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409 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Seizures may cause alterations in

A

LOC and motor changes

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2
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic recurring abnormal brain electrical activity

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3
Q

_____ seizures are more common in children and tend to occur in families.

A

Absence

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4
Q

Acute febrile state is a seizure risk factor especially for

A

infants and children younger than the age of 2 years

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5
Q

how can Metabolic disorders cause Sz

A

the disorder can cause imbalance in chemicals in the brain

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6
Q

Sz Triggering Factor: excess intake of

A

caffeine

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7
Q

A generalized seizure is also called a

A

tonic-clonic seizure

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8
Q

A 1- to 2-min clonic episode (which is _________) follows the tonic episode

A

rhythmic jerking of the extremities

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9
Q

Sz: _____ can accompany breathing irregularities.

A

Cyanosis

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10
Q

Absence seizure consists of

A

a loss of consciousness lasting a few seconds.

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11
Q

This type of seizure is associated with blank staring.

A

Absence

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12
Q

Seizure activity also may include unconscious, involuntary behavior associated with eye
fluttering, smacking of the lips, and picking at clothes called automatisms

A

Absence

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13
Q

Myoclonic seizures consist of

A

brief jerking or stiffening of the extremities, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical

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14
Q

Atonic or akinetic seizures are characterized by

A

a few seconds in which muscle tone is lost.

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15
Q

type of Sz where the loss of muscle tone frequently results in falling

A

Atonic or akinetic

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16
Q

Partial or focal/local seizure include

A

Complex partial seizure

Simple partial seizures

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17
Q

Complex partial seizures have associated

A

automatisms (behaviors that the client is unaware of, such as lip smacking or picking at clothes)

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18
Q

Amnesia may occur immediately prior to and after the seizure

A

Complex partial seizures

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19
Q

Sz where consciousness is maintained throughout

A

simple partial seizures

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20
Q

Sz position

A

turn on their side to prevent aspiration

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21
Q

Try to control seizure activity using medication such as

A

phenytoin

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22
Q

When should antiepileptic drugs be taken

A

same time everyday

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23
Q

When using ____, specific instructions should include avoidance of oral contraceptives

A

phenytoin

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24
Q

___ should also not be given with phenytoin

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

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25
Q

Some antiepileptic medications cause oral gum overgrowth. What can minimize this side effect

A

oral hygiene

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26
Q

vagal nerve stimulator treats

A

Sz

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27
Q

vagal nerve stimulator: In addition to routine stimulation, the client may initiate vagal nerve stimulation by

A

holding a magnet over the implantable device, at the onset of seizure activity

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28
Q

vagal nerve stimulator: avoid

A

MRI, Ultrasound, microwave

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29
Q

Status epilepticus

A

prolonged seizure activity occurring over a 30-min time frame

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30
Q

what are the meds you’d give someone while they’re Sz’ing

A

loading dose of diazepam or lorazepam

then a continuous infusion of phenytoin

31
Q

Parkinson’s 4 main symptoms

A

tremor
muscle rigidity
bradykinesia (slow movement)
postural instability

32
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms occur due to overstimulation of the basal ganglia by

A

acetylcholine

33
Q

Treatment of PD focuses on increasing the amount of _____ or decreasing the amount of _____

A

increasing DA

decreasing Ach

34
Q

Parkinson’s risk factor: exposure to

A

toxins and chemicals

35
Q

Parkinson’s risk factor: Gender

A

male

36
Q

Parkinson’s risk factor: Chronic use of

A

antipsychotic medication

37
Q

Parkinson’s gait

A

slow, shuffling

38
Q

Parkinson’s diagnostic procedures

A

None. Rather the dx is based on symptoms, their progression, and by ruling out other diseases

39
Q

Parkinson’s meds may take several

A

weeks of use before improvement

40
Q

Dopaminergics may be combined with carbidopa (Sinemet) to decrease peripheral metabolism of levodopa requiring a smaller dose to make the same amount available to the brain. Side effects are

A

subsequently less

41
Q

If a Parkinson’s patient is using an anticholinergic, monitor for side effects like

A

dry mouth
constipation
urine retention

42
Q

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors can be used to treat

A

Parkinson’s

43
Q

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors: a normal finding is

A

dark urine

44
Q

amantadine is used to treat

A

Parkinson’s

45
Q

amantadine: monitor for

A

swollen ankles and discoloration of the skin

46
Q

Deep brain stimulation is tx for

A

Parkinson’s

47
Q

Deep brain stimulation: The client will need to be instructed on how to

A

use a magnet to adjust the current

48
Q

Deep brain stimulation: The client will need to be instructed on how to use a magnet to adjust the current. The battery to the magnet will need to be replaced every

A

few years

49
Q

As PD advances in severity, alterations in chewing and swallowing will worsen, increasing the risk for

A

aspiration

50
Q

A chronic disorder of recurrent seizures

A

Epilepsy

51
Q

Abnormal neuronal activity may remain localized, causing a partial or focal seizure, or it may spread to involve the entire brain, causing

A

generalized seizure activity

52
Q

Primary Sz

A

Idiopathic (repeated episodes with no known cause)

53
Q

Seizures caused by febrile seizures in children, toxemia of pregnancy, rapid withdrawal from alcohol or barbiturates, systemic metabolic conditions (hypoglycemia, E- imbalances)

A

Secondary

54
Q

Metabolic needs of the brain during seizure activity

A

increase dramatically

55
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Involve activation of only a restricted part of one cerebral hemisphere

56
Q

a simple partial seizure in which there is

A

no alteration in consciousness

57
Q

Complex partial seizures

A

consciousness is impaired and the client may engage in repetitive, non-purposeful activity, such as lip smacking, aimless walking, or picking at clothing (automatisms)

58
Q

Seizures that involve both hemispheres of the brain as well as deeper brain structures: thalamus, basal ganglia, and upper brainstem

A

Generalized Seizures

59
Q

Sudden brief cessation of all motor activity accompanied by a blank stare and unresponsiveness.

A

Absence seizures

60
Q

Absence seizures: kind of movements that may occur

A

lip-smacking or eyelid fluttering may occur

61
Q

Clonic Phase is characterized by

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles in all the extremities along with hyperventilation.

62
Q

Seizure activity becomes continuous, with only very short periods of calm between intense and persistent seizures

A

Status Epilepticus

63
Q

Status Epilepticus: what kind of IV fluid would you give

A

50% glucose administered intravenously to prevent hypoglycemia

64
Q

Phenytoin must be administered in

A

Normal Saline

65
Q

Barbiturate administered to clients in status epilepticus

A

Phenobarbital

66
Q

The most common cause of epilepsy in older adults is

A

arteriosclerosis of the cerebrovascular system

67
Q

Older adults tend to have longer

A

post-seizure manifestations than do younger people

68
Q

Of note, some ____ decrease the effect of statins

A

AEDs

69
Q

Epilepsy that begins in older adults in often easier

A

to control with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) than that in younger people

70
Q

Causes gingival hyperplasia

A

phenytoin

71
Q

Blood levels of phenobarbital may rise significantly when _____ is added to the client’s medication regimen

A

valproic acid

72
Q

Sz pt diet consideration

A

avoid alcohol

limit coffee

73
Q

Sz pt hygiene consideration

A

Showers instead of tub baths

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