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Patho exam 3 (the rest) Flashcards

1
Q

Which bone disorder is characterized by “soft” bones?

A

Rickets

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2
Q

SLE produces antibodies against all but which of the following?

A

WBCs

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3
Q

Which symptom accompanies hemorrhage into the stomach?

A

Coffee ground vomitus

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4
Q

Which intestinal disorder is an autoimmune disease?

A

Crohn disease

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5
Q

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Paralytic intestinal obstruction causes audible peristalsis

A

False

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6
Q

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Anabolic reactions release energy.

A

False

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7
Q

Which pancreatic hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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8
Q

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Type 2 DM is more common than Type 1 DM.

A

True

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a complication of diabetes mellitus?

A

All of the above

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10
Q

Which hormone(s) stimulate the ovaries and testes?

A

FSH and LH

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11
Q

Tell whether the following statement is true or false.

Simple goiter is caused by increased production of thyroid hormone.

A

False

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12
Q

Which of the following substances makes bile more susceptible to digestive enzymes?

A

Fats

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13
Q

Which of the following is the least virulent strain of hepatitis?

A

HAV

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14
Q

Tell whether the following statement is true or false.

The exocrine pancreas produces insulin.

A

False

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15
Q

the pancreas is both an

A

exocrine and endocrine gland

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16
Q

The pancreas makes digestive enzymes that come from its

A

acinar cells.

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17
Q

The pancreas makes digestive enzymes that come from its acinar cells. The enzymes go through ducts and eventually get to the

A

duodenum.

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18
Q

The pancreas secretes enzymes to break down carbs, protein, and fats. The enzymes are inactive when secreted, but become active in the

A

duodenum

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19
Q

In order to neutralize stomach acid, the pancreas secretes bicarbonate

A

bicarbonate

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20
Q

Acute pancreatitis is a reversible inflammation effecting the

A

acini (aka acinar cells)

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21
Q

Acute pancreatitis is caused by premature

A

activation of pancreatic enzymes

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22
Q

In acute pancreatitis, the disease happens in the pancreas itself, but it can sometimes

A

effect other organs

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23
Q

In acute pancreatitis, the pancreas is digested by

A

by its own enzymes (as noted above, the enzymes are being secreted prematurely)

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24
Q

The most critical enzyme causing this digestion of the pancreas is

A

trypsin

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25
Q

Once the pancreas starts digesting itself because of trypsin and the other enzymes, there’s an

A

inflammatory response

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26
Q

In pancreatitis, the inflammatory response causes even more severe tissue damage than the

A

enzymes

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27
Q

In pancreatitis the inflammatory response damages the pancreas and

A

other organs.

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28
Q

The most common factors associated with acute pancreatitis are

A

alcohol abuse and gallstones

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29
Q

It is possible that alcohol abuse and gallstones block pancreatic ducts, which starts the process of

A

premature secretions and inflammation

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30
Q

Acute pancreatitis is also associated with hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, infection, abdominal/surgical trauma, and

A

thiazide diuretics

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31
Q

Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed when someone has at least 2 of these findings

A
  • abdominal pain (may radiate to other areas too)
  • amylase or lipase (which are pancreatic secretions) elevated more than 3 times the normal limit
  • classic signs of abdominal imaging

It’s also possible to have elevated WBC count and elevated bilirubin

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32
Q

To detect gallstones, you can use an

A

ultrasound

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33
Q

To detect necrosis or fluid retention you can use a

A

CT scan

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34
Q

A physical exam of someone with pancreatitis might find

A

fever, tachycardia, hypotension

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35
Q

pancreatitis Treatment includes

A
  • pain relief
  • letting the pancreas rest by having the patient NPO
  • restoring lost plasma volume (I guess this means via IV since the patient is NPO)
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36
Q

For pancreatitis, Gastric suctioning can be used to empty the stomach, which

A

decreases the production of pancreas secretions

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37
Q

Complications of pancreatitis can include

A

-infection
-fluid retention
-cysts
The cyst may be evidenced by jaundice

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38
Q

The beginning of chronic pancreatitis involves

A

permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas and fibrosis

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39
Q

Later in chronic pancreatitis you have destruction of the

A

endocrine pancreas.

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40
Q

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS IS THAT

A

CHRONIC IS IRREVERSIBLE

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41
Q

The most common cause of CP is

A

alcohol abuse

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42
Q

Less common causes of CP are

A

blockage of the ducts and a hereditary condition. But again, alcohol is by far the most common cause.

