Watson Vasculature Flashcards
__ are the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system
capillaries
the tunica ___ is a sheet of endothelium, connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina
tunica intima
the tunica ___ consists of smooth muscle cell innervated by vasomotor nerves
media
muscular arteries control blood flow at the ___ level
organ level
smaller lumens and more elastic fibers
arteries
the 2 pressures within the systemic arterial circuit are the ___ pressure and the ___ pressure. The difference between these two pressures is the ___ pressure
systolic
diastolic
pulse
mechanisms that help with venous return (4 things)
venous valves
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
the sympathetic nervous system increases BP in the short term by increasing ___ ___ and ___ resistance
cardiac output
peripheral resistance
A sudden increase or decrease in BP triggers the
baroreceptor reflex
hormone that causes profound vasoconstriction
angiotensin-2
controls BP directly by adjustment of blood volume
kidneys
capillaries are composed of a thin layer of ___ with a ___ ___
endothelium
basal lamina
3 ways stuff can cross the capillary walls
- through pores/gaps
- through the membrane by diffusion
- through transcytosis
When blood pressure increases, arterioles ___
constrict
perfusion in the heart decreases during
systole
the increase in tissue perfusion in skeletal muscle that occurs during exercise is know as
hyperemia
the sympathetic nervous system causes ___ in the skin when body temp decreases
constriction
Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favor
filtration
blood pressure
force exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood
blood flow
volume of blood that flows per minute
the baroreceptor reflex is mediated by the ___ and the ___ nervous system
medulla and autonomic nervous system
increased concentrations of CO in interstitial fluid cause arterioles to
dilate
located in the lateral forearm
radial artery
large single branch off the aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, etc
celiac trunk
forms from the fusion of the 2 vertebral arteries
basilar artery
supplies the small intestine and most of the large intestine
superior mesenteric artery
supplies the foot and ankle
dorsalis pedis artery
provides blood supply to the lower limb
femoral artery
supplies the pelvis
internal iliac artery
supplies the kidney
renal artery
supplies the brain via the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
internal carotid artery
supplies the upper limb
subclavian artery
drains the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls
azygos vein
two veins merge to form the SVC
brachiocephalic veins
receives blood from the spleen and digestive organs
hepatic portal vein
superficial vein in the medial leg
great saphenous vein
drains the brain and face
internal jugular vein
drains part of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric vein
superficial vein in the lateral upper limb
cephalic vein
deep vein of the arm
brachial vein
drains the spleen
splenic vein
drain the brain capillaries and cerebrospinal fluid
dural sinus
type of artery- largest diameter; include aorta and its immediate branches; nearest heart
elastic artery
type of artery- generally intermediate in diameter; contain a well-developed tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle cells
muscular artery
T/F Arterioles contain all three layers of blood vessel wall
True
Smallest arterioles are called
metarterioles
velocity is slowest in the
capillaries
ΔP =
CO × PR
4 factors of peripheral resistance
vessel length
vessel diameter
blood viscosity
obstructions
low pressure is largely due to high ___ of veins
compliance
Hormones that control resistance (4)
epi
nore
angiotensin
ANP
Hormones that control cardiac output (3)
epi
nore
thyroid hormone
Endocrine system regulates blood volume through release of (4)
aldosterone
ADH
angiotensin
ANP
Hypotension – defined by a systolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg
90
60
the 3 kinds of capillaries
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal
Flow of blood that takes place within body’s capillary beds is collectively called
microcirculation
True capillaries are drained at distal end of capillary bed by a portion of central canal called a ___ channel
thoroughfare channel
Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as
autoregulation
two main types of local autoregulatory controls
myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls
Osmotic pressure is determined almost exclusively by ___ of particles, not their size
number
Osmotic pressure of capillary blood is created almost exclusively by large proteins in blood, especially protein ___
albumin
Proteins are too large to leave capillary, so osmotic pressure remains ___ throughout capillary’s length
consistent
the difference between capillary and outside osmotic pressure creates an osmotic pressure gradient known as __ ___ ___
colloid osmotic pressure
Difference between these gradients (hydrostatic and osmotic) is __ ___ ___
net filtration pressure
a condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid
edema
profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen
Ascites
___ and ____ ___ veins do not drain into inferior vena cava; merge with and drain into a large vein that enters liver, called hepatic portal vein
Superior and inferior mesenteric veins
how many layers do arterioles have
3
Smooth muscle cells of metarterioles are confined mostly to a circular ____ ____
precapillary sphincter
Smallest arterioles are called
metarterioles
muscles surrounding deeper veins of upper and lower limbs squeeze blood in veins and propel it
Skeletal muscle pumps
helps propel blood through thoracic and abdominal cavity veins, driven by rhythmic changes in pressure in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that occur with ventilation
Respiratory pump
During __ abdominal veins expand and fill with blood while thoracic veins are squeezed

expiration
Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause
vasoconstriction
Angiotensin-II is a powerful
vasoconstrictor
atrial cells secrete ANP, which causes
kidneys to excrete more water and sodium ions to decrease blood volume
Essential(primary)hypertension–cause
unknown
At rest, only about __ of body’s capillary beds are fully open
25%
as you move down the capillary, osmotic pressure
stays the same (because it has the same number of colloids (albumin))
___ capillaries make up the capillary bed, which connects to a central canal called a thoroughfare channel
True
Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as ____
autoregulation
two main types of local autoregulatory controls: ___ mechanism and ____ controls
myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls
Myogenic mechanism slows blood flow by increasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ___
rises
Myogenic mechanism speeds up blood flow by decreasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ____
lowers
Local regulation of tissue perfusion that is mediated by chemicals present in interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries
Metabolic controls
Main local auto regulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue appears to be
metabolic controls
Brain is extremely intolerant of
ischemia
Movement of water across a capillary is driven by a process called ___
filtration
Difference between colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
net filtration pressure
condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid:
Edema
Common causes of edema include: (2 sentences)
an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient due to hypertension or a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure
pronounced edema found in hands and feet where hydrostatic pressure gradient is already slightly higher due to effects of gravity
Peripheral edema
profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen
Ascites
Posterior thoracic and abdominal walls are drained by an entirely different system collectively called the
azygos system
purpose of azygos system
directs the pathway of veins around the lungs (instead of going through them)
Superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain into a large vein that enters liver, called
hepatic portal vein
Hepatic portal vein branches extensively in liver to form another set of
capillary beds
special type of circuit in which veins feed a capillary bed is known as a
portal system
sudden extreme drop in BP
shock
function of hepatic portal vein
prevents germs from the gi tract from getting to tissues via the blood.
