344 chap 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
the cell surface is surrounded by a fuzzy layer called the cell coat or
glycocalyx
the cell coat contain tissue transplant ___
antigens
ribosomes are the site of ___ synthesis
protein
The ER functions as a tubular communication system through which substances can be
transported
mitochondria contain their own ___ which is used for protein synthesis
DNA
slender, stiff tubular structures that influence cell shape
microtubules
provide a means of moving organelles through the cytoplasm
microtubules
for cilia, flagella, and centrioles
microtubules
dynamic, thin, threadlike structures that are important in cell movement and organelle positioning
microfilaments
supporting and maintaining the shape of cells and participate in numerous cellular processes
intermediate filaments
2 pathways for energy conversion are
anaerobic glycolytic pathway and aerobic pathway
anaerobic glycolytic pathway occurs in the
cytoplasm
aerobic pathway occurs in the
mitochondria
the most efficient pathway is the __ __ cycle and __ __ chain
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
The “citric acid cycle and electron transport chain” pathway converts __ to ATP
ADP
The glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm involves the breakdown of glucose to form
ATP
The glycolytic pathway can function without oxygen by producing __ __
lactic acid
Cells communicate with each other using chemical messengers that bind to receptors. The 3 kinds of receptors are G protein linked, __ linked, and ___ linked
enzyme linked and channel linked
One type of enzyme linked receptor is widely used in hormonal control of cell function and involves the activation of an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of
cAMP
term for when there is no net movement of a particular ion across a membrane
equilibrium potential
tissue type that forms that functional components of glandular structures
epithelial
The most abundant connective tissue cells:
fibroblasts
Type of cell that makes collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, etc
fibroblasts
unlike skeletal, smooth muscle depends on extracellular ___ ions for contraction
extracellular calcium
atrophied cells reduce their size and __ consumption
oxygen
atrophied cells reduce the __ and __ of their organelles
size and number
in atrophied cells, there’s also less ___ synthesis
protein
during atrophy, proteins that are to be destroyed are bound to another protein called ubiquitin and then degrade by organelles called
proteasomes
Disuse denervation no endocrine stimulus no nutrition no blood flow are all causes of
atrophy
hypertrophy can occur from normal and ___ conditions
abnormal
the enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue portion after part has been lost is called ___ hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
ATP depletion
mechanical forces
activation of cell degradation products
and hormonal factors are initiating signals for
hypertrophy
An increase in the number of cells in an organ
hyperplasia
hyperplasia can only happen in cells that are able to divide
mitotically
an example of hyperplasia is skin
warts
a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
metaplasia
Metaplasia involves the reprogramming of undifferentiated
stem cells
occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation (a better suited cell type takes over to deal with the problem)
metaplasia
deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
dysplasia
dysplasia results in cells that can vary in size, shape, and
organization
dysplasia is strongly implicated as causing
cancer
intracellular accumulations can be things from outside the cell or abnormal things made ___ the cell. Can also be normal things made in the cell
inside
dystrophic calcification is too much calcium in
dead/dying tissue
too much calcium in living tissue is called ___ calcification
metastatic calcification
physical trauma radiation chemical biological agents nutrition imbalance are the 5 causes of
cell injury
Alternating current is ___ dangerous than direct current
more
ionizing radiation affects cells by directly hitting target molecules in the cell or by producing __ __
free radicals
cells most vulnerable to radiation are those that rapidly
divide
skin damage from UV radiation is thought to be caused by reactive oxygen species and by damage to ____ producing processes of the skin
melanin
unlike ionizing radiation which directly breaks chemical bonds, NON-ionizing radiation causes ___ and ___ of atoms/molecules
vibration and rotation
A cardinal sign of lead toxicity is
anemia
the main source of symptoms for lead poisoning are in __ __ tract
G I
the effects of injurious agents can be categorized into 3 groups
- free ___s
- hypoxia and ___ depletion
- disruption of intracellular ___ homeostasis
radicals, ATP, calcium
free radicals can damage cell ____s, inactivate e_____s, and damage D___
membranes, enzymes, DNA
normal products of mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism, and are normally removed by antioxidative systems
ROS (radical oxygen species)
a condition where the generation of ROS exceeds the ability to eliminate it
Oxidative stress
Hypoxia deprives the cell of oxygen and disrupts the generation of
ATP
In contrast to pure hypoxia, which depends on the oxygen content of the blood and affects the entire body, ischemia involves a limited number of vessels and ___ damage
local
hypoxia can be detected by testing the blood for ___ which leak out of the cell during hypoxia
enzymes
3 outcomes of cell injury
Reversible injury, apoptosis with cell removal, cell death with necrosis
2 patterns of reversible cell injury are ___ing and ___y change
swelling and fatty change
apoptosis has an extrinsic and ___ pathway
intrinsic
The apoptosis pathways are carried out by enzymes called ____ which are present in the cell as procaspases
caspases