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43
Q

Episodes in CP are usually less __ than in acute pancreatitis.

A

severe

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44
Q

The episodes of CP may be triggered by

A

alcohol or over eating.

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45
Q

CP can eventually lead to

A

diabetes and malabsorption syndrome

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46
Q

Treatment of CP includes

A
  • treating biliary tract disease if present
  • low fat diet
  • no alcohol ever
  • pancreatic enzymes can be given to help with malabsorption syndrome
  • surgery may be needed to remove an obstruction
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47
Q

largest organ

A

liver

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48
Q

The liver makes __, which emulsifies fats

A

bile

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49
Q

It doesn’t chemically change fats, it just physically breaks them into smaller pieces

A

bile from the liver

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50
Q

The liver’s main job is to

A

filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.

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51
Q

The liver also makes

A

proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.

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52
Q

When blood glucose is high, the liver

A

converts glucose to glycogen

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53
Q

Converting glucose to glycogen is called

A

glycogenesis

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54
Q

When blood glucose is low, the liver

A

breaks down glycogen. This is called glycogenolysis

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55
Q

Liver failure occurs when 80 to

A

90% of liver function is lost

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56
Q

Someone with liver failure might have __ breath

A

sweet/musty

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57
Q

Liver failure can cause ___ problems

A

blood problems (anemia, leukopenia, coagulation problems etc)

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58
Q

The blood problems associated with liver failure mean the person might

A

bruise and bleed easily

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59
Q

Liver failure can disrupt sex

A

hormones

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60
Q

women with liver failure may have

A

menstrual problems, lose libido, or become sterile

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61
Q

men with liver failure may have

A

low testosterone, testes atrophy, gynecomastia

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62
Q

Liver failure can also cause fluid retention because

A

aldosterone is not being broken down

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63
Q

Liver failure can cause skin symptoms like

A

vascular spiders, erythema in the palms, clubbing fingers, and jaundice.

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64
Q

Liver failure can affect the central nervous system. It can cause

A

minor neuro changes like confusion, all the way up to terminal coma.

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65
Q

The central nervous system problems are possibly because a diseased liver is not able to handle

A

neuro toxins

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66
Q

When liver failure causes neuro problems its called hepatic

A

encephalopathy

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67
Q

Treatment of liver failure includes

A
  • managing symptoms
  • preventing infections
  • providing enough calories and protein
  • providing fluids and electrolytes
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68
Q

Cirrhosis is the

A

end stage of liver disease. Involves scarring

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69
Q

In cirrhosis, a lot of the liver tissue has been replaced by __ tissue

A

fibrous

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70
Q

The fibrous tissue in cirrhosis disrupts

A

blood flow, which eventually kills the liver

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71
Q

The fibrous tissue in cirrhosis disrupts blood flow, which eventually kills the liver. Also causes

A

portal hypertension and blocks bile pathways.

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72
Q

the most common cause of cirrhosis is

A

alcohol

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73
Q

in addition to alcohol, cirrhosis can be caused by

A

metabolic disorders where minerals build up in the liver

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74
Q

when cirrhosis is caused by a metabolic disorders where minerals build up in the liver, the minerals are

A

iron and copper

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75
Q

Cirrhosis involves the formation of ___ in the liver.

A

nodules

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76
Q

in cirrhosis sometimes there are no symptoms until the disease is

A

really serious.

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77
Q

Cirrhosis symptoms

A

Symptoms can be weight loss, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea

There are other manifestations similar to liver failure like hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding.

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78
Q

chloride level

A

95 to 105

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79
Q

Phosphorus level

A

2.5 to 4.5

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80
Q

Magnesium level

A

1.5 to 2.5

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81
Q

Crohn disease involves

A

inflammation of various parts of the GI tract. The cause is unknown.

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82
Q

Crohn disease effects

A

women in their 20s and 30s (but men too)

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83
Q

Crohn disease is evidenced by

A

lesions in the mucosa of the GI

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84
Q

Crohn disease all layers of the GI are affected, especially the

A

submucosa

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85
Q

Crohn disease the bowel gets a __ appearance

A

“cobblestone” appearance.

