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aa Orgo > Watson Blood > Flashcards

Watson Blood Flashcards

1
Q

one of two major components of blood; liquid extracellular matrix of blood

A

plasma

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2
Q

include cells and cell fragments found suspended in plasma

A

formed elements

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3
Q

Blood contains three types of formed elements:

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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4
Q

In a centrifuged sample, Platelets and WBCs are called the ___ coat

A

buffy coat

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5
Q

glucose etc is in what part of the blood

A

plasma

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6
Q

Blood performs several functions, here are 4-

A

Exchanging gases
Distributing solutes
immune functions
Maintaining body temperature

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7
Q

An iron ion in each heme group is oxidized when it binds to oxygen in regions of high oxygen concentration (such as lungs); forms a red molecule called

A

oxyhemoglobin

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8
Q

process that takes place in red bone marrow where formed elements in blood

A

Hematopoiesis

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9
Q

specific hematopoietic process that produces erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis begins when HSCs differentiate into progenitor cells called ___ ___ ___ units

A

erythrocyte colony-forming units

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11
Q

Nucleus in erythroblast shrinks as it matures;

eventually ejected resulting in a ___

A

reticulocyte

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12
Q

Kidneys produce

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

ERYTHROCYTE DEATH

Erythrocytes become trapped in the sinusoids of

A

spleen

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14
Q

___ is first converted to waste product ___ (greenish pigment); can then be converted further to a yellowish waste product called bilirubin

A

Heme

biliverdin

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15
Q

Iron ions are transported back to red bone marrow in bloodstream by a protein called

A

transferrin

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16
Q

condition defined as a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

A

ANEMIA

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17
Q

most common example of abnormal hemoglobin is

A

sickle-cell disease

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18
Q

Individuals with ___________ have sickle-cell trait; generally
asymptomatic

A

a single copy of defective gene

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19
Q

Individuals with _____ of gene have sickle-cell disease; produce abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin

A

two defective copies

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20
Q

Leukocytes are divided into two basic categories

A

Granulocytes

agranulocytes

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21
Q

most common leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Granule contents directly kill bacterial cells, attract more ___ and leukocytes to region, and enhance inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

Chemicals in granules mediate inflammation

A

Basophils

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24
Q

Phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules (type of granulocyte)

A

Eosinophils

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25
Q

Respond to infections with parasitic worms and
allergic reactions
also chemicals that mediate inflammation

A

Eosinophils

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26
Q

3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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27
Q

2 Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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28
Q

Lymphocytes are activated by cellular markers found on all cells called

A

antigens

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29
Q

activated by specific antigens; do not produce antibodies

A

T cells

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30
Q

activate other immune system components and directly destroy abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells

A

T cells

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31
Q

When activated, produce antibodies which bind to and

remove antigens from tissues

A

B cells

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32
Q

B cells produce

A

antibodies

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33
Q

Activate other components of immune system by displaying phagocytosed antigens to other leukocytes

A

Monocytes

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34
Q

hematopoietic stem cells divide and produce two cell lines

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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35
Q

cell line – produces everything besides B and T lymphocytes

A

Myeloid

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36
Q

cell line – produces B and T lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid

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37
Q

small cell fragments surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

Platelets

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38
Q

Smallest of formed elements

A

Platelets

39
Q

a process that stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel

A

hemostasis

40
Q

contain several types of granules; contain clotting factors, enzymes, some mitochondria, and glycogen deposits; enable them to carry out oxidative catabolism

A

Platelets

41
Q

Platelet formation

A

thrombopoiesis

42
Q

when stimulated by hormones (thrombopoietin), send cytoplasmic extensions through clefts in bone marrow sinusoids into bloodstream; break off into thousands of platelets

A

megakaryocytes

43
Q

Hemostasis involves five distinct events;

A 
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway) 
Clot Retraction
Thrombolysis
44
Q

Hemostasis event, Vasoconstriction

A

Vascular Spasm

45
Q

Hemostasis event, factors are involved in plug formation when collagen fibers are exposed and chemicals are released from damaged cells

