zzz Watson Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
period in which reproductive function begins to decline in men
A
Male climacteric (andropause)
2
Q
Vasomotor signs that include “hot flashes” may occur due to changes in rhythmic secretion of
A
GnRH
3
Q
Each testis is divided into
A
Lobules
4
Q
Each testis is divided into lobules; contain tightly coiled loops called ___ ___ where sperm is produced
A
seminiferous tubules
5
Q
Seminiferous tubules contain two cell types:
A
spermatogenic (sperm-forming cells) and sustentacular cells
6
Q
Cells that support sperm production
A
Sustentacular
7
Q
found between seminiferous tubules, produce and secrete androgens, primarily testosterone
A
Interstitial cells
8
Q
Interstitial cells are aka
A
Leydig cells
9
Q
muscle-like cells that surround seminiferous tubules
A
Myoid cells
10
Q
contract to push sperm and testicular fluid through tubules
A
Myoid cells
11
Q
network of tubules in posterior testis, transports sperm to efferent ductules
A
Rete testis
12
Q
carry sperm from rete testis to epididymis; first portion of duct system
A
Efferent ductules
13
Q
venous plexus drains blood from testes into testicular veins
A
Pampiniform venous plexus
14
Q
filled with ductules; site of sperm maturation and storage
A
Epididymis
15
Q
Long, thin tube travels with testicular arteries, veins, and nerves from posterior border of epididymis through a fibrous tunnel (___ canal)
A
Inguinal
16
Q
Next structure that receives sperm from ductus deferens ampulla where an accessory organ called
A
seminal vesicle
17
Q
paired erectile bodies
A
Corpora cavernosa
18
Q
Scrotum wall contains an outer layer of skin, superficial fascia, and a layer of smooth muscle called
A
dartos muscle
19
Q
smooth muscle that controls height of testes
A
Cremaster muscle
20
Q
paired exocrine glands found on posterior surface of urinary bladder near ampullae of ductus deferens
A
Seminal vesicles
21
Q
___ ___ ___ (PSA) and other enzymes – dissolve semen clot in female reproductive tract to allow sperm to proceed further into tract
A
Prostate specific antigen
22
Q
paired glands found at base of penis
A
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
23
Q
stimulate contractions in female reproductive tract
A
Prostaglandins
24
Q
Process that enables sperm to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete
A
Capacitation
25
cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual
Zygote
26
Matching genes on homologous chromosomes may have different variants called
alleles
27
When a cell is not undergoing division its DNA is in form of
Chromatin
28
After replication and as cell division begins, chromatin threads coil tightly and condense into bar-like
chromosomes
29
stem cells that initiate spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
30
Before puberty, spermatogonia divide only by ___ to increase their numbers
Mitosis
31
Following events occur to each new daughter cell resulting from mitosis of spermatogonia: Daughter that becomes primary spermatocyte is pushed toward ___ of seminiferous tubule. Daughter that is to remain a stem cell (spermatogonium) ___ original mother cell in basement membrane
Lumen, replaces
32
Each new primary spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic division forming two smaller haploid (1n) cells that remain connected, called
secondary spermatocytes
33
___ secondary spermatocytes progress through second meiotic division
Both
34
Newly formed, are four small and round haploid ___ that continue to move toward lumen of tubule
Spermatids
35
surround spermatogenic cells to provide support:
Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)
36
bound together by tight junctions, extend from basement membrane to seminiferous tubule lumen
Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)
37
Also provide structural support for stem cell development and secrete testicular fluid; helps transport sperm in seminiferous tubule, Provide nutrients for dividing cells and produce androgen-binding protein (ABP) and inhibin, Phagocytize damaged spermatogenic cells and excess cytoplasm released from maturing spermatids
Sustentacular cells (nurse cells, Sertoli cells)
38
process of sperm maturation; involves cellular shape and size changes
Spermiogenesis
39
Spermiogenesis begins in testes as __ elongate and shed excess cytoplasm
Spermatids
40
An ___ develops; covers nucleus and helps with fertilization of female gametes
Acrosome
41
Hormone control, First-tier control
GnRH
42
Second-tier control
