Watson Heart Flashcards
1
Q
flattened part of the heart
A
base
2
Q
Externally, an indentation known as the ___ ___ is at the boundary between the atria and ventricles
A
atrioventricular sulcus
3
Q
the left side of the heart is also called the ___ pump
A
systemic pump
4
Q
the heart produces the hormone
A
atrial natriuretic peptide
5
Q
Function of ANP
A
lowers heart rate
6
Q
the pericardial cavity is located between
A
the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium
7
Q
flap like extension from the atriums
A
auricle
8
Q
largest artery of the systemic circuit
A
aorta
9
Q
drainage point for the coronary veins
A
coronary sinus
10
Q
finger like projections of ventricular muscle
A
papillary muscle
11
Q
remnant of a hole present in the fetal interarterial septum
A
fossa ovalis
12
Q
ridges of muscle in the atria
A
pectinate muscle
13
Q
2 largest veins of the systemic circuit
A
venae cavae
14
Q
main artery of the pulmonary circuit
A
pulmonary trunk
15
Q
extensions that attach papillary muscles to valves
A
chordae tendineae
16
Q
veins that drain the pulmonary circuit
A
pulmonary veins
17
Q
the pericardial cavity is located between
A
the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
18
Q
The coronary arteries are the first branches off the ___ ___
A
ascending aorta
19
Q
The right coronary artery becomes the ___ ___ ____
A
posterior interventricular artery
20
Q
the left coronary artery branches into the ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___
A
anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
21
Q
Pacemaker cells are ___ meaning they spontaneously generate impulses
A
autorhythmic
22
Q
Compared to other cardiac cells, pacemakers have fewer ___ ___ and lack ___ channels
A
contractile elements and Na channels
23
Q
The rapid depolarization phase of the contractile cell action potential is due to the opening of ___ channels
A
sodium
24
Q
Pacemaker cells lack a ___ phase
A
plateau phase
25
The plateau phase in contractile cells is due to the influx of ___ ions through
calcium
26
the repolarization phase of the contractile cell is due to the ___ ions rushing out of the cell
potassium
27
Open ___ ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers nonselective cation channels to open
potassium
28
Open potassium ion channels cause hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells, which triggers ___ ___ channels to open and begins a new action potential
nonspecific cation
29
the ___ ___ lengthens and strengths contraction
plateau phase
30
the plateau phase lengthens the ___ ___ period
cardiac refractory period
31
What prevents tetanus in the heart muscle
the plateau phase (by increasing the refractory period)
32
the ___ ___ is the primary pacemaker
sinoatrial node
33
the AV node delay allows the atria and ventricles to ___ and ___ separately
depolarize and contract separately
34
ECG depolarization of the atria
p wave
35
ECG depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
36
ECG repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
37
the contraction portion of the cardiac cycle
systole
38
Atrial systole ejects about ___ % of the blood into the ventricles during the inflow phase
20%
39
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of the inflow phase is the __ ___ volume
end diastolic volume
40
The ventricular ejection phase generally correlates with the __ wave
T
41
which is the strongest chamber
left ventricle
42
the S1 sound is caused by the closing of the ___ valves
AV
43
The S1 sound happens at the beginning of the ___ ___
isovolumetric contraction phase
44
The S2 sound is caused by the closing of the ___ valves
semilunar
45
The S2 sound happens at the beginning of the ___ phase
isovolumetric relaxation phase
46
Cardiac output is equal to __ times __
HR times SV
47
An increase in preload causes ___ in SV
increase
48
An increase in preload causes increase in SV per the ___ ___ law
Frank Starling
49
An increase in afterload causes ___ in stroke volume
decrease
50
An increase in contractility causes ___ in stroke volume
increase
51
the sympathetic nervous system releases
epi and noreepi
52
ANP lowers blood pressure by decreasing ___ ions
sodium
53
the pericardium has 2 main parts
fibrous pericardium
| serous pericardium
54
