Chem ch 13 Flashcards by Amanda S.

NON polar

hydrocarbons

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3 important intermolecular forces between alkane (types of bonding)

dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and london

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dipole-dipole force (abba)

attraction between two partially opposite charged groups - aka - polar molecules ex. A-B and A-B (A positive and B negative)

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stronger than dipole dipole

hydrogen bonding

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hydrogen bonding (hydrogen bonds are FON)

when there is H and Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine. H-O, H-N, H-F. hydrogen of one molecule and oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule

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unique properties of H bonds

water has high boiling point, surface tension

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london dispersion (away from london)

induced polarity - the only forces that non-polar molecules can form. Only intermolecular forces available in non-polar molecules, such as alkane

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H-H bond is (type of bond and type of molecule)

nonpolar bond, AND it’s a nonpolar molecule

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methane - CH4 - polar or nonpolar?

it’s nonpolar MOLECULE because the H is pulling evenly 4 ways. in methane, the BONDS are polar

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strongest to weakest bonds

hydrogen, dipole-dipole, london

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the stronger the bond…

the higher the boiling and melting point.

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The more surface area, the higher the…

LDF

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first 4 alkanes at room temp are…(4 different gases)

methane, ethane, propane, and butane - first 4 alkanes are gas (boiling point is below room temp)

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5 - 15 alkanes at room temp are…(515 liquids)

liquid at room temp

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combustion reaction

this is burning in oxygen. reason is to produce heat/ energy

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formula for complete combustion of alkane

2CnH2n + (3n + 1) O2 - 2nCO2 + (2n +2) H20 (n is the number of the carbons - use the original number of carbons you start with)

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halogenation reaction (just 2)

replacing hydrogen with halogens.

replacing h with either Cl or Br. - must be initiated by either heat or light (usually UV)

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steps of holagenation (beginning to end)

initiation, propagation, termination

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initiation

radicals are formed by homolytic cleavage. bonds are broken down in such a way that 2 bonding electrons divide equally between the 2 atoms

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how to name alkyl halide

find longest chain, identify parents, halogen, name main chain. - all the same but one - **drop ine and replace with 0

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chiral carbon

not superimposable - called enatomers - connected with 4 different groups. /also called optical.

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can hydrocarbons be dissolved in water?

usually not

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intermolecular forces

forces holding electrons together

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gases at room temp - polar or non?

non-polar

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these are NOT called molecules

ionic compounds

even though sulfur (H2S) is lower on the periodic table, it has a lower boiling point...

than water - it should be higher bc the mass is more. Hydrogen bonding is really strong.

water boiling point

100 degrees celcius

alkane cannot make..(type of bond)

hydrogen bonding

alcohol can make...(type of bond)

hydrogen bonding

the only intermolecular forces that alkanes can form

london dispersion

H-H type of bond or CH4 - CH4

london dispersion - tug of war

increasing the size of the molecule increases the..

LDF and boiling point. ex. C2H6 has higher boiling point that CH4.

if given 2 molecules and asked which has the higher boiling point, choose..

the one that is a straight line. If it's a cross shape for example, it's more a pyramid and it has less surface area.

alkanes with 6 or more carbons...

waxy low melting point and solid

On test - if asked which has higher boiling point -

count # of carbon first, the larger will have a higher boiling point. IF they are the same, go with the surface area.

2 reactions of alkanes (C and H, just like alkanes)

combustion and halogenation

combustion - alkane + 02 =

CO2 and H2O + heat

if you don't have enough oxygen during combustion, it produces...

CO2, carbon dioxide

2-headed arrow means..

2 electrons high to low concentration

1-headed arrow means..

1 electron high to low concentration

radical

are particles with 1 unpaired electron. they are formed by homolytic cleavage

homolytic cleavage

breaking down bond between 2 heads of the bond equally. the result is 2 particles called radicals. REMEMBER - each covalent bond has 2 electrons.

chlorine radical

a chlorine with 7 valence electrons, but 2 of them (bc there was a covalent bond that was broken)

very reactive

radicals

propagation

using 1 radical and the other one is formed with something

termination

when 2 radicals are being used, and there is no new radical for the formation. it's over.

3 ways termination happens #1

if 2 Cl are just forming a bond, then there's no radical, it's just a bond.

3 ways termination happens #2

when Cl is added to methyl (CH3) radical BECAUSE it makes methane (chloromethane)

the purpose of the halogenation of methane is to..

replace all of the hydrogens

propagation starts with the..(on the left!)

reactants, then it uses the products

R-X means (rex hali)

alkyl halide. The R is the alkyl and X is the halide

when naming halides, drop the..

ine and replace with o. ex. chlorine is chloro. bromine is bromo, etc.

cycloalkane

just a circle

formula for cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes (coffee table)

CnH2n

cycloaklanes and cycloalkenes are..

constitutional isomers - same number of C and H.

simplest cycloalkane

C3H6 - this is cylcopropane

C3H6 (triangle shape)

cyclopropane (the triangle shape)

C4H8 (square shape)

cyclobutane

most stable cycloalkane is..

cylohexane - the bond angle is close to 109

C5H10 (pentagon shape)

cyclopentane

Dont confuse cyclohexane with benzene

they are both a hexagon, but benzene has the double bond every other carbon - it's aromatic, not alphatic

if there is only one side chain on a cyclo, don't put

the 1, the spot where the side chain intersects with the C

in cyclo, always give the number to the...

one with the side chain, if there's only one

Don't forget***if there are 2 side chains at the same carbon...

name it 1, 1 etc. or 2, 2 etc.

if there are 2 or more side chains in a cyclo, number it so...

the smallest numbers go the side chains

chiral carbons (on exam)

Just look for the carbon that is connected to 4 different groups - that's it. rotate your hands

only switch the___and___with chiral carbons

right and left, not top and bottom

the 2 types of isomers

constitutional and stereoisomers

stereoisomers

same formula, same connectivity, different in orientation in space.

cis and trans are what type of isomers?

stereoisomers

trans

if the wedges and dashes are on different sides

cis

if there is one wedge on top, and one dash on top, or vice versa

saturated means ONLY (how many bonds?)

single bonds. never more than one bond

when counting carbons, also count the one on the..

side chain