FSH, LH
43
Third-tier control
LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
44
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ___ (keeps testosterone in vicinity of spermatogenic cells) and inhibin hormone
ABP (androgen-binding protein)
45
Elevated ___ and inhibin levels are sensed in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing negative feedback loop to close
Testosterone
46
region where oogenesis occurs within saclike follicles; develop and mature along with gametes: Ovarian ___
cortex
47
large, flat ligament that attaches to ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, connecting these structures to bony pelvis
Broad ligament
48
connects medial surface of ovary to uterus, near attachment of uterine tube
Ovarian ligament
49
connects lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall and provides support for ovarian artery and vein
Suspensory ligament
50
Fertilization begins when a sperm cell binds to and ___ oocyte plasma membrane
Penetrates
51
Fertilization typically occurs in
Ampulla
52
recess where superior end of vaginal canal surrounds external os of cervix
fornix
53
incision made in tissues of perineum to prevent natural tearing during childbirth
Episiotomy
54
mammary gland- Contraction of ___ cells that surround alveoli helps propel milk toward nipple
myoepithelial
55
Milk passes from alveoli into a series of mammary ducts, which flow into ___ ducts that open into nipple
Lactiferous
56
Oogenesis begins before
Birth
57
Before birth Primary oocytes progress as far as
prophase I
58
During this phase follicle grows and develops
Follicular phase
59
Follicular phase, single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds primary oocyte; during childhood, many primordial follicles begin their development into primary follicles
Primordial follicle
60
Follicular phase, squamous follicular cells become cuboidal and are called granulosa cells; microvilli and thecal cells appear in primary follicle; forms a region called zona pellucida that becomes important once fertilization occurs
Primary follicle
61
Follicular phase, Wall of follicle thickens and deeper granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid; forms small pockets and increases volume and size of follicle. Granulosa cells grow and stimulate cells in ovary to form a layer of thecal cells around follicle; in turn, granulosa cells produce estrogen from thecal cell secretions
Secondary follicle
62
Follicular phase, Small pockets of follicular fluid merge into a single large cavity called antrum; primary oocyte and its capsule of granulosa cells project into antrum on a stalk. Follicle continues to enlarge, which creates a bulge on ovary surface; primary oocyte, suspended in prophase I, completes meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body. Newly formed secondary oocyte arrests development in metaphase II; will only complete second division if fertilization occurs
Vesicular (tertiary) follicle
63
Primordial follicle – single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds
primary oocyte
64
Primary follicle – squamous follicular cells become cuboidal and are called _____ cells
granulosa
65
Microvilli and thecal cells appear in primary follicle; forms a region called
zona pellucida
66
Secondary follicle: Wall of follicle thickens and deeper ___ cells secrete follicular fluid; forms small pockets and increases volume and size of follicle
granulosa
67
Secondary follicle: Granulosa cells grow and stimulate cells in ovary to form a layer of ___ cells around follicle; in turn, granulosa cells produce estrogen from thecal cell secretions
Thecal
68
Vesicular (tertiary) follicle: Small pockets of follicular fluid merge into a single large cavity called
antrum
69
Follicle continues to enlarge, which creates a bulge on ovary surface; primary oocyte, suspended in prophase I, completes ___ _ to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body
meiosis I
70
Newly formed secondary oocyte arrests development in metaphase II; will only complete second division if ____ occurs
Fertilization
71
event at end of follicular phase
Ovulation
72
Ovulation; Vesicular follicle erupts from ovary wall into peritoneal cavity ejecting its secondary oocyte and its granulosa cell layer, called
corona radiate
73
phase extends from day one to day 14
Follicular
74
phase extends from day 14 to day 28; relatively constant
Luteal
75
ovulation is triggered by a ___ feedback mechanism
positive
76
First-tier control: hypothalamus secretes
