too intense heat)

A

boiling point, melting point - does not depend on the amount of the substance present.

232
Q

extensive physical properties (extend mass)

A

mass and volume - change depending on amount of matter present

233
Q

above absolute zero…(keep moving)

A

(O K or -273 C) molecules are in constant motion

234
Q

RNA consists of…(rib tide)

A

ribonucleotides w/ a ribose sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil)

235
Q

can be digested by cells (pops can be digested)

A

nucleosides

236
Q

bond between 2 opposite charged ions metals tend to be…(metal cat eyes)

A

cations, and nonmetals anions.

237
Q

electrons___in energy the further away from the nucleus

A

increase

238
Q

nucleotides (Smile, S is before T)

A

simply a nucleoside with an additional phosphate group or groups

239
Q

soluble in water and conduct electricity (watery eyes)

A

ionic bonds

240
Q

globular proteins function as…(glob roll in the hay - HAE)

A

carrier molecules like hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes.

241
Q

important properties of h20 (HAC - corner - you know this)

A

hydrogen bonding, cohesiveness, adhesiveness

242
Q

important properties of h20 relating to heat (specifically lazy heat)

A

high specific heat, high latent heat, and high heat of vaporization

243
Q

polypeptides

A

macromolecules formed from amino acids, many peptides linked together

244
Q

they assemble proteins in the order specified by codons

A

ribosomes

245
Q

typically a single-stranded molecule

A

RNA

XIO (372 decks)

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