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aa Orgo > Watson Vasculature > Flashcards

Watson Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

__ are the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

capillaries

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2
Q

the tunica ___ is a sheet of endothelium, connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina

A

tunica intima

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3
Q

the tunica ___ consists of smooth muscle cell innervated by vasomotor nerves

A

media

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4
Q

muscular arteries control blood flow at the ___ level

A

organ level

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5
Q

smaller lumens and more elastic fibers

A

arteries

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6
Q

the 2 pressures within the systemic arterial circuit are the ___ pressure and the ___ pressure. The difference between these two pressures is the ___ pressure

A

systolic
diastolic
pulse

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7
Q

mechanisms that help with venous return (4 things)

A

venous valves
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

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8
Q

the sympathetic nervous system increases BP in the short term by increasing ___ ___ and ___ resistance

A

cardiac output

peripheral resistance

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9
Q

A sudden increase or decrease in BP triggers the

A

baroreceptor reflex

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10
Q

hormone that causes profound vasoconstriction

A

angiotensin-2

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11
Q

controls BP directly by adjustment of blood volume

A

kidneys

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12
Q

capillaries are composed of a thin layer of ___ with a ___ ___

A

endothelium

basal lamina

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13
Q

3 ways stuff can cross the capillary walls

A
  • through pores/gaps
  • through the membrane by diffusion
  • through transcytosis
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14
Q

When blood pressure increases, arterioles ___

A

constrict

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15
Q

perfusion in the heart decreases during

A

systole

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16
Q

the increase in tissue perfusion in skeletal muscle that occurs during exercise is know as

A

hyperemia

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17
Q

the sympathetic nervous system causes ___ in the skin when body temp decreases

A

constriction

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18
Q

Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favor

A

filtration

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19
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted on a blood vessel wall by the blood

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20
Q

blood flow

A

volume of blood that flows per minute

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21
Q

the baroreceptor reflex is mediated by the ___ and the ___ nervous system

A

medulla and autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

increased concentrations of CO in interstitial fluid cause arterioles to

A

dilate

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23
Q

located in the lateral forearm

A

radial artery

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24
Q

large single branch off the aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, etc

A

celiac trunk

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25
Q

forms from the fusion of the 2 vertebral arteries

A

basilar artery

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26
Q

supplies the small intestine and most of the large intestine

A

superior mesenteric artery

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27
Q

supplies the foot and ankle

A

dorsalis pedis artery

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28
Q

provides blood supply to the lower limb

A

femoral artery

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29
Q

supplies the pelvis

A

internal iliac artery

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30
Q

supplies the kidney

A

renal artery

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31
Q

supplies the brain via the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

A

internal carotid artery

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32
Q

supplies the upper limb

A

subclavian artery

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33
Q

drains the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls

A

azygos vein

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34
Q

two veins merge to form the SVC

A

brachiocephalic veins

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35
Q

receives blood from the spleen and digestive organs

A

hepatic portal vein

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36
Q

superficial vein in the medial leg

A

great saphenous vein

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37
Q

drains the brain and face

A

internal jugular vein

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38
Q

drains part of the large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric vein

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39
Q

superficial vein in the lateral upper limb

A

cephalic vein

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40
Q

deep vein of the arm

A

brachial vein

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41
Q

drains the spleen

A

splenic vein

42
Q

drain the brain capillaries and cerebrospinal fluid

A

dural sinus

43
Q

type of artery- largest diameter; include aorta and its immediate branches; nearest heart

A

elastic artery

44
Q

type of artery- generally intermediate in diameter; contain a well-developed tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle cells

A

muscular artery

45
Q

T/F Arterioles contain all three layers of blood vessel wall

A

True

46
Q

Smallest arterioles are called

A

metarterioles

47
Q

velocity is slowest in the

A

capillaries

48
Q

ΔP =

A

CO × PR

49
Q

4 factors of peripheral resistance

A

vessel length
vessel diameter
blood viscosity
obstructions

50
Q

low pressure is largely due to high ___ of veins

A

compliance

51
Q

Hormones that control resistance (4)

A

epi
nore
angiotensin
ANP

52
Q

Hormones that control cardiac output (3)

A

epi
nore
thyroid hormone

53
Q

Endocrine system regulates blood volume through release of (4)

A

aldosterone
ADH
angiotensin
ANP

54
Q

Hypotension – defined by a systolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure lower than __ mm Hg

