344 chap 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
1
Q
the cell surface is surrounded by a fuzzy layer called the cell coat or
A
glycocalyx
2
Q
the cell coat contain tissue transplant ___
A
antigens
3
Q
ribosomes are the site of ___ synthesis
A
protein
4
Q
The ER functions as a tubular communication system through which substances can be
A
transported
5
Q
mitochondria contain their own ___ which is used for protein synthesis
A
DNA
6
Q
slender, stiff tubular structures that influence cell shape
A
microtubules
7
Q
provide a means of moving organelles through the cytoplasm
A
microtubules
8
Q
for cilia, flagella, and centrioles
A
microtubules
9
Q
dynamic, thin, threadlike structures that are important in cell movement and organelle positioning
A
microfilaments
10
Q
supporting and maintaining the shape of cells and participate in numerous cellular processes
A
intermediate filaments
11
Q
2 pathways for energy conversion are
A
anaerobic glycolytic pathway and aerobic pathway
12
Q
anaerobic glycolytic pathway occurs in the
A
cytoplasm
13
Q
aerobic pathway occurs in the
A
mitochondria
14
Q
the most efficient pathway is the __ __ cycle and __ __ chain
A
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
15
Q
The “citric acid cycle and electron transport chain” pathway converts __ to ATP
A
ADP
16
Q
The glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm involves the breakdown of glucose to form
A
ATP
17
Q
The glycolytic pathway can function without oxygen by producing __ __
A
lactic acid
18
Q
Cells communicate with each other using chemical messengers that bind to receptors. The 3 kinds of receptors are G protein linked, __ linked, and ___ linked
A
enzyme linked and channel linked
19
Q
One type of enzyme linked receptor is widely used in hormonal control of cell function and involves the activation of an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of
A
cAMP
20
Q
term for when there is no net movement of a particular ion across a membrane
A
equilibrium potential
21
Q
tissue type that forms that functional components of glandular structures
A
epithelial
22
Q
The most abundant connective tissue cells:
A
fibroblasts
23
Q
Type of cell that makes collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, etc
A
fibroblasts
24
Q
unlike skeletal, smooth muscle depends on extracellular ___ ions for contraction
A
extracellular calcium
25
atrophied cells reduce their size and __ consumption
oxygen
26
atrophied cells reduce the __ and __ of their organelles
size and number
27
in atrophied cells, there's also less ___ synthesis
protein
28
during atrophy, proteins that are to be destroyed are bound to another protein called ubiquitin and then degrade by organelles called
proteasomes
29
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Disuse
denervation
no endocrine stimulus
no nutrition
no blood flow are all causes of
```
atrophy
30
hypertrophy can occur from normal and ___ conditions
abnormal
31
the enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue portion after part has been lost is called ___ hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
32
ATP depletion
mechanical forces
activation of cell degradation products
and hormonal factors are initiating signals for
hypertrophy
33
An increase in the number of cells in an organ
hyperplasia
34
hyperplasia can only happen in cells that are able to divide
mitotically
35
an example of hyperplasia is skin
warts
36
a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
metaplasia
37
Metaplasia involves the reprogramming of undifferentiated
stem cells
38
occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation (a better suited cell type takes over to deal with the problem)
metaplasia
39
deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
dysplasia
40
dysplasia results in cells that can vary in size, shape, and
organization
41
dysplasia is strongly implicated as causing
cancer
42
intracellular accumulations can be things from outside the cell or abnormal things made ___ the cell. Can also be normal things made in the cell
inside
43
dystrophic calcification is too much calcium in
dead/dying tissue
44
too much calcium in living tissue is called ___ calcification
metastatic calcification
45
```
physical trauma
radiation
chemical
biological agents
nutrition imbalance are the 5 causes of
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cell injury
46
Alternating current is ___ dangerous than direct current
more
47
ionizing radiation affects cells by directly hitting target molecules in the cell or by producing __ __
free radicals
48
cells most vulnerable to radiation are those that rapidly
divide
49
skin damage from UV radiation is thought to be caused by reactive oxygen species and by damage to ____ producing processes of the skin
melanin
50
unlike ionizing radiation which directly breaks chemical bonds, NON-ionizing radiation causes ___ and ___ of atoms/molecules
vibration and rotation
51
A cardinal sign of lead toxicity is
anemia
52
the main source of symptoms for lead poisoning are in __ __ tract
G I