A

PLATELET PLUG

46
Q

Hemostasis event, platelets release the contents of their granules

A

PLATELET PLUG

47
Q

Hemostasis event, process that forms molecular glue

A

Coagulation

48
Q

threadlike protein that converts a soft, liquid platelet plug into a solid mass

A

Fibrin

49
Q

Hemostasis event, Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway is taken

A

Coagulation

50
Q

Hemostasis event, occurs as coagulation cascade nears its completion

A

CLOT RETRACTION

51
Q

Hemostasis event, fibers in involved platelets contract; brings edges of wounded vessel closer together

A

CLOT RETRACTION

52
Q

Hemostasis event, Serum (fluid consisting of plasma without clotting proteins) is forced out of clot

A

CLOT RETRACTION

53
Q

Hemostasis event, process that begins after injury has healed and blood clotting is no longer necessary

A

Thrombolysis

54
Q

Hemostasis event, Fibrinolysis (process that breaks down fibrin glue)

A

Thrombolysis

55
Q

Blood clotting is a __ feedback mechanism

A

positive

56
Q

inhibits platelet aggregation

A

prostaglandin

57
Q

Nitric oxide causes

A

vasodilation

58
Q

Endothelial cells and ___ produce

anticoagulants

A

hepatocytes

59
Q

Clotting disorder that causes bleeding

A

Hemophilia

60
Q

break off of a thrombus and block smaller vessels downstream

A

Thromboembolism

61
Q

surface markers or ___ found on all cells

A

antigens

62
Q

Immune system recognizes foreign ___; responds by trying to remove them

A

antigens

63
Q

Type A has

A

A antigen

64
Q

Type B has

A

B antigen

65
Q

Type AB has

A

A and B antigen

66
Q

Type O has

A

No antigen

67
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+ (doesn’t have any antigens that would hurt the donated blood)

68
Q

universal donor

A

O- (can go into anyone’s blood because their antigens won’t hurt him)

69
Q

when dealing with transfusions, you only have to worry about the ____’s blood killing the ____’s blood, not the other way around

A

recipient’s blood killing the donor’s blood

70
Q

term for the clumping that happens when transfusions go wrong

A

agglutination

71
Q

why is blood red

A

Blood is red from the protein, hemoglobin.Hemoglobin has a molecule called a “heme” which has the metal iron in it. When the iron is oxygenated, it becomes red

72
Q

When RBCs are broken down, you hold onto

A

the heme group (specifically iron)

73
Q

hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = Leukocyte

A

pathogen

74
Q

hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = platelets

A

thrombopoetin

75
Q

Coagulation is to ___ the platelet plug formed in the previous step

A

keep

76
Q

Thrombolysis is getting rid of the clot, specifically it’s removing the ___ which makes the clot fall apart

A

fibrin

77
Q

sudden blocking of an artery

A

embolism

78
Q

ECG definition

A

graphic depiction of electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time

79
Q

the hepatic portal directs blood to the

A

liver

80
Q

Three main factors that influence blood pressure are

A

resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume

81
Q

why is blood red

A

It has hemoglobin.
hemoglobin has iron
when the iron becomes oxidized, it turns the blood red

82
Q

the 5 parts of hemostasis

A 
vascular spasm
platelet plug
coagulation
clot retraction
thrombolysis
83
Q

Erythrocytes are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

84
Q

secretes inflammatory mediators

A

Basophil

85
Q

destroys bacteria

A

Neutrophil

86
Q

responds to parasitic worm

A

Eosinophil

87
Q

Platelets are derived from

A

megakaryocytes

88
Q

stimulate production of neutrophils by bone marrow, stimulate NK cells, trigger production of interferons, and activate T cells

A

Interleukins

89
Q

Inflammatory response (short answer)

A

innate response that occurs when a cell is damaged by anything

90
Q

2 parts of the inflammatory response

A

Part 1: Release of inflammatory mediators and cardinal signs of inflammation
Part 2: Phagocyte response

91
Q

2nd part of the inflammatory response

A

Phagocyte response

92
Q

Phagocyte response of the inflammatory response, “first responders”

A

Local macrophages

93
Q

neutrophils adhere to capillary wall (process called ____)

A

margination

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