344 chap 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
the cell surface is surrounded by a fuzzy layer called the cell coat or
glycocalyx
the cell coat contain tissue transplant ___
antigens
ribosomes are the site of ___ synthesis
protein
The ER functions as a tubular communication system through which substances can be
transported
mitochondria contain their own ___ which is used for protein synthesis
DNA
slender, stiff tubular structures that influence cell shape
microtubules
provide a means of moving organelles through the cytoplasm
microtubules
for cilia, flagella, and centrioles
microtubules
dynamic, thin, threadlike structures that are important in cell movement and organelle positioning
microfilaments
supporting and maintaining the shape of cells and participate in numerous cellular processes
intermediate filaments
2 pathways for energy conversion are
anaerobic glycolytic pathway and aerobic pathway
anaerobic glycolytic pathway occurs in the
cytoplasm
aerobic pathway occurs in the
mitochondria
the most efficient pathway is the __ __ cycle and __ __ chain
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
The “citric acid cycle and electron transport chain” pathway converts __ to ATP
ADP
The glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm involves the breakdown of glucose to form
ATP
The glycolytic pathway can function without oxygen by producing __ __
lactic acid
Cells communicate with each other using chemical messengers that bind to receptors. The 3 kinds of receptors are G protein linked, __ linked, and ___ linked
enzyme linked and channel linked
One type of enzyme linked receptor is widely used in hormonal control of cell function and involves the activation of an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of
cAMP
term for when there is no net movement of a particular ion across a membrane
equilibrium potential
tissue type that forms that functional components of glandular structures
epithelial
The most abundant connective tissue cells:
fibroblasts
Type of cell that makes collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, etc
fibroblasts
unlike skeletal, smooth muscle depends on extracellular ___ ions for contraction
extracellular calcium
atrophied cells reduce their size and __ consumption
oxygen
atrophied cells reduce the __ and __ of their organelles
size and number
in atrophied cells, there’s also less ___ synthesis
protein
during atrophy, proteins that are to be destroyed are bound to another protein called ubiquitin and then degrade by organelles called
proteasomes
Disuse denervation no endocrine stimulus no nutrition no blood flow are all causes of
atrophy
hypertrophy can occur from normal and ___ conditions
abnormal
the enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue portion after part has been lost is called ___ hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
ATP depletion
mechanical forces
activation of cell degradation products
and hormonal factors are initiating signals for
hypertrophy
An increase in the number of cells in an organ
hyperplasia
hyperplasia can only happen in cells that are able to divide
mitotically
an example of hyperplasia is skin
warts
a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
metaplasia
Metaplasia involves the reprogramming of undifferentiated
stem cells
occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation (a better suited cell type takes over to deal with the problem)
metaplasia
deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
dysplasia
dysplasia results in cells that can vary in size, shape, and
organization
dysplasia is strongly implicated as causing
cancer
intracellular accumulations can be things from outside the cell or abnormal things made ___ the cell. Can also be normal things made in the cell
inside
dystrophic calcification is too much calcium in
dead/dying tissue
too much calcium in living tissue is called ___ calcification
metastatic calcification
physical trauma radiation chemical biological agents nutrition imbalance are the 5 causes of
cell injury
Alternating current is ___ dangerous than direct current
more
ionizing radiation affects cells by directly hitting target molecules in the cell or by producing __ __
free radicals
cells most vulnerable to radiation are those that rapidly
divide
skin damage from UV radiation is thought to be caused by reactive oxygen species and by damage to ____ producing processes of the skin
melanin
unlike ionizing radiation which directly breaks chemical bonds, NON-ionizing radiation causes ___ and ___ of atoms/molecules
vibration and rotation
A cardinal sign of lead toxicity is
anemia
the main source of symptoms for lead poisoning are in __ __ tract
G I
the effects of injurious agents can be categorized into 3 groups
- free ___s
- hypoxia and ___ depletion