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86
Q

Crohn disease bowel wall becomes

A

stiff

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87
Q

Crohn disease Symptoms include

A
  • diarrhea
  • colicky pain
  • weight loss
  • fluid/electrolyte problems
  • fever
  • malaise
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88
Q

Children with Crohn disease may not

A

grow properly because they’re not absorbing nutrients.

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89
Q

A common complication of Crohn disease is

A

fistulas (tunnels connecting different parts of the body)

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90
Q

People with Crohn disease need a diet high in

A

calories, vitamins, and proteins, but low in fats.

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91
Q

Drug therapy and surgery may be needed for

A

Crohn disease

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92
Q

This disease can affect one or all layers of the GI wall

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

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93
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease can be caused by

A

H. pylori infection or excessive use of NSAIDs

94
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease can be caused by H. pylori infection or excessive use of NSAIDs. These causes are even more likely to cause ulcers if the person

A

smokes, takes corticosteroids, or has certain genetic factors/certain blood type.

95
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease symptoms

A

pain when the stomach is emptying or in the middle of the night.

96
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease pattern

A

The pain occurs for weeks or months at a time and then stops for a little while.

97
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease pain can be relieved by

A

Eating and taking antacids

98
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease can also cause

A

hemorrhage

99
Q

in Peptic Ulcer Disease, the bleeding can be

A

be sudden and severe, or it can be insidious and produce only occult blood.

100
Q

In acute hemorrhage the stool can be

A

tarry or red. Also you can have coffee-ground like vomit

101
Q

When an ulcer burns all the way through the layers of the tract it’s called

A

perforation

102
Q

When the ulcer goes even further, into an adjacent organ, it’s called

A

penetration

103
Q

The goal of peptic ulcer disease is to

A

eliminate the cause which completely cures you (unlike with crohns disease which has no cure).

104
Q

during treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease, avoid

A

NSAIDs

105
Q

stomach cancer:

Risk factors include

A
  • genetic factors
  • carcinogenic foods (like preserved foods)
  • autoimmune gastritis
  • Adenomas and polyps.
  • chronic infection of H. pylori
106
Q

Often people don’t have any symptoms of stomach cancer until it’s

A

very serious

107
Q

Another reason that stomach cancer is hard to diagnose is that the symptoms are

A

pretty vague and could mean anything, like vomiting and weight loss.

108
Q

Appendicitis is most common for people in their

A

20s and 30s

109
Q

Appendicitis: The cause is unknown, but the condition results in the appendix wall being

A

perforated

110
Q

Appendicitis: addition to pain and nausea, you will have increased

A

WBC count and temperature.

111
Q

Appendicitis: If you palpate, tenderness

A

and rebound tenderness are common.

112
Q

Appendicitis: The appendix must be

A

removed

113
Q

gallbladder function

A

It stores excess bile from the liver.

114
Q

the gallbladder opens up and the bile comes out when the duodenum is

A

full

115
Q

A kidney disease that effects the tubules, interstitium, and pelvis of the kidney.

A

pyelonephritis

116
Q

Acute pyelonephritis is caused by

A

bacterial infection.

117
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis is caused by

A

bacteria as well as other factors such as reflux.

118
Q

Most kidney infections are secondary to

A

UTIs

119
Q

The bacteria that usually causes acute pyelonephritis is

A

E. coli

120
Q

When acute pyelonephritis occurs in a woman without other contributing factors (like blockage) it’s called

A

uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis

121
Q

When acute pyelonephritis occurs in children or adults with additional contributing factors is called

A

complicated acute pyelonephritis

122
Q

Factors that contribute to the development of acute pyelonephritis include

A
  • obstruction
  • catheters
  • reflux
  • pregnancy
  • neurogenic bladder
123
Q

the main reason that bacteria are able to enter and infect the kidney.

A

Dysfunction of the vesicourteral orifice

124
Q

Another acute pyelonephritis involves ischemia and is called

A

Papillary Necrosis

125
Q

Papillary necrosis effects the renal

A

renal pyramids

126
Q

Papillary necrosis is most common in people with

A

diabetes

127
Q

Acute pyelonephritis can usually be easily treated with

A

antibiotics

128
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis is more serious. There is scarring and atrophy of the

A

renal cortex and renal calyces

129
Q

In chronic, pyelonephritis, instead of just a bacterial infection alone, there’s a combination of factors like

A

obstruction and/or reflux.

