Watson Blood Flashcards
one of two major components of blood; liquid extracellular matrix of blood
plasma
include cells and cell fragments found suspended in plasma
formed elements
Blood contains three types of formed elements:
RBC
WBC
Platelets
In a centrifuged sample, Platelets and WBCs are called the ___ coat
buffy coat
glucose etc is in what part of the blood
plasma
Blood performs several functions, here are 4-
Exchanging gases
Distributing solutes
immune functions
Maintaining body temperature
An iron ion in each heme group is oxidized when it binds to oxygen in regions of high oxygen concentration (such as lungs); forms a red molecule called
oxyhemoglobin
process that takes place in red bone marrow where formed elements in blood
Hematopoiesis
specific hematopoietic process that produces erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis begins when HSCs differentiate into progenitor cells called ___ ___ ___ units
erythrocyte colony-forming units
Nucleus in erythroblast shrinks as it matures;
eventually ejected resulting in a ___
reticulocyte
Kidneys produce
erythropoietin
ERYTHROCYTE DEATH
Erythrocytes become trapped in the sinusoids of
spleen
___ is first converted to waste product ___ (greenish pigment); can then be converted further to a yellowish waste product called bilirubin
Heme
biliverdin
Iron ions are transported back to red bone marrow in bloodstream by a protein called
transferrin
condition defined as a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
ANEMIA
most common example of abnormal hemoglobin is
sickle-cell disease
Individuals with ___________ have sickle-cell trait; generally
asymptomatic
a single copy of defective gene
Individuals with _____ of gene have sickle-cell disease; produce abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin
two defective copies
Leukocytes are divided into two basic categories
Granulocytes
agranulocytes
most common leukocyte
Neutrophils
Granule contents directly kill bacterial cells, attract more ___ and leukocytes to region, and enhance inflammation
Neutrophils
Chemicals in granules mediate inflammation
Basophils
Phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules (type of granulocyte)
Eosinophils
Respond to infections with parasitic worms and
allergic reactions
also chemicals that mediate inflammation
Eosinophils
3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
2 Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocytes are activated by cellular markers found on all cells called
antigens
activated by specific antigens; do not produce antibodies
T cells
activate other immune system components and directly destroy abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells
T cells
When activated, produce antibodies which bind to and
remove antigens from tissues
B cells
B cells produce
antibodies
Activate other components of immune system by displaying phagocytosed antigens to other leukocytes
Monocytes
hematopoietic stem cells divide and produce two cell lines
Myeloid
Lymphoid
cell line – produces everything besides B and T lymphocytes
Myeloid
cell line – produces B and T lymphocytes
Lymphoid
small cell fragments surrounded by a plasma membrane
Platelets
Smallest of formed elements
Platelets
a process that stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel
hemostasis
contain several types of granules; contain clotting factors, enzymes, some mitochondria, and glycogen deposits; enable them to carry out oxidative catabolism
Platelets
Platelet formation
thrombopoiesis
when stimulated by hormones (thrombopoietin), send cytoplasmic extensions through clefts in bone marrow sinusoids into bloodstream; break off into thousands of platelets
megakaryocytes
Hemostasis involves five distinct events;
Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Formation Coagulation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway) Clot Retraction Thrombolysis
Hemostasis event, Vasoconstriction
Vascular Spasm
Hemostasis event, factors are involved in plug formation when collagen fibers are exposed and chemicals are released from damaged cells
PLATELET PLUG
Hemostasis event, platelets release the contents of their granules
PLATELET PLUG
Hemostasis event, process that forms molecular glue
Coagulation
threadlike protein that converts a soft, liquid platelet plug into a solid mass
Fibrin
Hemostasis event, Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway is taken
Coagulation
Hemostasis event, occurs as coagulation cascade nears its completion
CLOT RETRACTION
Hemostasis event, fibers in involved platelets contract; brings edges of wounded vessel closer together
CLOT RETRACTION
Hemostasis event, Serum (fluid consisting of plasma without clotting proteins) is forced out of clot
CLOT RETRACTION
Hemostasis event, process that begins after injury has healed and blood clotting is no longer necessary
Thrombolysis
Hemostasis event, Fibrinolysis (process that breaks down fibrin glue)
Thrombolysis
Blood clotting is a __ feedback mechanism
positive
inhibits platelet aggregation
prostaglandin
Nitric oxide causes
vasodilation
Endothelial cells and ___ produce
anticoagulants
hepatocytes
Clotting disorder that causes bleeding
Hemophilia
break off of a thrombus and block smaller vessels downstream
Thromboembolism
surface markers or ___ found on all cells
antigens
Immune system recognizes foreign ___; responds by trying to remove them
antigens
Type A has
A antigen
Type B has
B antigen
Type AB has
A and B antigen
Type O has
No antigen
universal recipient
AB+ (doesn’t have any antigens that would hurt the donated blood)
universal donor
O- (can go into anyone’s blood because their antigens won’t hurt him)
when dealing with transfusions, you only have to worry about the ____’s blood killing the ____’s blood, not the other way around
recipient’s blood killing the donor’s blood
term for the clumping that happens when transfusions go wrong
agglutination
why is blood red
Blood is red from the protein, hemoglobin.Hemoglobin has a molecule called a “heme” which has the metal iron in it. When the iron is oxygenated, it becomes red
When RBCs are broken down, you hold onto
the heme group (specifically iron)
hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = Leukocyte
pathogen
hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = platelets
thrombopoetin
Coagulation is to ___ the platelet plug formed in the previous step
keep
Thrombolysis is getting rid of the clot, specifically it’s removing the ___ which makes the clot fall apart
fibrin
sudden blocking of an artery
embolism
ECG definition
graphic depiction of electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time
the hepatic portal directs blood to the
liver
Three main factors that influence blood pressure are
resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume
why is blood red
It has hemoglobin.
hemoglobin has iron
when the iron becomes oxidized, it turns the blood red
the 5 parts of hemostasis
vascular spasm platelet plug coagulation clot retraction thrombolysis
Erythrocytes are derived from
hematopoietic stem cells
secretes inflammatory mediators
Basophil
destroys bacteria
Neutrophil
responds to parasitic worm
Eosinophil
Platelets are derived from
megakaryocytes
stimulate production of neutrophils by bone marrow, stimulate NK cells, trigger production of interferons, and activate T cells
Interleukins
Inflammatory response (short answer)
innate response that occurs when a cell is damaged by anything
2 parts of the inflammatory response
Part 1: Release of inflammatory mediators and cardinal signs of inflammation
Part 2: Phagocyte response
2nd part of the inflammatory response
Phagocyte response
Phagocyte response of the inflammatory response, “first responders”
Local macrophages
neutrophils adhere to capillary wall (process called ____)
margination