the serous pericardium is subdivided into
parietal and visceral
55
the visceral pericardium is aka the
epicardium
56
the most superficial layer of the heart is the ___ ___/___
visceral pericardium and epicardium
57
the visceral pericardium rest on top of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue that contains __ ___
fat deposits
58
Fat deposits collect in the ____ and ____ ___
atrioventricular and interventricular sulci
59
thickest layer of the heart
myocardium
60
cardiac muscle cells are aka
myocytes
61
Largest branch off the right coronary
marginal artery
62
Circumflex artery branches off the
left coronary artery
63
systems of channels formed between blood vessels
anastomoses
64
when blood flow to the myocardium is insufficient, sometimes new anastomoses will form to provide alternate routes of blood flow, or ___ ___
collateral circulation
65
CAD stands for
coronary artery disease
66
inadequate oxygenation of the myocardium is called ___ ____
myocardial ischemia
67
CAD symptoms can go unnoticed, but when they do arise it can be Chest Pain, called ___ ___
angina pectoris
68
heart attack is aka ___ ___
myocardial infarction
69
Generally, MI occurs when plaques in ___ ___ rupture and a clot forms
coronary arteries
70
To infarct means to
die
71
when cardiac muscle cells die they are replaced with
scar tissue
72
a procedure where a ballon is inflated in the blocked artery and a stent is inserted into the artery
coronary angioplasty
73
to treat MI, vessels can be attached to each other which is called coronary artery __ __
bypass grafting
74
the SVC drains blood from everything above the
diapgragm
75
how many pulmonary veins do most people have
4
76
ventricles have a ridged surface created by protrusions of muscles; the ridges are called ___ ___
trabeculae carneae
77
how many nuclei does the heart cell have
1
78
cardiac cells are half full of
mitochondria
79
cardiac muscles cells have a lot of ___, a protein that carries oxygen
myoglobin
80
intercalated discs join __ cells to ___ cell as well as __ cells to ___ cells
pacemaker to contractile
| contractile to contractile
81
intercalated discs have ___ and __ ___
desmosomes
| gap junctions
82
___ channels are opened by voltage, but close by time
calcium
83
term for the heart cells functioning together
functional syncytium
84
during depolarization theres an inflow of
sodium
85
after depolarization, the next phase is
initial repolarization phase (brief)
86
during the plateau phase, __ enters and __ leaves
calcium enters
potassium leaves
(makes it so there's no net change, stays at plateau)
87
during the repolarization phase, what ion moves and where
potassium moves out
88
in order for contraction to take place, cardiac cells use some __ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and also a good amount the outside the cell
calcium
89
pacemaker repolarization: __ channels are time gated for closing, so eventually they close. At the same time, ___ channels open
calcium
| potassium
90
pacemaker cells, in the __ __ phase K channels stay open until the membrane reaches it minimum potential.
minimum potential
91
pacemaker cells, in the __ __ phase, the membrane is hyperpolarized, which opens nonspecific cation channels
minimum potential phase
92
rhythms generated by the SA node are known as ___ __
sinus rhythms
93
if more than one node is trying to pace the heart, its called ___ pacemaker
ectopic pacemaker
94
an impulse goes from the SA to the AV node, it slows down because in the AV node theres less __ ___ and also because the AV node is surrounded by the ___ __ which is non conductive
gap junctions
| fibrous skeleton
95
wave that shows the depolarization of the atria
P wave
96
wave that shows ventricular depolarization
QRS
97
wave that show ventricular repolarization
T
98
period during which blood drains from the atria into the ventricles
ventricular filling phase
99
SV is __ minus __
EDS minus ESV
100
things that affect contractility
inotropic agents
101
things that affect heart rate
chronotropic agents
102
the sympathetic nervous system releases
norepi
103
the parasympathetic nervous system releases
ACh
104
condition where blood backs up in the systemic circuit
peripheral edema
105
in general, depolar ion
sodium
106
in general, polar ion
potassium
