4092 6 cancer Flashcards
teletherapy
a type of radiation therapy that uses an external beam
brachytherapy
Internal radiation therapy
3 Routes of administration of chemotherapy administration
IV, regional, oral
Myelosuppression
Bone marrow suppression; which means there’s less RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Stomatitis
swelling/sores of the mouth (its a side effect of cancer treatment)
Neoplasm
a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.
Tumor
a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant
4 Stages of Carcinogenesis
Initiation
Promotion
Malignant conversion
Progression
Cell Cycle Replication
G0 phase G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase
3 Benign tissue examples
Fibromas
Lipomas
Leiomyomas
3 Malignant tissue examples
Carcinoma in situ
Malignant fibrosarcomas
Bronchogenic carcinomas
promote cell proliferation and are capable of triggering cancerous characteristics
Oncogenes
the expression of oncogenes may be caused by the decrease in the body’s immune surveillance (caused by ___, ___)
stress, carcinogens
Central to the theories of cancer: damaged ___
DNA
Central to the theories of cancer: Impairment of the
immune system
Cellular Mutation: Initiation: Permanent
Permanent damage in the cellular DNA as a result to exposure to a carcinogen (radiation, chemicals)
Cellular Mutation: Promotion: May
May last for years, includes conditions such as smoking or alcohol use that act repeatedly on the already affected cells
Cellular Mutation: Progression: Inherited
Inherited changes acquired during the cell replication develop into a cancer
CA Risk Factors: p____
poverty
Carcinogens: hormones like
estrogen and testosterone
Carcinogens: End products of metabolism, (eg. ___ ___)
Bile acids
Yearly mammograms are recommended starting at age
40
Cervical Cancer: Screening should begin approximately
three years after a women begins having vaginal intercourse, but no later than 21 years of age
Cervical Cancer: Screening should be done every year with Pap tests or
every two years using liquid-based tests
Cervical Cancer: At or after age 30, women who have had three normal test results in a row may get screened
every 2-3 years
Cervical Cancer: Women 70 and older who have had three or more consecutive Pap tests in the last ten years may
choose to stop cervical cancer screening
Cervical Cancer: Screening after a total hysterectomy (with removal of the cervix) is not necessary unless
the surgery was done as a treatment for cervical cancer
Colon Cancer: starting at 50 you can do one of these 5 choices
- FOBT, yearly
- sigmoidoscopy, 5 years
- FOBT plus sigmoidoscopy, 5 years
- double-contrast barium enema, 5 years
- colonoscopy, 10 years
Prostate Cancer: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and the digital rectal examination (DRE) should be offered annually, beginning at age
50
Primary prevention:
limiting exposure to carcinogens and increasing protective factors
Secondary prevention:
Identifying high risk groups, screening them
a measure of cancer occurrence in terms of cancer incidence and mortalilty
Absolute risk
an estimate of increased probability of developing a certain cancer based on amount of exposure to the associated risk factors. The higher the relative risk, the greater the risk of developing that specific cancer
Relative risk
the arithmetic difference in cancer rates between the group exposed to the factor and the unexposed group factor
Attributable risk
Benign tumors do not
metastasize
highly differentiated tumor
Benign
slow growing tumor
Benign
poorly differentiated tumor
Malignant
tumor that is Cohesive
Benign
tumor that has Well-defined borders
Benign
tumor that Pushes other tissues out of the way
Benign
tumor that Does not recur
Benign
tumor that Does not stop at tissue border
Malignant
tumor that Invades and destroys surrounding tissues
Malignant
tumor that Metastasizes to distant sites
Malignant
Malignant Cells have simplified
metabolic activity (work is more simple that normal cells)
C A U T I O N
Change in bowel habits A sore that won't heal Unusual bleeding Thickening of a lump Indigestion Obvious change is a mole Nagging cough/hoarseness
Dx testing: hormones you might look for
HCG
Calcitonin
Dx testing: Oncofetal antiagens you might look for
CEA
AFP
Dx testing: Specific proteins you might look for
PSA
Immunoglobulin (monoclonal)
CA 125
CA-19-9
the treatment of choice for most types of cancer
chemo
Chemotherapy may be use as adjuvant treatment with
surgery and radiation
destroys cancer cells with minimal exposure of normal cells to the damaging effects
Radiation therapy
effective on tissues directly within the path of the beam
Radiation therapy
