HESI Muscle Tissue

Question 1

“muscle cells” are also called

Answer 1

“muscle fibers”

Question 2

first layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle cell

Answer 2

endomysium

Question 3

second layer of connective tissue, which surrounds a group of muscle fibers

Answer 3

perimysium

Question 4

third layer of connective tissue, surrounding everything

Answer 4

epimysium

Question 5

a group of of muscles surrounded by the perimysium is called a

Answer 5

fascicle

Question 6

a ____ connects a muscle to a bone or another muscle

Answer 6

tendon

Question 7

an extension of a muscle that serves the same purpose as a tendon

Answer 7

aponeurosis

Question 8

a special word for a layer of connective tissue (starts with F)

Answer 8

fascia

Question 9

surrounding the epimysium is the

Answer 9

deep fascia

Question 10

between the deep fascia and the skin is the

Answer 10

superficial fascia

Question 11

superficial fascia is another way to say

Answer 11

hypodermis

Question 12

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Answer 12

sarcolemma

Question 13

the sarcolemma is invaginated with lots of

Answer 13

T tubes

Question 14

whats the most important substance stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

calcium

Question 15

myofibrils have 2 kinds of filaments called

Answer 15

actin and myosin

Question 16

thin filaments are

Answer 16

actin

Question 17

thick filaments are

Answer 17

myosin

Question 18

actin has 2 special molecules called

Answer 18

troponin and tropomyosin

Question 19

the special structure of myosin is it’s

Answer 19

protruding head (the filament is golf club shaped)

Question 20

in the striated pattern of skeletal musle, the repeating units are called

Answer 20

sarcomeres

Question 21

Each sarcomere is bordered by a

Answer 21

Z disc

Question 22

In the first step of muscle contraction, ATP binds to a

Answer 22

myosin head

Question 23

in muscle contraction, Ca2 binds to

Answer 23

actin

Question 24

in muscle contraction, when Ca2 binds to actin, what happens?

Answer 24

the shape of actin changes, exposing binding sites.

Question 25

in muscle contraction, after the power stroke, what causes the cross bridge to unbind?

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

neurons are stimulated when the ____ across their plasma membrane changes

Answer 26

polarity

Question 27

The change in polarity in a neuron is called an

Answer 27

action potential

Question 28

An action potential in a nerve causes the release of

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

in muscle contraction, The action potential goes from the nerve to the muscle where it spreads through the _ ____ of the muscle

Answer 29

t tubules

Question 30

in muscle contraction, as a result of the action potential throughout the t tubules, the ____ _____ releases the mineral __

Answer 30

sarcoplasmic reticulum | Ca2

Question 31

in muscle contraction, the Ca2 released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to ____ molecules on the _____ filament. This prompts _____ molecules to expose binding sites

Answer 31

troponin actin tropomyosin

Question 32

A muscle contraction in response to a single nerve action potential is called a

Answer 32

twitch reaction

Question 33

4 phases of muscle contraction | LCRR

Answer 33

latent contraction relaxation refractory

Question 34

phases of muscle contraction, the time required for the release of Ca2

Answer 34

latent period

Question 35

phases of muscle contraction, the time during actual muscle contraction

Answer 35

contraction period

Question 36

phases of muscle contraction, the time during which Ca2 are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 36

relaxation period

Question 37

phases of muscle contraction, the time immediately following a stimulus

Answer 37

refractory period

Question 38

phases of muscle contraction, during this phase the muscle will not respond to a 2nd stimulus

Answer 38

refractory period

Question 39

phases of muscle contraction, the refractory period occurs at the same time as the

Answer 39

contraction period

Question 40

quality of muscle contraction, | If stimuli are repeatedly applied to a muscle, it can result in ___ ____ because there's extra ____

Answer 40

stronger contraction | Ca2

Question 41

incomplete tetanus is also called

Answer 41

unfused tetanus

Question 42

complete tetanus is also called

Answer 42

fused tetanus

Question 43

This occurs when the frequency of stimuli increases to a point where successive contractions blend to where they're almost one big contraction

Answer 43

incomplete tetanus

Question 44

This occurs when individual muscle contractions completely fuse to produce one large contraction

Answer 44

complete tetanus

Question 45

Muscle contractions intensify when more motor neurons stimulate more muscle fibers. This is called ___ or ____ ___ ___ ___

Answer 45

recruitment or | multiple motor unit summation

Question 46

recruitment (aka multiple motor unit summation) is responsible for ____ ____ coordination

Answer 46

fine motor

Question 47

the 2 types of muscle contraction

Answer 47

isotonic | isometric

Question 48

type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle changes length

Answer 48

isotonic

Question 49

type of muscles contraction, picking up a book

Answer 49

istonic

Question 50

type of muscles contraction, occurs when muscle doesn't change length

Answer 50

isometric

Question 51

type of muscles contraction, holding a book in midair

Answer 51

isometric

Question 52

in terms of muscle contraction, the 2 types of muscle fibers

Answer 52

slow fibers | fast fibers

Question 53

is this a fast or slow fiber? high endurance, red, don't produce much strength

Answer 53

slow

Question 54

is this a fast or slow fiber? low endurance, white, produce a lot of strength

Answer 54

fast

Question 55

in any relaxed muscle, a small number of contractions are always occurring. This is called ___ ____

Answer 55

muscle tone

Question 56

muscle fibers stop contracting when theres not enough ATP. This is called __ ___

Answer 56

muscle fatigue

Question 57

_____ ______ transfers it's phosphate group to an ADP to form an ATP

Answer 57

creatine phosphate

Question 58

_____ _____ is a process by which ATP is made from energy rich-molecules

Answer 58

cellular respiration

Question 59

How many ATPs are generated by anaerobic respiration

Answer 59

2

Question 60

in anaerobic cellular respiration, a lot oxygen is needed to convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid, which means the oxygen can't be used for other stuff. This is called "_____ "

Answer 60

oxygen debt

Question 61

aerobic respiration produces how many ATPs

Answer 61

36

Question 62

intercalated discs are made of ___ and ____ ____

Answer 62

desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 63

instead of Z discs, smooth muscle tissue has ___ ____ which pull the muscle cells together

Answer 63

dense bodies

Question 64

5 things, this is a bundle of __, which is a bundle of this ___ etc

Answer 64

a whole skeletal muscle - fascicle - Muscle Fibers - Myofibrils - filaments