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aa Orgo > zzz Watson Reproductive > Flashcards

zzz Watson Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

period in which reproductive function begins to decline in men

A

Male climacteric (andropause)

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2
Q

Vasomotor signs that include “hot flashes” may occur due to changes in rhythmic secretion of

A

GnRH

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3
Q

Each testis is divided into

A

Lobules

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4
Q

Each testis is divided into lobules; contain tightly coiled loops called ___ ___ where sperm is produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain two cell types:

A

spermatogenic (sperm-forming cells) and sustentacular cells

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6
Q

Cells that support sperm production

A

Sustentacular

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7
Q

found between seminiferous tubules, produce and secrete androgens, primarily testosterone

A

Interstitial cells

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8
Q

Interstitial cells are aka

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

muscle-like cells that surround seminiferous tubules

A

Myoid cells

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10
Q

contract to push sperm and testicular fluid through tubules

A

Myoid cells

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11
Q

network of tubules in posterior testis, transports sperm to efferent ductules

A

Rete testis

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12
Q

carry sperm from rete testis to epididymis; first portion of duct system

A

Efferent ductules

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13
Q

venous plexus drains blood from testes into testicular veins

A

Pampiniform venous plexus

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14
Q

filled with ductules; site of sperm maturation and storage

A

Epididymis

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15
Q

Long, thin tube travels with testicular arteries, veins, and nerves from posterior border of epididymis through a fibrous tunnel (___ canal)

A

Inguinal

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16
Q

Next structure that receives sperm from ductus deferens ampulla where an accessory organ called

A

seminal vesicle

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17
Q

paired erectile bodies

A

Corpora cavernosa

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18
Q

Scrotum wall contains an outer layer of skin, superficial fascia, and a layer of smooth muscle called

A

dartos muscle

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19
Q

smooth muscle that controls height of testes

A

Cremaster muscle

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20
Q

paired exocrine glands found on posterior surface of urinary bladder near ampullae of ductus deferens

A

Seminal vesicles

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21
Q

___ ___ ___ (PSA) and other enzymes – dissolve semen clot in female reproductive tract to allow sperm to proceed further into tract

A

Prostate specific antigen

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22
Q

paired glands found at base of penis

A

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

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23
Q

stimulate contractions in female reproductive tract

A

Prostaglandins

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24
Q

Process that enables sperm to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete

A

Capacitation

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25
Q

cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual

A

Zygote

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26
Q

Matching genes on homologous chromosomes may have different variants called

A

alleles

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27
Q

When a cell is not undergoing division its DNA is in form of

A

Chromatin

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28
Q

After replication and as cell division begins, chromatin threads coil tightly and condense into bar-like

A

chromosomes

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29
Q

stem cells that initiate spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

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30
Q

Before puberty, spermatogonia divide only by ___ to increase their numbers

A

Mitosis

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31
Q

Following events occur to each new daughter cell resulting from mitosis of spermatogonia: Daughter that becomes primary spermatocyte is pushed toward ___ of seminiferous tubule. Daughter that is to remain a stem cell (spermatogonium) ___ original mother cell in basement membrane

A

Lumen, replaces

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32
Q

Each new primary spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic division forming two smaller haploid (1n) cells that remain connected, called

A

secondary spermatocytes

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33
Q

___ secondary spermatocytes progress through second meiotic division

A

Both

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34
Q

Newly formed, are four small and round haploid ___ that continue to move toward lumen of tubule

A

Spermatids

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35
Q

surround spermatogenic cells to provide support:

A

Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)

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36
Q

bound together by tight junctions, extend from basement membrane to seminiferous tubule lumen

A

Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)

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37
Q

Also provide structural support for stem cell development and secrete testicular fluid; helps transport sperm in seminiferous tubule, Provide nutrients for dividing cells and produce androgen-binding protein (ABP) and inhibin, Phagocytize damaged spermatogenic cells and excess cytoplasm released from maturing spermatids

A

Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)

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38
Q

process of sperm maturation; involves cellular shape and size changes

A

Spermiogenesis

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39
Q

Spermiogenesis begins in testes as __ elongate and shed excess cytoplasm

A

Spermatids

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40
Q

An ___ develops; covers nucleus and helps with fertilization of female gametes

A

Acrosome

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41
Q

Hormone control, First-tier control

A

GnRH

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42
Q

Second-tier control

A

FSH, LH

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43
Q

Third-tier control

A

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

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44
Q

FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ___ (keeps testosterone in vicinity of spermatogenic cells) and inhibin hormone