53
the effects of injurious agents can be categorized into 3 groups
1. free ___s
2. hypoxia and ___ depletion
3. disruption of intracellular ___ homeostasis
radicals, ATP, calcium
54
free radicals can damage cell ____s, inactivate e_____s, and damage D___
membranes, enzymes, DNA
55
normal products of mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism, and are normally removed by antioxidative systems
ROS (radical oxygen species)
56
a condition where the generation of ROS exceeds the ability to eliminate it
Oxidative stress
57
Hypoxia deprives the cell of oxygen and disrupts the generation of
ATP
58
In contrast to pure hypoxia, which depends on the oxygen content of the blood and affects the entire body, ischemia involves a limited number of vessels and ___ damage
local
59
hypoxia can be detected by testing the blood for ___ which leak out of the cell during hypoxia
enzymes
60
3 outcomes of cell injury
Reversible injury, apoptosis with cell removal, cell death with necrosis
61
2 patterns of reversible cell injury are ___ing and ___y change
swelling and fatty change
62
apoptosis has an extrinsic and ___ pathway
intrinsic
63
The apoptosis pathways are carried out by enzymes called ____ which are present in the cell as procaspases
caspases
64
The extrinsic pathway involves proteins that bind to cell surface molecules called ___ receptors
death receptors
65
Cell death in a tissue that is still part of a living person
Necrosis
66
Necrosis differs from apoptosis in that it involves ____ enzyme digestion, loss of cell ____ integrity, and initiation of ____tory response
unregulated, membrane, inflammatory response
67
occurs when some of the cell dies but its catalytic enzymes are not destroyed
liquefication necrosis
68
During ___ necrosis, acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
coagulation necrosis
69
infarction occurs when there's no ___ supply
blood
70
a distinctive form of necrosis in which the dead cells persist indefinitely as cheese-like debris
caseous necrosis
71
term for when a large amount of tissue undergoes necrosis
gangrene
72
In ___ gangrene, the area shrinks, wrinkles, turns brown or black
dry gangrene
73
Dry gangrene has a distinct line between ___ and ___ tissue
dead and living
74
In wet gangrene the area is ___ and ___ and theres a bad smell
cold and swollen
75
One explanation of replicative senescence is related to the length of the outermost regions of each chromosome, called
telomeres
76
premature aging is aka pro___
progeria
77
biologic agents are different from other injurious agents because they can
replicate and continue to cause damage
78
the biggest danger with calcium overload is that it activates
enzymes
79
acute inflammation is characterized by the ___ of fluid and plasma proteins
exudation
80
acute inflammation is also characterized by the emigration of
leukocytes
81
chronic inflammation is often associated with the ___ of blood vessels (angiogenesis)
proliferation of blood vessels
82
chronic inflammation is associated with f___
fibrosis
83
acute and chronic inflammation can co____
coexist
84
the main leukocytes of acute inflammation are
neutrophils
85
the main leukocytes of chronic are macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and ___ cells
mast cells
86
platelets are aka t____
thrombocytes
87
most numerous leukocytes
neutrophils
88
neutrophils are the ___ cell to arrive at the site of injury
first
89
eosinophils play an important role in
allergic reactions
90
another leukocyte that helps with allergic reactions
basophils
91
macrophages are especially important in maintaining ___ inflammation
chronic
92
chronic inflammation is also associated with tissue n___
necrosis
93
the combination of systemic responses and increases in serum proteins that can occur in acute inflammation is called the
acute phase response
94
2 stages of acute inflammation:
vascular and cellular
95
protein-rich fluid
exudate
96
the loss of plasma ___ reduces intracapillary osmotic pressure and increases interstitial fluid osmotic pressure. This increases movement from vessels to tissue
protein
97
acute inflammation, pattern of vascular change that occurs from minor injury. Develops rapidly, short duration.
immediate transient response
98
pattern of vascular change that accompanies injuries like radiation or sun burn
delayed response
99
the sequence of events in the cellular response: 1. m____ and a___ 2. t_____ 3. c____ 4. a____ and p____
margination and adhesion
transmigration
chemotaxis
activation and phagocytosis
100
margination is the process of ___ accumulation
leukocyte
101
endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules that cause leukocytes to roll along their surface. this is called t____
tethering
102
the advanced binding of binding of an antigen to microbe or particle is called op____
opsonization
103
plasma-derived mediators of inflammation are the kallikrein-kininogen system, the c_____ factors, and the c____ proteins
coagulating factors
| complement proteins
104
plasma derived mediators are synthesized in what organ?
