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aa orgo > HESI Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

HESI Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

“muscle cells” are also called

A

“muscle fibers”

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2
Q

first layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle cell

A

endomysium

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3
Q

second layer of connective tissue, which surrounds a group of muscle fibers

A

perimysium

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4
Q

third layer of connective tissue, surrounding everything

A

epimysium

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5
Q

a group of of muscles surrounded by the perimysium is called a

A

fascicle

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6
Q

a ____ connects a muscle to a bone or another muscle

A

tendon

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7
Q

an extension of a muscle that serves the same purpose as a tendon

A

aponeurosis

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8
Q

a special word for a layer of connective tissue (starts with F)

A

fascia

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9
Q

surrounding the epimysium is the

A

deep fascia

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10
Q

between the deep fascia and the skin is the

A

superficial fascia

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11
Q

superficial fascia is another way to say

A

hypodermis

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12
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

the sarcolemma is invaginated with lots of

A

T tubes

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14
Q

whats the most important substance stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium

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15
Q

myofibrils have 2 kinds of filaments called

A

actin and myosin

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16
Q

thin filaments are

A

actin

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17
Q

thick filaments are

A

myosin

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18
Q

actin has 2 special molecules called

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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19
Q

the special structure of myosin is it’s

A

protruding head (the filament is golf club shaped)

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20
Q

in the striated pattern of skeletal musle, the repeating units are called

A

sarcomeres

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21
Q

Each sarcomere is bordered by a

A

Z disc

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22
Q

In the first step of muscle contraction, ATP binds to a

A

myosin head

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23
Q

in muscle contraction, Ca2 binds to

A

actin

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24
Q

in muscle contraction, when Ca2 binds to actin, what happens?

A

the shape of actin changes, exposing binding sites.

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25
Q

in muscle contraction, after the power stroke, what causes the cross bridge to unbind?

A

ATP

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26
Q

neurons are stimulated when the ____ across their plasma membrane changes

A

polarity

27
Q

The change in polarity in a neuron is called an

A

action potential

28
Q

An action potential in a nerve causes the release of

A

acetylcholine

29
Q

in muscle contraction, The action potential goes from the nerve to the muscle where it spreads through the _ ____ of the muscle

A

t tubules

30
Q

in muscle contraction, as a result of the action potential throughout the t tubules, the ____ _____ releases the mineral __

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2

31
Q

in muscle contraction, the Ca2 released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to ____ molecules on the _____ filament.
This prompts _____ molecules to expose binding sites

A

troponin
actin
tropomyosin

32
Q

A muscle contraction in response to a single nerve action potential is called a

A

twitch reaction

33
Q

4 phases of muscle contraction

LCRR

A

latent
contraction
relaxation
refractory

34
Q

phases of muscle contraction, the time required for the release of Ca2

A

latent period

35
Q

phases of muscle contraction, the time during actual muscle contraction

A

contraction period

36
Q

phases of muscle contraction, the time during which Ca2 are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

relaxation period

37
Q

phases of muscle contraction, the time immediately following a stimulus

A

refractory period

38
Q

phases of muscle contraction, during this phase the muscle will not respond to a 2nd stimulus

A

refractory period

39
Q

phases of muscle contraction, the refractory period occurs at the same time as the

A

contraction period

40
Q

quality of muscle contraction,

If stimuli are repeatedly applied to a muscle, it can result in ___ ____ because there’s extra ____

A

stronger contraction

Ca2

41
Q

incomplete tetanus is also called

A

unfused tetanus

42
Q

complete tetanus is also called

A

fused tetanus

43
Q

This occurs when the frequency of stimuli increases to a point where successive contractions blend to where they’re almost one big contraction

A

incomplete tetanus

44
Q

This occurs when individual muscle contractions completely fuse to produce one large contraction

A

complete tetanus

45
Q

Muscle contractions intensify when more motor neurons stimulate more muscle fibers. This is called ___ or ____ ___ ___ ___

A

recruitment or

multiple motor unit summation

46
Q

recruitment (aka multiple motor unit summation) is responsible for ____ ____ coordination

A

fine motor

47
Q

the 2 types of muscle contraction

A

isotonic

isometric

48
Q

type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle changes length

A

isotonic

49
Q

type of muscles contraction, picking up a book

A

istonic

50
Q

type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle doesn’t change length

A

isometric

51
Q

type of muscles contraction, holding a book in midair

A

isometric

52
Q

in terms of muscle contraction, the 2 types of muscle fibers

A

slow fibers

fast fibers

53
Q

is this a fast or slow fiber? high endurance, red, don’t produce much strength

A

slow

54
Q

is this a fast or slow fiber? low endurance, white, produce a lot of strength

A

fast

55
Q

in any relaxed muscle, a small number of contractions are always occurring. This is called ___ ____

A

muscle tone

56
Q

muscle fibers stop contracting when theres not enough ATP. This is called __ ___

A

muscle fatigue

57
Q

_____ ______ transfers it’s phosphate group to an ADP to form an ATP

A

creatine phosphate

58
Q

_____ _____ is a process by which ATP is made from energy rich-molecules

A

cellular respiration

59
Q

How many ATPs are generated by anaerobic respiration

A

2

60
Q

in anaerobic cellular respiration, a lot oxygen is needed to convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid, which means the oxygen can’t be used for other stuff. This is called “_____ “

A

oxygen debt

61
Q

aerobic respiration produces how many ATPs

A

36

62
Q

intercalated discs are made of ___ and ____ ____

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

63
Q

instead of Z discs, smooth muscle tissue has ___ ____ which pull the muscle cells together

A

dense bodies

64
Q

5 things, this is a bundle of __, which is a bundle of this ___ etc

A

a whole skeletal muscle - fascicle - Muscle Fibers - Myofibrils - filaments

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