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XIO > Chem ch 13 > Flashcards

Chem ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

NON polar

A

hydrocarbons

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2
Q

3 important intermolecular forces between alkane (types of bonding)

A

dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and london

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3
Q

dipole-dipole force (abba)

A

attraction between two partially opposite charged groups - aka - polar molecules ex. A-B and A-B (A positive and B negative)

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4
Q

stronger than dipole dipole

A

hydrogen bonding

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5
Q

hydrogen bonding (hydrogen bonds are FON)

A

when there is H and Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine. H-O, H-N, H-F. hydrogen of one molecule and oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule

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6
Q

unique properties of H bonds

A

water has high boiling point, surface tension

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7
Q

london dispersion (away from london)

A

induced polarity - the only forces that non-polar molecules can form. Only intermolecular forces available in non-polar molecules, such as alkane

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8
Q

H-H bond is (type of bond and type of molecule)

A

nonpolar bond, AND it’s a nonpolar molecule

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9
Q

methane - CH4 - polar or nonpolar?

A

it’s nonpolar MOLECULE because the H is pulling evenly 4 ways. in methane, the BONDS are polar

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10
Q

strongest to weakest bonds

A

hydrogen, dipole-dipole, london

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11
Q

the stronger the bond…

A

the higher the boiling and melting point.

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12
Q

The more surface area, the higher the…

A

LDF

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13
Q

first 4 alkanes at room temp are…(4 different gases)

A

methane, ethane, propane, and butane - first 4 alkanes are gas (boiling point is below room temp)

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14
Q

5 - 15 alkanes at room temp are…(515 liquids)

A

liquid at room temp

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15
Q

combustion reaction

A

this is burning in oxygen. reason is to produce heat/ energy

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16
Q

formula for complete combustion of alkane

A

2CnH2n + (3n + 1) O2 - 2nCO2 + (2n +2) H20 (n is the number of the carbons - use the original number of carbons you start with)

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17
Q

halogenation reaction (just 2)

A

replacing hydrogen with halogens.

replacing h with either Cl or Br. - must be initiated by either heat or light (usually UV)

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18
Q

steps of holagenation (beginning to end)

A
  1. initiation, propagation, termination
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19
Q

initiation

A

radicals are formed by homolytic cleavage. bonds are broken down in such a way that 2 bonding electrons divide equally between the 2 atoms

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20
Q

how to name alkyl halide

A

find longest chain, identify parents, halogen, name main chain. - all the same but one - **drop ine and replace with 0

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21
Q

chiral carbon

A

not superimposable - called enatomers - connected with 4 different groups. /also called optical.

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22
Q

can hydrocarbons be dissolved in water?

A

usually not

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23
Q

intermolecular forces

A

forces holding electrons together

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24
Q

gases at room temp - polar or non?

A

non-polar

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25
Q

these are NOT called molecules

A

ionic compounds

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26
Q

even though sulfur (H2S) is lower on the periodic table, it has a lower boiling point…

A

than water - it should be higher bc the mass is more. Hydrogen bonding is really strong.

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27
Q

water boiling point

A

100 degrees celcius

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28
Q

alkane cannot make..(type of bond)

A

hydrogen bonding

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29
Q

alcohol can make…(type of bond)

A

hydrogen bonding

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30
Q

the only intermolecular forces that alkanes can form

A

london dispersion

31
Q

H-H type of bond or CH4 - CH4

A

london dispersion - tug of war

32
Q

increasing the size of the molecule increases the..

A

LDF and boiling point. ex. C2H6 has higher boiling point that CH4.

33
Q

if given 2 molecules and asked which has the higher boiling point, choose..

A

the one that is a straight line. If it’s a cross shape for example, it’s more a pyramid and it has less surface area.

34
Q

alkanes with 6 or more carbons…

A

waxy low melting point and solid

35
Q

On test - if asked which has higher boiling point -

A

count # of carbon first, the larger will have a higher boiling point. IF they are the same, go with the surface area.

36
Q

2 reactions of alkanes (C and H, just like alkanes)

A

combustion and halogenation

37
Q

combustion - alkane + 02 =

A

CO2 and H2O + heat

38
Q

if you don’t have enough oxygen during combustion, it produces…

A

CO2, carbon dioxide

39
Q

2-headed arrow means..

A

2 electrons high to low concentration

40
Q

1-headed arrow means..

A

1 electron high to low concentration

41
Q

radical

A

are particles with 1 unpaired electron. they are formed by homolytic cleavage

42
Q

homolytic cleavage

A

breaking down bond between 2 heads of the bond equally. the result is 2 particles called radicals. REMEMBER - each covalent bond has 2 electrons.

43
Q

chlorine radical

A

a chlorine with 7 valence electrons, but 2 of them (bc there was a covalent bond that was broken)

44
Q

very reactive

A

radicals

45
Q

propagation

A

using 1 radical and the other one is formed with something

46
Q

termination

A

when 2 radicals are being used, and there is no new radical for the formation. it’s over.

47
Q

3 ways termination happens #1

A

if 2 Cl are just forming a bond, then there’s no radical, it’s just a bond.

48
Q

3 ways termination happens #2

A

when Cl is added to methyl (CH3) radical BECAUSE it makes methane (chloromethane)

49
Q

the purpose of the halogenation of methane is to..

A

replace all of the hydrogens

50
Q

propagation starts with the..(on the left!)

A

reactants, then it uses the products

51
Q

R-X means (rex hali)

A

alkyl halide. The R is the alkyl and X is the halide

52
Q

when naming halides, drop the..

A

ine and replace with o. ex. chlorine is chloro. bromine is bromo, etc.

53
Q

cycloalkane

A

just a circle

54
Q

formula for cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes (coffee table)

A

CnH2n

55
Q

cycloaklanes and cycloalkenes are..

A

constitutional isomers - same number of C and H.

56
Q

simplest cycloalkane

A

C3H6 - this is cylcopropane

57
Q

C3H6 (triangle shape)

A

cyclopropane (the triangle shape)

58
Q

C4H8 (square shape)

A

cyclobutane

59
Q

most stable cycloalkane is..

A

cylohexane - the bond angle is close to 109

60
Q

C5H10 (pentagon shape)

A

cyclopentane

61
Q

Dont confuse cyclohexane with benzene

A

they are both a hexagon, but benzene has the double bond every other carbon - it’s aromatic, not alphatic

62
Q

if there is only one side chain on a cyclo, don’t put

A

the 1, the spot where the side chain intersects with the C

63
Q

in cyclo, always give the number to the…

A

one with the side chain, if there’s only one

64
Q

Don’t forget***if there are 2 side chains at the same carbon…

A

name it 1, 1 etc. or 2, 2 etc.

65
Q

if there are 2 or more side chains in a cyclo, number it so…

A

the smallest numbers go the side chains

66
Q

chiral carbons (on exam)

A

Just look for the carbon that is connected to 4 different groups - that’s it. rotate your hands

67
Q

only switch the___and___with chiral carbons

A

right and left, not top and bottom

68
Q

the 2 types of isomers

A

constitutional and stereoisomers

69
Q

stereoisomers

A

same formula, same connectivity, different in orientation in space.

70
Q

cis and trans are what type of isomers?

A

stereoisomers

71
Q

trans

A

if the wedges and dashes are on different sides

72
Q

cis

A

if there is one wedge on top, and one dash on top, or vice versa

73
Q

saturated means ONLY (how many bonds?)

A

single bonds. never more than one bond

74
Q

when counting carbons, also count the one on the..

A

side chain

XIO (372 decks)

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