- disruption of intracellular ___ homeostasis
radicals, ATP, calcium
free radicals can damage cell ____s, inactivate e_____s, and damage D___
membranes, enzymes, DNA
normal products of mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism, and are normally removed by antioxidative systems
ROS (radical oxygen species)
a condition where the generation of ROS exceeds the ability to eliminate it
Oxidative stress
Hypoxia deprives the cell of oxygen and disrupts the generation of
ATP
In contrast to pure hypoxia, which depends on the oxygen content of the blood and affects the entire body, ischemia involves a limited number of vessels and ___ damage
local
hypoxia can be detected by testing the blood for ___ which leak out of the cell during hypoxia
enzymes
3 outcomes of cell injury
Reversible injury, apoptosis with cell removal, cell death with necrosis
2 patterns of reversible cell injury are ___ing and ___y change
swelling and fatty change
apoptosis has an extrinsic and ___ pathway
intrinsic
The apoptosis pathways are carried out by enzymes called ____ which are present in the cell as procaspases
caspases
The extrinsic pathway involves proteins that bind to cell surface molecules called ___ receptors
death receptors
Cell death in a tissue that is still part of a living person
Necrosis
Necrosis differs from apoptosis in that it involves ____ enzyme digestion, loss of cell ____ integrity, and initiation of ____tory response
unregulated, membrane, inflammatory response
occurs when some of the cell dies but its catalytic enzymes are not destroyed
liquefication necrosis
During ___ necrosis, acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
coagulation necrosis
infarction occurs when there’s no ___ supply
blood
a distinctive form of necrosis in which the dead cells persist indefinitely as cheese-like debris
caseous necrosis
term for when a large amount of tissue undergoes necrosis
gangrene
In ___ gangrene, the area shrinks, wrinkles, turns brown or black
dry gangrene
Dry gangrene has a distinct line between ___ and ___ tissue
dead and living
In wet gangrene the area is ___ and ___ and theres a bad smell
cold and swollen
One explanation of replicative senescence is related to the length of the outermost regions of each chromosome, called
telomeres
premature aging is aka pro___
progeria
biologic agents are different from other injurious agents because they can
replicate and continue to cause damage
the biggest danger with calcium overload is that it activates
enzymes
acute inflammation is characterized by the ___ of fluid and plasma proteins
exudation
acute inflammation is also characterized by the emigration of
leukocytes
chronic inflammation is often associated with the ___ of blood vessels (angiogenesis)
proliferation of blood vessels
chronic inflammation is associated with f___
fibrosis
acute and chronic inflammation can co____
coexist
the main leukocytes of acute inflammation are
neutrophils
the main leukocytes of chronic are macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and ___ cells
mast cells
platelets are aka t____
thrombocytes
most numerous leukocytes
neutrophils
neutrophils are the ___ cell to arrive at the site of injury
first
eosinophils play an important role in
allergic reactions
another leukocyte that helps with allergic reactions
basophils
macrophages are especially important in maintaining ___ inflammation
chronic
chronic inflammation is also associated with tissue n___
necrosis
the combination of systemic responses and increases in serum proteins that can occur in acute inflammation is called the
acute phase response
2 stages of acute inflammation:
vascular and cellular
protein-rich fluid
exudate
the loss of plasma ___ reduces intracapillary osmotic pressure and increases interstitial fluid osmotic pressure. This increases movement from vessels to tissue
protein
acute inflammation, pattern of vascular change that occurs from minor injury. Develops rapidly, short duration.
immediate transient response
pattern of vascular change that accompanies injuries like radiation or sun burn
delayed response
the sequence of events in the cellular response: 1. m____ and a___ 2. t_____ 3. c____ 4. a____ and p____
margination and adhesion
transmigration
chemotaxis
activation and phagocytosis
margination is the process of ___ accumulation
leukocyte
endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules that cause leukocytes to roll along their surface. this is called t____
tethering
the advanced binding of binding of an antigen to microbe or particle is called op____
opsonization
plasma-derived mediators of inflammation are the kallikrein-kininogen system, the c_____ factors, and the c____ proteins
coagulating factors
complement proteins
plasma derived mediators are synthesized in what organ?