A

90

60

55
Q

the 3 kinds of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

56
Q

Flow of blood that takes place within body’s capillary beds is collectively called

A

microcirculation

57
Q

True capillaries are drained at distal end of capillary bed by a portion of central canal called a ___ channel

A

thoroughfare channel

58
Q

Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as

A

autoregulation

59
Q

two main types of local autoregulatory controls

A

myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls

60
Q

Osmotic pressure is determined almost exclusively by ___ of particles, not their size

A

number

61
Q

Osmotic pressure of capillary blood is created almost exclusively by large proteins in blood, especially protein ___

A

albumin

62
Q

Proteins are too large to leave capillary, so osmotic pressure remains ___ throughout capillary’s length

A

consistent

63
Q

the difference between capillary and outside osmotic pressure creates an osmotic pressure gradient known as __ ___ ___

A

colloid osmotic pressure

64
Q

Difference between these gradients (hydrostatic and osmotic) is __ ___ ___

A

net filtration pressure

65
Q

a condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid

A

edema

66
Q

profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen

A

Ascites

67
Q

___ and ____ ___ veins do not drain into inferior vena cava; merge with and drain into a large vein that enters liver, called hepatic portal vein

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins

68
Q

how many layers do arterioles have

A

3

69
Q

Smooth muscle cells of metarterioles are confined mostly to a circular ____ ____

A

precapillary sphincter

70
Q

Smallest arterioles are called

A

metarterioles

71
Q

muscles surrounding deeper veins of upper and lower limbs squeeze blood in veins and propel it

A

Skeletal muscle pumps

72
Q

helps propel blood through thoracic and abdominal cavity veins, driven by rhythmic changes in pressure in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that occur with ventilation

A

Respiratory pump

73
Q

During __ abdominal veins expand and fill with blood while thoracic veins are squeezed


A

expiration

74
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause

A

vasoconstriction

75
Q

Angiotensin-II is a powerful

A

vasoconstrictor

76
Q

atrial cells secrete ANP, which causes

A

kidneys to excrete more water and sodium ions to decrease blood volume

77
Q

Essential(primary)hypertension–cause

A

unknown

78
Q

At rest, only about __ of body’s capillary beds are fully open

A

25%

79
Q

as you move down the capillary, osmotic pressure

A

stays the same (because it has the same number of colloids (albumin))

80
Q

___ capillaries make up the capillary bed, which connects to a central canal called a thoroughfare channel

A

True

81
Q

Tissue perfusion is regulated by local factors within each individual tissue, a phenomenon known as ____

A

autoregulation

82
Q

two main types of local autoregulatory controls: ___ mechanism and ____ controls

A

myogenic mechanism and metabolic controls

83
Q

Myogenic mechanism slows blood flow by increasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ___

A

rises

84
Q

Myogenic mechanism speeds up blood flow by decreasing resistance when arteriolar pressure ____

A

lowers

85
Q

Local regulation of tissue perfusion that is mediated by chemicals present in interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries

A

Metabolic controls

86
Q

Main local auto regulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue appears to be

A

metabolic controls

87
Q

Brain is extremely intolerant of

A

ischemia

88
Q

Movement of water across a capillary is driven by a process called ___

A

filtration

89
Q

Difference between colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

A

net filtration pressure

90
Q

condition characterized by an excessive amount of water in interstitial fluid:

A

Edema

91
Q

Common causes of edema include: (2 sentences)

A

an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient due to hypertension or a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure

92
Q

pronounced edema found in hands and feet where hydrostatic pressure gradient is already slightly higher due to effects of gravity

A

Peripheral edema

93
Q

profound edema may result from decreases in colloid osmotic pressure where excess water tends to accumulate in interstitial fluid of abdomen

A

Ascites

94
Q

Posterior thoracic and abdominal walls are drained by an entirely different system collectively called the

A

azygos system

95
Q

purpose of azygos system

A

directs the pathway of veins around the lungs (instead of going through them)

96
Q

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain into a large vein that enters liver, called

A

hepatic portal vein

97
Q

Hepatic portal vein branches extensively in liver to form another set of

A

capillary beds

98
Q

special type of circuit in which veins feed a capillary bed is known as a

A

portal system

99
Q

sudden extreme drop in BP

A

shock

100
Q

function of hepatic portal vein

A

prevents germs from the gi tract from getting to tissues via the blood.

aa Orgo (196 decks)

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