130
Q

the most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis

A

reflux

131
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis tends to have a recurrent history of

A

UTI

132
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis can cause

A

renal failure

133
Q

Renal failure is evidenced by

A

elevation in serum creatinine, no urine formation, and needing dialysis

134
Q

Acute Kidney failure can result from loss of blood to the kidneys, which is called

A

pre-renal injury

135
Q

Acute Kidney failure can also occur from conditions that block elimination of urine, which is called

A

post-renal injury

136
Q

Acute Kidney failure can also occur problems within the kidney itself, which is called

A

intra-renal injury

137
Q

Intra-renal injury is usually caused by

A

tubular necrosis

138
Q

Acute Kidney failure is

A

reversible

139
Q

Acute kidney failure is treated with fluids, dialysis, or

A

renal replacement therapy.

140
Q

Chronic kidney failure results in permanent loss of

A

nephrons

141
Q

Chronic kidney failure also results in decline in renal function for a period of more than _ months.

A

3 months

142
Q

Chronic kidney failure can cause

A

diabetes

143
Q

The best way to measure kidney function is

A

GFR

144
Q

Chronic kidney failure can have a wide range of effects including

A

skeletal, skin, sexual, and neuromuscular.

145
Q

The 2 kinds of treatment of Chronic kidney failure are conservative

A

conservative management and renal replacement therapy.

146
Q

Conservative treatment is to prevent further damage to the kidney and

A

assist the body in compensating.

147
Q

Renal replacement therapy includes

A

dialysis or kidney transplant

148
Q

It’s used for advanced urecemia or electrolyte problems.

A

Renal replacement therapy (includes dialysis or kidney transplant)

149
Q

In children, Chronic kidney failure can be

A

inherited or acquired

150
Q

The best renal therapies for children are

A

CCPD, NIPD, and transplantation.

151
Q

stones tend form in only

A

1 kidney at a time.

152
Q

For types of stones

A
  • calcium
  • magnesium ammonium phosphate
  • uric acid
  • cystine
153
Q

The causes of calcium, uric acid, and cystine stones are

A

self explanatory, i.e. calcium stones are caused by hypercalcemia

154
Q

The causes of calcium, uric acid, and cystine stones are self explanatory, i.e. calcium stones are caused by hypercalcemia. Any other causes she gives are probably going to be

A

magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stones

155
Q

The most common kidney stones are

A

Calcium stones

156
Q

magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stones are also called

A

struvite stones

157
Q

magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stones usually require

A

surgical removal.

158
Q

Uric acid stones can develop during

A

gout

159
Q

The major symptom of kidney stones is

A

pain

160
Q

A disorder caused by an imbalance between the amount of insulin available and the amount of insulin needed

A

Diabetes

161
Q

in diabetes, the imbalance causes problems metabolizing

A

carbs, protein, and fats.

162
Q

Type 1

A

the beta cells are destroyed and there’s absolutely no insulin.

163
Q

Type 2

A

when there’s not enough insulin or the body can’t use the insulin that’s available.

164
Q

Diabetes can also be caused by another disease that destroys the beta cells or another disease that causes

A

glucose imbalance

165
Q

A symptom of type 1 can be weight loss

A

(despite eating a normal amount)

166
Q

Oral diabetic drugs can sometimes be used for treating type

A

2

167
Q

Acute complication of diabetes includes

A

ketoacidosis

168
Q

Types of UTIs include

A

bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis

169
Q

Factors that increase the risk for UTI include

A

UT blockage
Urine sitting still in the tract for a long time
Reflux
Changes that happen to the tract during pregnancy and during aging
Catheters

170
Q

The most common bacteria of UTIs is

A

E. coli

171
Q

Other UTI bacteria include

A

enterococcus, staphyloccus, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas.

