HESI Muscle Tissue Flashcards
“muscle cells” are also called
“muscle fibers”
first layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle cell
endomysium
second layer of connective tissue, which surrounds a group of muscle fibers
perimysium
third layer of connective tissue, surrounding everything
epimysium
a group of of muscles surrounded by the perimysium is called a
fascicle
a ____ connects a muscle to a bone or another muscle
tendon
an extension of a muscle that serves the same purpose as a tendon
aponeurosis
a special word for a layer of connective tissue (starts with F)
fascia
surrounding the epimysium is the
deep fascia
between the deep fascia and the skin is the
superficial fascia
superficial fascia is another way to say
hypodermis
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
the sarcolemma is invaginated with lots of
T tubes
whats the most important substance stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium
myofibrils have 2 kinds of filaments called
actin and myosin
thin filaments are
actin
thick filaments are
myosin
actin has 2 special molecules called
troponin and tropomyosin
the special structure of myosin is it’s
protruding head (the filament is golf club shaped)
in the striated pattern of skeletal musle, the repeating units are called
sarcomeres
Each sarcomere is bordered by a
Z disc
In the first step of muscle contraction, ATP binds to a
myosin head
in muscle contraction, Ca2 binds to
actin
in muscle contraction, when Ca2 binds to actin, what happens?
the shape of actin changes, exposing binding sites.
in muscle contraction, after the power stroke, what causes the cross bridge to unbind?
ATP
neurons are stimulated when the ____ across their plasma membrane changes
polarity
The change in polarity in a neuron is called an
action potential
An action potential in a nerve causes the release of
acetylcholine
in muscle contraction, The action potential goes from the nerve to the muscle where it spreads through the _ ____ of the muscle
t tubules
in muscle contraction, as a result of the action potential throughout the t tubules, the ____ _____ releases the mineral __
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2
in muscle contraction, the Ca2 released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to ____ molecules on the _____ filament.
This prompts _____ molecules to expose binding sites
troponin
actin
tropomyosin
A muscle contraction in response to a single nerve action potential is called a
twitch reaction
4 phases of muscle contraction
LCRR
latent
contraction
relaxation
refractory
phases of muscle contraction, the time required for the release of Ca2
latent period
phases of muscle contraction, the time during actual muscle contraction
contraction period
phases of muscle contraction, the time during which Ca2 are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
relaxation period
phases of muscle contraction, the time immediately following a stimulus
refractory period
phases of muscle contraction, during this phase the muscle will not respond to a 2nd stimulus
refractory period
phases of muscle contraction, the refractory period occurs at the same time as the
contraction period
quality of muscle contraction,
If stimuli are repeatedly applied to a muscle, it can result in ___ ____ because there’s extra ____
stronger contraction
Ca2
incomplete tetanus is also called
unfused tetanus
complete tetanus is also called
fused tetanus
This occurs when the frequency of stimuli increases to a point where successive contractions blend to where they’re almost one big contraction
incomplete tetanus
This occurs when individual muscle contractions completely fuse to produce one large contraction
complete tetanus
Muscle contractions intensify when more motor neurons stimulate more muscle fibers. This is called ___ or ____ ___ ___ ___
recruitment or
multiple motor unit summation
recruitment (aka multiple motor unit summation) is responsible for ____ ____ coordination
fine motor
the 2 types of muscle contraction
isotonic
isometric
type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle changes length
isotonic
type of muscles contraction, picking up a book
istonic
type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle doesn’t change length
isometric
type of muscles contraction, holding a book in midair
isometric
in terms of muscle contraction, the 2 types of muscle fibers
slow fibers
fast fibers
is this a fast or slow fiber? high endurance, red, don’t produce much strength
slow
is this a fast or slow fiber? low endurance, white, produce a lot of strength
fast
in any relaxed muscle, a small number of contractions are always occurring. This is called ___ ____
muscle tone
muscle fibers stop contracting when theres not enough ATP. This is called __ ___
muscle fatigue
_____ ______ transfers it’s phosphate group to an ADP to form an ATP
creatine phosphate
_____ _____ is a process by which ATP is made from energy rich-molecules
cellular respiration
How many ATPs are generated by anaerobic respiration
2
in anaerobic cellular respiration, a lot oxygen is needed to convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid, which means the oxygen can’t be used for other stuff. This is called “_____ “
oxygen debt
aerobic respiration produces how many ATPs
36
intercalated discs are made of ___ and ____ ____
desmosomes and gap junctions
instead of Z discs, smooth muscle tissue has ___ ____ which pull the muscle cells together
dense bodies
5 things, this is a bundle of __, which is a bundle of this ___ etc
a whole skeletal muscle - fascicle - Muscle Fibers - Myofibrils - filaments
