Watson Vasculature Flashcards by Richard smith

__ are the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system

capillaries

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the tunica ___ is a sheet of endothelium, connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina

tunica intima

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the tunica ___ consists of smooth muscle cell innervated by vasomotor nerves

media

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muscular arteries control blood flow at the ___ level

organ level

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smaller lumens and more elastic fibers

arteries

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the 2 pressures within the systemic arterial circuit are the ___ pressure and the ___ pressure. The difference between these two pressures is the ___ pressure

systolic
diastolic
pulse

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mechanisms that help with venous return (4 things)

venous valves
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

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the sympathetic nervous system increases BP in the short term by increasing ___ ___ and ___ resistance

cardiac output

peripheral resistance

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A sudden increase or decrease in BP triggers the

baroreceptor reflex

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hormone that causes profound vasoconstriction

angiotensin-2

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controls BP directly by adjustment of blood volume

kidneys

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capillaries are composed of a thin layer of ___ with a ___ ___

endothelium

basal lamina

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3 ways stuff can cross the capillary walls

through pores/gaps
through the membrane by diffusion
through transcytosis

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When blood pressure increases, arterioles ___

constrict

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perfusion in the heart decreases during

systole

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the increase in tissue perfusion in skeletal muscle that occurs during exercise is know as

hyperemia

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the sympathetic nervous system causes ___ in the skin when body temp decreases

constriction

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Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favor

filtration

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blood pressure

force exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood

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blood flow

volume of blood that flows per minute

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the baroreceptor reflex is mediated by the ___ and the ___ nervous system

medulla and autonomic nervous system

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increased concentrations of CO in interstitial fluid cause arterioles to

dilate

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located in the lateral forearm

radial artery

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large single branch off the aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, etc

celiac trunk

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forms from the fusion of the 2 vertebral arteries

basilar artery

supplies the small intestine and most of the large intestine

superior mesenteric artery

supplies the foot and ankle

dorsalis pedis artery

provides blood supply to the lower limb

femoral artery

supplies the pelvis

internal iliac artery

supplies the kidney

renal artery

supplies the brain via the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

internal carotid artery

supplies the upper limb

subclavian artery

drains the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls

azygos vein

two veins merge to form the SVC

brachiocephalic veins

receives blood from the spleen and digestive organs

hepatic portal vein

superficial vein in the medial leg

great saphenous vein

drains the brain and face

internal jugular vein

drains part of the large intestine

inferior mesenteric vein

superficial vein in the lateral upper limb

cephalic vein

deep vein of the arm

brachial vein

drains the spleen

splenic vein

drain the brain capillaries and cerebrospinal fluid

dural sinus

type of artery- largest diameter; include aorta and its immediate branches; nearest heart

elastic artery

type of artery- generally intermediate in diameter; contain a well-developed tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle cells

muscular artery

T/F Arterioles contain all three layers of blood vessel wall

True

Smallest arterioles are called

metarterioles

velocity is slowest in the

capillaries

ΔP =

CO × PR

4 factors of peripheral resistance

vessel length vessel diameter blood viscosity obstructions

low pressure is largely due to high ___ of veins

compliance

Hormones that control resistance (4)

epi nore angiotensin ANP

Hormones that control cardiac output (3)

epi nore thyroid hormone

Endocrine system regulates blood volume through release of (4)

aldosterone ADH angiotensin ANP

Hypotension – defined by a systolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg

90 | 60

the 3 kinds of capillaries

continuous fenestrated sinusoidal

Flow of blood that takes place within body’s capillary beds is collectively called

microcirculation

True capillaries are drained at distal end of capillary bed by a portion of central canal called a ___ channel

thoroughfare channel

Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as

autoregulation

two main types of local autoregulatory controls

myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls

Osmotic pressure is determined almost exclusively by ___ of particles, not their size

number

Osmotic pressure of capillary blood is created almost exclusively by large proteins in blood, especially protein ___

albumin

Proteins are too large to leave capillary, so osmotic pressure remains ___ throughout capillary’s length

consistent

the difference between capillary and outside osmotic pressure creates an osmotic pressure gradient known as __ ___ ___

colloid osmotic pressure

Difference between these gradients (hydrostatic and osmotic) is __ ___ ___

net filtration pressure

a condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid

edema

profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen

Ascites

___ and ____ ___ veins do not drain into inferior vena cava; merge with and drain into a large vein that enters liver, called hepatic portal vein

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins

how many layers do arterioles have

Smooth muscle cells of metarterioles are confined mostly to a circular ____ ____

precapillary sphincter

Smallest arterioles are called

metarterioles

muscles surrounding deeper veins of upper and lower limbs squeeze blood in veins and propel it

Skeletal muscle pumps

helps propel blood through thoracic and abdominal cavity veins, driven by rhythmic changes in pressure in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that occur with ventilation

Respiratory pump

During __ abdominal veins expand and fill with blood while thoracic veins are squeezed

expiration

Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause

vasoconstriction

Angiotensin-II is a powerful

vasoconstrictor

atrial cells secrete ANP, which causes

kidneys to excrete more water and sodium ions to decrease blood volume

Essential(primary)hypertension–cause

unknown

At rest, only about __ of body’s capillary beds are fully open

25%

as you move down the capillary, osmotic pressure

stays the same (because it has the same number of colloids (albumin))

___ capillaries make up the capillary bed, which connects to a central canal called a thoroughfare channel

True

Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as ____

autoregulation

two main types of local autoregulatory controls: ___ mechanism and ____ controls

myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls

Myogenic mechanism slows blood flow by increasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ___

rises

Myogenic mechanism speeds up blood flow by decreasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ____

lowers

Local regulation of tissue perfusion that is mediated by chemicals present in interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries

Metabolic controls

Main local auto regulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue appears to be

metabolic controls

Brain is extremely intolerant of

ischemia

Movement of water across a capillary is driven by a process called ___

filtration

Difference between colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure

condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid:

Edema

Common causes of edema include: (2 sentences)

an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient due to hypertension or a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure

pronounced edema found in hands and feet where hydrostatic pressure gradient is already slightly higher due to effects of gravity

Peripheral edema

profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen

Ascites

Posterior thoracic and abdominal walls are drained by an entirely different system collectively called the

azygos system

purpose of azygos system

directs the pathway of veins around the lungs (instead of going through them)

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain into a large vein that enters liver, called

hepatic portal vein

Hepatic portal vein branches extensively in liver to form another set of

capillary beds

special type of circuit in which veins feed a capillary bed is known as a

portal system

sudden extreme drop in BP

shock

function of hepatic portal vein

prevents germs from the gi tract from getting to tissues via the blood.