GnRH
77
Second-tier control: Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH in response to
GnRH
78
LH stimulates thecal cells to secrete
androgens
79
FSH stimulates granulosa cells in follicles to secrete estrogens, convert
androgens to estrogens, and secretes inhibin
80
___ typically stimulate a solitary dominant follicle to continue developing into a vesicular follicle
Estrogens
81
New vesicular follicle eventually produces enough estrogen to exert positive feedback on anterior pituitary to trigger a large increase in
LH, called LH surge
82
LH surge is accompanied by increased FSH levels; triggers ovulation; corpus luteum produces additional progesterone, estrogens, and
inhibin
83
Increased levels of estrogen and inhibin exert ___ feedback control on hypothalamus and pituitary
Negative
84
Estrogen inhibits GnRH and LH secretion while inhibin inhibits FSH secretion; prevents other primary follicles from beginning development too
early
85
In event fertilization occurs: ___ from corpus luteum inhibits release of gonadotropins continuously for duration of ensuing pregnancy
Progesterone
86
In absence of fertilization: corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans; estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin levels ___; GnRH levels begin to rise and cycle begins once again
Decrease
87
____ have effects on many other tissues including increasing bone density and increasing beneficial HDL cholesterol level
Estrogens
88
___ promotes blood coagulation that can lead to formation of blood clots in specific circumstances
Estrogen
89
phase, days 1–5: uterus sheds stratum functionalis, resulting in menstruation
Menstrual phase
90
phase, days 6–14: a new stratum functionalis is generated with endometrial glands, spiral arteries, and veins; begins to thicken (proliferate); these glands enlarge and veins and arteries increase in number; ovulation occurs around day 14
Proliferative (preovulatory) phase
91
phase, days 15–28: spiral arteries convert stratum functionalis into secretory mucosa and endometrial glands secrete nutritious glycogen-rich fluid (uterine milk), into uterine cavity to sustain an embryo
Secretory phase
92
When menstrual phase of uterine cycle begins ___ and ___ start rising while ovarian hormones are still low; by day 5, ovarian follicles increase estrogen production
FSH and LH
93
During proliferative phase of cycle, estrogen levels rise and stimulate LH and FSH surges; trigger ovulation; ovulation produces a corpus luteum which releases
progesterone
94
During secretory phase of cycle, rising progesterone levels and decreasing estrogen levels inhibit
LH
95
If fertilization doesn’t occur, progesterone levels decrease, stratum functionalis breaks down, and
menstruation phase begins
96
If fertilization does occur, outer layer of developing embryo begins to _______________;keeps corpus luteum from degenerating and progesterone levels remain elevated
secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
97
homologous chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
telophase 1
98
homologous chromosomes line up
metaphase 1
99
chromosomes line up at the equator
metaphase 2
100
independent assortment occurs
anaphase 1
101
separated sister chromatids arrive at opposite poles
telophase 2
102
sister chromatids remain condensed
prophase 2
103
crossing over occurs
prophase 1
104
sisters chromatids pull apart
anaphase 2
105
site of sperm maturation
epididymus
106
citrate
prostate
107
fructose
seminal vesicle
108
prostaglandins
seminal vesicle
109
coagulating enzyme
seminal vesicle
110
mucus
bulbourethral
111
proteolytic enzymes
prostate
112
several layers of granulosa cells with pockets of follicular fluid surround the primary oocyte
secondary follicle
113
a single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounds the primary occyte
primordial follicle
114
one of 2 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells surround the primary oocyte
primary follicle
115
several layers of granulosa cells surround the secondary oocyte and project into the antrum
vesicular follicle
116
during the ___ phase, the endometrium prepares for the implantation of the embryo by enlarging the endometrial glands and secreting glycogen into the uterine cavity
secretory
117
During the __ phase the endometrium generates a new stratum functionalis
proliferative
118
hormone that stimulates a new stratum functionalis
estrogen
119
genital warts and genital herpes is caused by a
virus