A

ABP (androgen-binding protein)

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45
Q

Elevated ___ and inhibin levels are sensed in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing negative feedback loop to close

A

Testosterone

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46
Q

region where oogenesis occurs within saclike follicles; develop and mature along with gametes: Ovarian ___

A

cortex

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47
Q

large, flat ligament that attaches to ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, connecting these structures to bony pelvis

A

Broad ligament

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48
Q

connects medial surface of ovary to uterus, near attachment of uterine tube

A

Ovarian ligament

49
Q

connects lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall and provides support for ovarian artery and vein

A

Suspensory ligament

50
Q

Fertilization begins when a sperm cell binds to and ___ oocyte plasma membrane

A

Penetrates

51
Q

Fertilization typically occurs in

A

Ampulla

52
Q

recess where superior end of vaginal canal surrounds external os of cervix

A

fornix

53
Q

incision made in tissues of perineum to prevent natural tearing during childbirth

A

Episiotomy

54
Q

mammary gland- Contraction of ___ cells that surround alveoli helps propel milk toward nipple

A

myoepithelial

55
Q

Milk passes from alveoli into a series of mammary ducts, which flow into ___ ducts that open into nipple

A

Lactiferous

56
Q

Oogenesis begins before

A

Birth

57
Q

Before birth Primary oocytes progress as far as

A

prophase I

58
Q

During this phase follicle grows and develops

A

Follicular phase

59
Q

Follicular phase, single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds primary oocyte; during childhood, many primordial follicles begin their development into primary follicles

A

Primordial follicle

60
Q

Follicular phase, squamous follicular cells become cuboidal and are called granulosa cells; microvilli and thecal cells appear in primary follicle; forms a region called zona pellucida that becomes important once fertilization occurs

A

Primary follicle

61
Q

Follicular phase, Wall of follicle thickens and deeper granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid; forms small pockets and increases volume and size of follicle. Granulosa cells grow and stimulate cells in ovary to form a layer of thecal cells around follicle; in turn, granulosa cells produce estrogen from thecal cell secretions

A

Secondary follicle

62
Q

Follicular phase, Small pockets of follicular fluid merge into a single large cavity called antrum; primary oocyte and its capsule of granulosa cells project into antrum on a stalk. Follicle continues to enlarge, which creates a bulge on ovary surface; primary oocyte, suspended in prophase I, completes meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body. Newly formed secondary oocyte arrests development in metaphase II; will only complete second division if fertilization occurs

A

Vesicular (tertiary) follicle

63
Q

Primordial follicle – single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds

A

primary oocyte

64
Q

Primary follicle – squamous follicular cells become cuboidal and are called _____ cells

A

granulosa

65
Q

Microvilli and thecal cells appear in primary follicle; forms a region called

A

zona pellucida

66
Q

Secondary follicle: Wall of follicle thickens and deeper ___ cells secrete follicular fluid; forms small pockets and increases volume and size of follicle

A

granulosa

67
Q

Secondary follicle: Granulosa cells grow and stimulate cells in ovary to form a layer of ___ cells around follicle; in turn, granulosa cells produce estrogen from thecal cell secretions

A

Thecal

68
Q

Vesicular (tertiary) follicle: Small pockets of follicular fluid merge into a single large cavity called

A

antrum

69
Q

Follicle continues to enlarge, which creates a bulge on ovary surface; primary oocyte, suspended in prophase I, completes ___ _ to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body

A

meiosis I

70
Q

Newly formed secondary oocyte arrests development in metaphase II; will only complete second division if ____ occurs

A

Fertilization

71
Q

event at end of follicular phase

A

Ovulation

72
Q

Ovulation; Vesicular follicle erupts from ovary wall into peritoneal cavity ejecting its secondary oocyte and its granulosa cell layer, called

A

corona radiate

73
Q

phase extends from day one to day 14

A

Follicular

74
Q

phase extends from day 14 to day 28; relatively constant

A

Luteal

75
Q

ovulation is triggered by a ___ feedback mechanism

A

positive

76
Q

First-tier control: hypothalamus secretes

A

GnRH

77
Q

Second-tier control: Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH in response to

