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Watson Blood Flashcards

1
Q

one of two major components of blood; liquid extracellular matrix of blood

A

plasma

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2
Q

include cells and cell fragments found suspended in plasma

A

formed elements

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3
Q

Blood contains three types of formed elements:

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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4
Q

In a centrifuged sample, Platelets and WBCs are called the ___ coat

A

buffy coat

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5
Q

glucose etc is in what part of the blood

A

plasma

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6
Q

Blood performs several functions, here are 4-

A

Exchanging gases
Distributing solutes
immune functions
Maintaining body temperature

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7
Q

An iron ion in each heme group is oxidized when it binds to oxygen in regions of high oxygen concentration (such as lungs); forms a red molecule called

A

oxyhemoglobin

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8
Q

process that takes place in red bone marrow where formed elements in blood

A

Hematopoiesis

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9
Q

specific hematopoietic process that produces erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis begins when HSCs differentiate into progenitor cells called ___ ___ ___ units

A

erythrocyte colony-forming units

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11
Q

Nucleus in erythroblast shrinks as it matures;

eventually ejected resulting in a ___

A

reticulocyte

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12
Q

Kidneys produce

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

ERYTHROCYTE DEATH

Erythrocytes become trapped in the sinusoids of

A

spleen

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14
Q

___ is first converted to waste product ___ (greenish pigment); can then be converted further to a yellowish waste product called bilirubin

A

Heme

biliverdin

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15
Q

Iron ions are transported back to red bone marrow in bloodstream by a protein called

A

transferrin

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16
Q

condition defined as a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

A

ANEMIA

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17
Q

most common example of abnormal hemoglobin is

A

sickle-cell disease

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18
Q

Individuals with ___________ have sickle-cell trait; generally
asymptomatic

A

a single copy of defective gene

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19
Q

Individuals with _____ of gene have sickle-cell disease; produce abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin

A

two defective copies

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20
Q

Leukocytes are divided into two basic categories

A

Granulocytes

agranulocytes

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21
Q

most common leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Granule contents directly kill bacterial cells, attract more ___ and leukocytes to region, and enhance inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

Chemicals in granules mediate inflammation

A

Basophils

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24
Q

Phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules (type of granulocyte)

A

Eosinophils

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25
Respond to infections with parasitic worms and allergic reactions also chemicals that mediate inflammation
Eosinophils
26
3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
27
2 Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
28
Lymphocytes are activated by cellular markers found on all cells called
antigens
29
activated by specific antigens; do not produce antibodies
T cells
30
activate other immune system components and directly destroy abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells
T cells
31
When activated, produce antibodies which bind to and | remove antigens from tissues
B cells
32
B cells produce
antibodies
33
Activate other components of immune system by displaying phagocytosed antigens to other leukocytes
Monocytes
34
hematopoietic stem cells divide and produce two cell lines
Myeloid | Lymphoid
35
cell line – produces everything besides B and T lymphocytes
Myeloid
36
cell line – produces B and T lymphocytes
Lymphoid
37
small cell fragments surrounded by a plasma membrane
Platelets
38
Smallest of formed elements
Platelets
39
a process that stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel
hemostasis
40
contain several types of granules; contain clotting factors, enzymes, some mitochondria, and glycogen deposits; enable them to carry out oxidative catabolism
Platelets
41
Platelet formation
thrombopoiesis
42
when stimulated by hormones (thrombopoietin), send cytoplasmic extensions through clefts in bone marrow sinusoids into bloodstream; break off into thousands of platelets
megakaryocytes
43
Hemostasis involves five distinct events;
``` Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Formation Coagulation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway) Clot Retraction Thrombolysis ```
44
Hemostasis event, Vasoconstriction
Vascular Spasm
45
Hemostasis event, factors are involved in plug formation when collagen fibers are exposed and chemicals are released from damaged cells
PLATELET PLUG
46
Hemostasis event, platelets release the contents of their granules
PLATELET PLUG
47
Hemostasis event, process that forms molecular glue
Coagulation
48
threadlike protein that converts a soft, liquid platelet plug into a solid mass
Fibrin
49
Hemostasis event, Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway is taken
Coagulation
50
Hemostasis event, occurs as coagulation cascade nears its completion
CLOT RETRACTION
51
Hemostasis event, fibers in involved platelets contract; brings edges of wounded vessel closer together
CLOT RETRACTION
52
Hemostasis event, Serum (fluid consisting of plasma without clotting proteins) is forced out of clot
CLOT RETRACTION
53
Hemostasis event, process that begins after injury has healed and blood clotting is no longer necessary
Thrombolysis
54
Hemostasis event, Fibrinolysis (process that breaks down fibrin glue)
Thrombolysis
55
Blood clotting is a __ feedback mechanism
positive
56
inhibits platelet aggregation
prostaglandin
57
Nitric oxide causes
vasodilation
58
Endothelial cells and ___ produce | anticoagulants
hepatocytes
59
Clotting disorder that causes bleeding
Hemophilia
60
break off of a thrombus and block smaller vessels downstream
Thromboembolism
61
surface markers or ___ found on all cells
antigens
62
Immune system recognizes foreign ___; responds by trying to remove them
antigens
63
Type A has
A antigen
64
Type B has
B antigen
65
Type AB has
A and B antigen
66
Type O has
No antigen
67
universal recipient
AB+ (doesn't have any antigens that would hurt the donated blood)
68
universal donor
O- (can go into anyone's blood because their antigens won't hurt him)
69
when dealing with transfusions, you only have to worry about the ____'s blood killing the ____'s blood, not the other way around
recipient's blood killing the donor's blood
70
term for the clumping that happens when transfusions go wrong
agglutination
71
why is blood red
Blood is red from the protein, hemoglobin.Hemoglobin has a molecule called a "heme" which has the metal iron in it. When the iron is oxygenated, it becomes red
72
When RBCs are broken down, you hold onto
the heme group (specifically iron)
73
hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = Leukocyte
pathogen
74
hematopoietic stem cell + ____ = platelets
thrombopoetin
75
Coagulation is to ___ the platelet plug formed in the previous step
keep
76
Thrombolysis is getting rid of the clot, specifically it's removing the ___ which makes the clot fall apart
fibrin
77
sudden blocking of an artery
embolism
78
ECG definition
graphic depiction of electrical activity occurring in all cardiac muscle cells over a period of time
79
the hepatic portal directs blood to the
liver
80
Three main factors that influence blood pressure are
resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume
81
why is blood red
It has hemoglobin. hemoglobin has iron when the iron becomes oxidized, it turns the blood red
82
the 5 parts of hemostasis
``` vascular spasm platelet plug coagulation clot retraction thrombolysis ```
83
Erythrocytes are derived from
hematopoietic stem cells
84
secretes inflammatory mediators
Basophil
85
destroys bacteria
Neutrophil
86
responds to parasitic worm
Eosinophil
87
Platelets are derived from
megakaryocytes
88
stimulate production of neutrophils by bone marrow, stimulate NK cells, trigger production of interferons, and activate T cells
Interleukins
89
Inflammatory response (short answer)
innate response that occurs when a cell is damaged by anything
90
2 parts of the inflammatory response
Part 1: Release of inflammatory mediators and cardinal signs of inflammation Part 2: Phagocyte response
91
2nd part of the inflammatory response
Phagocyte response
92
Phagocyte response of the inflammatory response, “first responders”
Local macrophages
93
neutrophils adhere to capillary wall (process called ____)
margination

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