the liver
105
K___s are products of the liver and factors in the coagulation system
kinins
106
One kinin, b_____, causes permeability and pain
bradykinin
107
the complement system proteins cause vasodilation/permeability, recruit leukocytes, and increase
phagocytosis
108
histamine and serotonin are classified as vasoactive a___
amines
109
serotonin is found mostly in p___
platelets
110
release of a_____ acid by phospholipids of the membrane starts the process of making the eicosanoid mediators
arachidonic acid
111
the cyclooxygensae pathway leads synthesis of p____
prostaglandins
112
the lipoxygenase pathway leads to synthesis of l____
leukotrienes
113
arachidonic acid allows for the l___ pathway and c____ pathway
lipoxygenase pathway and cyclooxygenase pathway
114
histamine and leukotrienes have similar functions, but histamine is produced rapidly, where are leukotrienes are slower but more
potent
115
T___ and IL-1 are two of the major cytokines that mediate inflammation
TNF and IL-1
116
The major source of TNF and IL-1 is
macrophages
117
the main role of chemokines is to __ and ___ immune cells
recruit and direct
118
___ oxide plays multiple roles in inflammation
nitric oxide
119
exudate, watery and low in protein
serous exudate
120
exudate, occur with severe damage to vessels or significant leakage of RBCs
hemorrhagic exudate
121
exudate, thick and sticky meshwork
fibrinous exudate
122
exudate, necrotic cells
membranous exudate
123
exudate, pus and degraded WBC, tissue debris
purulent exudate
124
"pyogenic" means
pus forming
125
a localized area of inflammation containing a purulent exudate
abscess
126
a site of inflammation where an epithelial surface has become necrotic and eroded
ulceration
127
acute inflammation ends in one of 3 ways: R____, progression to ___ ___, or ____/____
Resolution, progression to chronic inflammation, or scarring/fibrosis
128
histamine, bradykinin, arachidonic metabolites, PAF are ___-derived mediators of inflammation
cell-derived
129
chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells, an_____, and f____
angiogenesis and fibrosis
130
a granulomatous lesion is a distinctive form of __ __
chronic inflammation
131
In a granulomatous lesion, there's a mass of macrophages surrounded by ___
lymphocytes
132
the macrophages in the granulomatous are called e____, they wall off the casual agent (eg a splinter)
epitheliods
133
the most prominent SYSTEMIC manifestations of inflammation include the acute ___ ___, changes in ___ count, and ___
acute phase response
WBC count
fever
134
word for an increase in WBC
leukocytosis
135
refers to heat transfer through the circulation of air currents
convection
136
fever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and substances that are collectively called
pyrogens
137
in ____ fever, the temperature returns to normal at least once a day
intermittent fever
138
In ___ fever, the temp doesn't return to normal but varies a few degrees in either direction
remittent fever
139
critical to analysis of fever pattern is the relation of __ rate to temperature
heart rate
140
1. prodrome
2. chill
3. flush
4. defervescence
are stages of
fever
141
which part of a fever- mild headache, fatigue, aches
prodromal
142
which part of fever- temp is rising but you feel cold. Skin pale with goosebumps
chill
143
which part of the fever- sweating starts
defervescence
144
in the elderly, even __ rise in temp can indicate fever
slight
145
in the elderly, fever can go undetected because
they have a lower base line temp
146
the primary role of ___ junctions is to prevent cell separation
adhering
147
___ DNA is inherited maternally
mitochondrial DNA
148
the process by which molecules pass through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
149
Most important function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is that it's a
tubular communication system
150
apoptosis is regulated by which organelle
mitochondria
151
the phrase "irreversibly damaged" cells pertains to which process
cell death aka necrosis
152
```
vomiting
seizures
coma
ataxia
and papilledema are symptoms of
```
encephalopathy
153
a client with deficiency in calcium, zinc, or iron is at increased risk for ___ absorption
lead
154
jaundice and abdominal pain from taking too much acetaminophen means this organ is affect:
liver
155
the increase of a cell's storage of normal body substances like lipids etc is called
normal cellular accumulation
156
systemic inflammatory response syndrome is caused by
sepsis (major bacterial infection)
157
most likely cause of fever in children under 1 and females 1 to 2 is
UTI
158
the most accurate and comfortable route for getting an elderly person's temp is
tympanic
159
a site that is inflammed, necrotic, eroded
ulceration
