Watson Heart Flashcards
flattened part of the heart
base
Externally, an indentation known as the ___ ___ is at the boundary between the atria and ventricles
atrioventricular sulcus
the left side of the heart is also called the ___ pump
systemic pump
the heart produces the hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
Function of ANP
lowers heart rate
the pericardial cavity is located between
the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium
flap like extension from the atriums
auricle
largest artery of the systemic circuit
aorta
drainage point for the coronary veins
coronary sinus
finger like projections of ventricular muscle
papillary muscle
remnant of a hole present in the fetal interarterial septum
fossa ovalis
ridges of muscle in the atria
pectinate muscle
2 largest veins of the systemic circuit
venae cavae
main artery of the pulmonary circuit
pulmonary trunk
extensions that attach papillary muscles to valves
chordae tendineae
veins that drain the pulmonary circuit
pulmonary veins
the pericardial cavity is located between
the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
The coronary arteries are the first branches off the ___ ___
ascending aorta
The right coronary artery becomes the ___ ___ ____
posterior interventricular artery
the left coronary artery branches into the ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___
anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
Pacemaker cells are ___ meaning they spontaneously generate impulses
autorhythmic
Compared to other cardiac cells, pacemakers have fewer ___ ___ and lack ___ channels
contractile elements and Na channels
The rapid depolarization phase of the contractile cell action potential is due to the opening of ___ channels
sodium
Pacemaker cells lack a ___ phase
plateau phase
The plateau phase in contractile cells is due to the influx of ___ ions through
calcium
the repolarization phase of the contractile cell is due to the ___ ions rushing out of the cell
potassium
Open ___ ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers nonselective cation channels to open
potassium
Open potassium ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers ___ ___ channels to open and begins a new action potential
nonspecific cation
the ___ ___ lengthens and strengths contraction
plateau phase
the plateau phase lengthens the ___ ___ period
cardiac refractory period
What prevents tetanus in the heart muscle
the plateau phase (by increasing the refractory period)
the ___ ___ is the primary pacemaker
sinoatrial node
the AV node delay allows the atria and ventricles to ___ and ___ separately
depolarize and contract separately
ECG depolarization of the atria
p wave
ECG depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
ECG repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
the contraction portion of the cardiac cycle
systole
Atrial systole ejects about ___ % of the blood into the ventricles during the inflow phase
20%
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of the inflow phase is the __ ___ volume
end diastolic volume
The ventricular ejection phase generally correlates with the __ wave
T
which is the strongest chamber
left ventricle
the S1 sound is caused by the closing of the ___ valves
AV
The S1 sound happens at the beginning of the ___ ___
isovolumetric contraction phase
The S2 sound is caused by the closing of the ___ valves
semilunar
The S2 sound happens at the beginning of the ___ phase
isovolumetric relaxation phase
Cardiac output is equal to __ times __
HR times SV
An increase in preload causes ___ in SV
increase
An increase in preload causes increase in SV per the ___ ___ law
Frank Starling
An increase in afterload causes ___ in stroke volume
decrease
An increase in contractility causes ___ in stroke volume
increase
the sympathetic nervous system releases
epi and noreepi
ANP lowers blood pressure by decreasing ___ ions
sodium
the pericardium has 2 main parts
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
the serous pericardium is subdivided into
parietal and visceral
the visceral pericardium is aka the
epicardium
the most superficial layer of the heart is the ___ ___/___
visceral pericardium and epicardium
the visceral pericardium rest on top of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue that contains __ ___
fat deposits
Fat deposits collect in the ____ and ____ ___
atrioventricular and interventricular sulci
thickest layer of the heart
myocardium
cardiac muscle cells are aka
myocytes
Largest branch off the right coronary
marginal artery
Circumflex artery branches off the
left coronary artery
systems of channels formed between blood vessels
anastomoses
when blood flow to the myocardium is insufficient, sometimes new anastomoses will form to provide alternate routes of blood flow, or ___ ___
collateral circulation
CAD stands for
coronary artery disease
inadequate oxygenation of the myocardium is called ___ ____
myocardial ischemia
CAD symptoms can go unnoticed, but when they do arise it can be Chest Pain, called ___ ___
angina pectoris
heart attack is aka ___ ___
myocardial infarction
Generally, MI occurs when plaques in ___ ___ rupture and a clot forms
coronary arteries
To infarct means to
die
when cardiac muscle cells die they are replaced with
scar tissue
a procedure where a ballon is inflated in the blocked artery and a stent is inserted into the artery
coronary angioplasty
to treat MI, vessels can be attached to each other which is called coronary artery __ __
bypass grafting
the SVC drains blood from everything above the
diapgragm
how many pulmonary veins do most people have
4
ventricles have a ridged surface created by protrusions of muscles; the ridges are called ___ ___
trabeculae carneae
how many nuclei does the heart cell have
1
cardiac cells are half full of
mitochondria
cardiac muscles cells have a lot of ___, a protein that carries oxygen
myoglobin
intercalated discs join __ cells to ___ cell as well as __ cells to ___ cells
pacemaker to contractile
contractile to contractile
intercalated discs have ___ and __ ___
desmosomes
gap junctions
___ channels are opened by voltage, but close by time
calcium
term for the heart cells functioning together
functional syncytium
during depolarization theres an inflow of
sodium
after depolarization, the next phase is
initial repolarization phase (brief)
during the plateau phase, __ enters and __ leaves
calcium enters
potassium leaves
(makes it so there’s no net change, stays at plateau)
during the repolarization phase, what ion moves and where
potassium moves out
in order for contraction to take place, cardiac cells use some __ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and also a good amount the outside the cell
calcium
pacemaker repolarization: __ channels are time gated for closing, so eventually they close. At the same time, ___ channels open
calcium
potassium
pacemaker cells, in the __ __ phase K channels stay open until the membrane reaches it minimum potential.
minimum potential
pacemaker cells, in the __ __ phase, the membrane is hyperpolarized, which opens nonspecific cation channels
minimum potential phase
rhythms generated by the SA node are known as ___ __
sinus rhythms
if more than one node is trying to pace the heart, its called ___ pacemaker
ectopic pacemaker
an impulse goes from the SA to the AV node, it slows down because in the AV node theres less __ ___ and also because the AV node is surrounded by the ___ __ which is non conductive
gap junctions
fibrous skeleton
wave that shows the depolarization of the atria
P wave
wave that shows ventricular depolarization
QRS
wave that show ventricular repolarization
T
period during which blood drains from the atria into the ventricles
ventricular filling phase
SV is __ minus __
EDS minus ESV
things that affect contractility
inotropic agents
things that affect heart rate
chronotropic agents
the sympathetic nervous system releases
norepi
the parasympathetic nervous system releases
ACh
condition where blood backs up in the systemic circuit
peripheral edema
in general, depolar ion
sodium
in general, polar ion
potassium