172
Q 
metabolic syndrome is characterized by:
o\_\_\_
\_\_\_ resistance 
high levels of \_\_\_\_
low \_\_\_
hyper\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ disease
A 
Obesity
insulin resistance
high levels of triglycerides 
low HDL
hypertension
cardiovascular disease
173
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

o___

A

obesity

174
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

___ resistance

A

insulin

175
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

high levels of ____

A

triglycerides

176
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

low ___

A

HDL

177
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

hyper___

A

hypertension

178
Q

metabolic syndrome is characterized by:

____ disease

A

cardiovascular disease

179
Q

metabolic syndrome also involves risk for

A

type 2 diabetes

180
Q

Often call “wear and tear” arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

181
Q

osteoarthritis is a slowly destructive disorder of the

A

articular cartilage

182
Q

osteoarthritis can have a congenital or

A

acquired cause

183
Q 
osteoarthritis Risk factors include-
o\_\_ age
m\_\_ j\_\_ i\_\_
n\_\_\_
o\_\_\_
A

old age
multiple joint involvement
neuropathy
obesity

184
Q

Inflammation in osteoarthritis causes the loss of cartilage to be

A

progressive

185
Q

A chronic systemic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

186
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder affecting

A

multiple joints

187
Q

rheumatoid arthritis involves inflammatory changes in the

A

synovium of the joint

188
Q

in rheumatoid arthritis there is formation of a destructive granulation tissue called

A

pannus

189
Q

RA leads to

A

joint instability and deformity

190
Q

Gout is a joint disease caused by

A

crystals

191
Q

Gout: Specifically there are ___ urate crystals in the joint cavity

A

monosodium

192
Q

An acute attack of gout involves

A

pain, redness, swelling at a joint

193
Q

Gout is accompanied with

A

hyperuricemia (Increased serum uric acid level)

194
Q

Metabolic disease with decreased bone density.

A

Osteoporosis

195
Q

The most common causes of Osteoporosis are

A

aging and decreased estrogen after menopause

196
Q

In pancreatitis, inflammation produces large volumes of

A

serous exudate

197
Q

In pancreatitis, inflammation produces large volumes of serous exudate which leads to

A

Hypovolemia and Hypocalcemia

198
Q

In CP you can have glucose control problems because of damage to

A

islets of Langerhans

199
Q

In CP you can also have signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying

A

bile tract disorders or duct compression by tumors

200
Q

The liver weighs

A

3.3 lbs

201
Q

The liver is enclosed in the

A

glisson capsule

202
Q

The hepatic sinusoids are lined with 2 types of cells; the typical capillary endothelial cells and the

A

kupffer cells

203
Q

Liver has a dual blood supply; venous supply the hepatic portal vein and arterial supply through the

A

hepatic artery

204
Q

In the liver the sinusoids empty into central veins, which send the blood to the

A

hepatic vein

205
Q

At the back of each hepatic cell, bile is released into a

A

canaliculus

206
Q

The section of the liver emptying into one vein is a

A

lobule

207
Q

The liver also serves as an ___ organ

A

excretory organ

208
Q

miscellaneous liver failure results are

A

hypokalemia and fluid loss

209
Q

hand tremor associated with liver failure

A

Asterixis

210
Q

Liver cells contain fat deposits; liver is enlarged

A

Steatosis

211
Q

In biliary disorders, the bile flow

A

slows down

212
Q

In biliary disorders, alkaline phosphatase is

A

released into blood

213
Q

A symptom of biliary disorders can be

A

itching

214
Q

Cirrhosis associated cirrhosis with alcoholism ,

A

viral hepatitis and biliary disease

215
Q

In cirrhosis a late manifestation of cirrhosis and portal hypertension is

A

Ascites

216
Q

In cirrhosis scar tissue partially blocks sinusoids and bile

A

canaliculi

217
Q

gallstones are aka

A

cholelithiasis

218
Q

cholecystitis is inflammation caused by irritation due to concentrated

A

bile

219
Q

Inflammation of the common bile duct

A

Cholangitis

220
Q

Stones in the common bile duct

A

Choledocholithiasis

221
Q

Acute diabetes complications can include

A

Somogyi effect and Dawn phenomenon

222
Q

Diabetic neuropathy includes diminished

A

perception

223
Q

In gestational diabetes, blood sugar usually returns to normal soon after

A

delivery

224
Q

if you’ve had gestational diabetes, you’re at risk for type

A

2 diabetes

225
Q

osteoarthritis often secondary to

A

physical damage

226
Q

In osteoarthritis the joint tries to heal itself, but that actually causes even more damage and the formation of

A

osteophytes or spurs

227
Q

In osteoarthritis the cartilage contains more water, less

A

collagen

228
Q

rheumatoid arthritis involves a genetic

A

predisposition

229
Q

a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis is

A

smoking

230
Q

RA treatment:

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Corticosteroids
  • (COX)-2 inhibitors
  • DMARDs; retard the progression
  • Biological agents

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