the liver
K___s are products of the liver and factors in the coagulation system
kinins
One kinin, b_____, causes permeability and pain
bradykinin
the complement system proteins cause vasodilation/permeability, recruit leukocytes, and increase
phagocytosis
histamine and serotonin are classified as vasoactive a___
amines
serotonin is found mostly in p___
platelets
release of a_____ acid by phospholipids of the membrane starts the process of making the eicosanoid mediators
arachidonic acid
the cyclooxygensae pathway leads synthesis of p____
prostaglandins
the lipoxygenase pathway leads to synthesis of l____
leukotrienes
arachidonic acid allows for the l___ pathway and c____ pathway
lipoxygenase pathway and cyclooxygenase pathway
histamine and leukotrienes have similar functions, but histamine is produced rapidly, where are leukotrienes are slower but more
potent
T___ and IL-1 are two of the major cytokines that mediate inflammation
TNF and IL-1
The major source of TNF and IL-1 is
macrophages
the main role of chemokines is to __ and ___ immune cells
recruit and direct
___ oxide plays multiple roles in inflammation
nitric oxide
exudate, watery and low in protein
serous exudate
exudate, occur with severe damage to vessels or significant leakage of RBCs
hemorrhagic exudate
exudate, thick and sticky meshwork
fibrinous exudate
exudate, necrotic cells
membranous exudate
exudate, pus and degraded WBC, tissue debris
purulent exudate
“pyogenic” means
pus forming
a localized area of inflammation containing a purulent exudate
abscess
a site of inflammation where an epithelial surface has become necrotic and eroded
ulceration
acute inflammation ends in one of 3 ways: R____, progression to ___ ___, or ____/____
Resolution, progression to chronic inflammation, or scarring/fibrosis
histamine, bradykinin, arachidonic metabolites, PAF are ___-derived mediators of inflammation
cell-derived
chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells, an_____, and f____
angiogenesis and fibrosis
a granulomatous lesion is a distinctive form of __ __
chronic inflammation
In a granulomatous lesion, there’s a mass of macrophages surrounded by ___
lymphocytes
the macrophages in the granulomatous are called e____, they wall off the casual agent (eg a splinter)
epitheliods
the most prominent SYSTEMIC manifestations of inflammation include the acute ___ ___, changes in ___ count, and ___
acute phase response
WBC count
fever
word for an increase in WBC
leukocytosis
refers to heat transfer through the circulation of air currents
convection
fever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and substances that are collectively called
pyrogens
in ____ fever, the temperature returns to normal at least once a day
intermittent fever
In ___ fever, the temp doesn’t return to normal but varies a few degrees in either direction
remittent fever
critical to analysis of fever pattern is the relation of __ rate to temperature
heart rate
- prodrome
- chill
- flush
- defervescence
are stages of
fever
which part of a fever- mild headache, fatigue, aches
prodromal
which part of fever- temp is rising but you feel cold. Skin pale with goosebumps
chill
which part of the fever- sweating starts
defervescence
in the elderly, even __ rise in temp can indicate fever
slight
in the elderly, fever can go undetected because
they have a lower base line temp
the primary role of ___ junctions is to prevent cell separation
adhering
___ DNA is inherited maternally
mitochondrial DNA
the process by which molecules pass through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
Most important function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is that it’s a
tubular communication system
apoptosis is regulated by which organelle
mitochondria
the phrase “irreversibly damaged” cells pertains to which process
cell death aka necrosis
vomiting seizures coma ataxia and papilledema are symptoms of
encephalopathy
a client with deficiency in calcium, zinc, or iron is at increased risk for ___ absorption
lead
jaundice and abdominal pain from taking too much acetaminophen means this organ is affect:
liver
the increase of a cell’s storage of normal body substances like lipids etc is called
normal cellular accumulation
systemic inflammatory response syndrome is caused by
sepsis (major bacterial infection)
most likely cause of fever in children under 1 and females 1 to 2 is
UTI
the most accurate and comfortable route for getting an elderly person’s temp is
tympanic
a site that is inflammed, necrotic, eroded
ulceration