A

GnRH

78
Q

LH stimulates thecal cells to secrete

A

androgens

79
Q

FSH stimulates granulosa cells in follicles to secrete estrogens, convert

A

androgens to estrogens, and secretes inhibin

80
Q

___ typically stimulate a solitary dominant follicle to continue developing into a vesicular follicle

A

Estrogens

81
Q

New vesicular follicle eventually produces enough estrogen to exert positive feedback on anterior pituitary to trigger a large increase in

A

LH, called LH surge

82
Q

LH surge is accompanied by increased FSH levels; triggers ovulation; corpus luteum produces additional progesterone, estrogens, and

A

inhibin

83
Q

Increased levels of estrogen and inhibin exert ___ feedback control on hypothalamus and pituitary

A

Negative

84
Q

Estrogen inhibits GnRH and LH secretion while inhibin inhibits FSH secretion; prevents other primary follicles from beginning development too

A

early

85
Q

In event fertilization occurs: ___ from corpus luteum inhibits release of gonadotropins continuously for duration of ensuing pregnancy

A

Progesterone

86
Q

In absence of fertilization: corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans; estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin levels ___; GnRH levels begin to rise and cycle begins once again

A

Decrease

87
Q

____ have effects on many other tissues including increasing bone density and increasing beneficial HDL cholesterol level

A

Estrogens

88
Q

___ promotes blood coagulation that can lead to formation of blood clots in specific circumstances

A

Estrogen

89
Q

phase, days 1–5: uterus sheds stratum functionalis, resulting in menstruation

A

Menstrual phase

90
Q

phase, days 6–14: a new stratum functionalis is generated with endometrial glands, spiral arteries, and veins; begins to thicken (proliferate); these glands enlarge and veins and arteries increase in number; ovulation occurs around day 14

A

Proliferative (preovulatory) phase

91
Q

phase, days 15–28: spiral arteries convert stratum functionalis into secretory mucosa and endometrial glands secrete nutritious glycogen-rich fluid (uterine milk), into uterine cavity to sustain an embryo

A

Secretory phase

92
Q

When menstrual phase of uterine cycle begins ___ and ___ start rising while ovarian hormones are still low; by day 5, ovarian follicles increase estrogen production

A

FSH and LH

93
Q

During proliferative phase of cycle, estrogen levels rise and stimulate LH and FSH surges; trigger ovulation; ovulation produces a corpus luteum which releases

A

progesterone

94
Q

During secretory phase of cycle, rising progesterone levels and decreasing estrogen levels inhibit

A

LH

95
Q

If fertilization doesn’t occur, progesterone levels decrease, stratum functionalis breaks down, and

A

menstruation phase begins

96
Q

If fertilization does occur, outer layer of developing embryo begins to _______________;keeps corpus luteum from degenerating and progesterone levels remain elevated

A

secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

97
Q

homologous chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

A

telophase 1

98
Q

homologous chromosomes line up

A

metaphase 1

99
Q

chromosomes line up at the equator

A

metaphase 2

100
Q

independent assortment occurs

A

anaphase 1

101
Q

separated sister chromatids arrive at opposite poles

A

telophase 2

102
Q

sister chromatids remain condensed

A

prophase 2

103
Q

crossing over occurs

A

prophase 1

104
Q

sisters chromatids pull apart

A

anaphase 2

105
Q

site of sperm maturation

A

epididymus

106
Q

citrate

A

prostate

107
Q

fructose

A

seminal vesicle

108
Q

prostaglandins

A

seminal vesicle

109
Q

coagulating enzyme

A

seminal vesicle

110
Q

mucus

A

bulbourethral

111
Q

proteolytic enzymes

A

prostate

112
Q

several layers of granulosa cells with pockets of follicular fluid surround the primary oocyte

A

secondary follicle

113
Q

a single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds the primary occyte

A

primordial follicle

114
Q

one of 2 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surround the primary oocyte

A

primary follicle

115
Q

several layers of granulosa cells surround the secondary oocyte and project into the antrum

A

vesicular follicle

116
Q

during the ___ phase, the endometrium prepares for the implantation of the embryo by enlarging the endometrial glands and secreting glycogen into the uterine cavity

A

secretory

117
Q

During the __ phase the endometrium generates a new stratum functionalis

A

proliferative

118
Q

hormone that stimulates a new stratum functionalis

A

estrogen

119
Q

genital warts and genital herpes is caused by a

A

virus

aa Orgo (196 decks)

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