4092 6 cancer

Question 1

teletherapy

Answer 1

a type of radiation therapy that uses an external beam

Question 2

brachytherapy

Answer 2

Internal radiation therapy

Question 3

3 Routes of administration of chemotherapy administration

Answer 3

IV, regional, oral

Question 4

Myelosuppression

Answer 4

Bone marrow suppression; which means there’s less RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 5

Stomatitis

Answer 5

swelling/sores of the mouth (its a side effect of cancer treatment)

Question 6

Neoplasm

Answer 6

a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.

Question 7

Tumor

Answer 7

a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant

Question 8

4 Stages of Carcinogenesis

Answer 8

Initiation
Promotion
Malignant conversion
Progression

Question 9

Cell Cycle Replication

Answer 9

G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

Question 10

3 Benign tissue examples

Answer 10

Fibromas
Lipomas
Leiomyomas

Question 11

3 Malignant tissue examples

Answer 11

Carcinoma in situ
Malignant fibrosarcomas
Bronchogenic carcinomas

Question 12

promote cell proliferation and are capable of triggering cancerous characteristics

Answer 12

Oncogenes

Question 13

the expression of oncogenes may be caused by the decrease in the body’s immune surveillance (caused by ___, ___)

Answer 13

stress, carcinogens

Question 14

Central to the theories of cancer: damaged ___

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

Central to the theories of cancer: Impairment of the

Answer 15

immune system

Question 16

Cellular Mutation: Initiation: Permanent

Answer 16

Permanent damage in the cellular DNA as a result to exposure to a carcinogen (radiation, chemicals)

Question 17

Cellular Mutation: Promotion: May

Answer 17

May last for years, includes conditions such as smoking or alcohol use that act repeatedly on the already affected cells

Question 18

Cellular Mutation: Progression: Inherited

Answer 18

Inherited changes acquired during the cell replication develop into a cancer

Question 19

CA Risk Factors: p____

Answer 19

poverty

Question 20

Carcinogens: hormones like

Answer 20

estrogen and testosterone

Question 21

Carcinogens: End products of metabolism, (eg. ___ ___)

Answer 21

Bile acids

Question 22

Yearly mammograms are recommended starting at age

Answer 22

40

Question 23

Cervical Cancer: Screening should begin approximately

Answer 23

three years after a women begins having vaginal intercourse, but no later than 21 years of age

Question 24

Cervical Cancer: Screening should be done every year with Pap tests or

Answer 24

every two years using liquid-based tests

Question 25

Cervical Cancer: At or after age 30, women who have had three normal test results in a row may get screened

Answer 25

every 2-3 years

Question 26

Cervical Cancer: Women 70 and older who have had three or more consecutive Pap tests in the last ten years may

Answer 26

choose to stop cervical cancer screening

Question 27

Cervical Cancer: Screening after a total hysterectomy (with removal of the cervix) is not necessary unless

Answer 27

the surgery was done as a treatment for cervical cancer

Question 28

Colon Cancer: starting at 50 you can do one of these 5 choices

Answer 28

- FOBT, yearly - sigmoidoscopy, 5 years - FOBT plus sigmoidoscopy, 5 years - double-contrast barium enema, 5 years - colonoscopy, 10 years

Question 29

Prostate Cancer: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and the digital rectal examination (DRE) should be offered annually, beginning at age

Answer 29

50

Question 30

Primary prevention:

Answer 30

limiting exposure to carcinogens and increasing protective factors

Question 31

Secondary prevention:

Answer 31

Identifying high risk groups, screening them

Question 32

a measure of cancer occurrence in terms of cancer incidence and mortalilty

Answer 32

Absolute risk

Question 33

an estimate of increased probability of developing a certain cancer based on amount of exposure to the associated risk factors. The higher the relative risk, the greater the risk of developing that specific cancer

Answer 33

Relative risk

Question 34

the arithmetic difference in cancer rates between the group exposed to the factor and the unexposed group factor

Answer 34

Attributable risk

Question 35

Benign tumors do not

Answer 35

metastasize

Question 36

highly differentiated tumor

Answer 36

Benign

Question 37

slow growing tumor

Answer 37

Benign

Question 38

poorly differentiated tumor

Answer 38

Malignant

Question 39

tumor that is Cohesive

Answer 39

Benign

Question 40

tumor that has Well-defined borders

Answer 40

Benign

Question 41

tumor that Pushes other tissues out of the way

Answer 41

Benign

Question 42

tumor that Does not recur

Answer 42

Benign

Question 43

tumor that Does not stop at tissue border

Answer 43

Malignant

Question 44

tumor that Invades and destroys surrounding tissues

Answer 44

Malignant

Question 45

tumor that Metastasizes to distant sites

Answer 45

Malignant

Question 46

Malignant Cells have simplified

Answer 46

metabolic activity (work is more simple that normal cells)

Question 47

``` C A U T I O N ```

Answer 47

``` Change in bowel habits A sore that won't heal Unusual bleeding Thickening of a lump Indigestion Obvious change is a mole Nagging cough/hoarseness ```

Question 48

Dx testing: hormones you might look for

Answer 48

HCG | Calcitonin

Question 49

Dx testing: Oncofetal antiagens you might look for

Answer 49

CEA | AFP

Question 50

Dx testing: Specific proteins you might look for

Answer 50

PSA Immunoglobulin (monoclonal) CA 125 CA-19-9

Question 51

the treatment of choice for most types of cancer

Answer 51

chemo

Question 52

Chemotherapy may be use as adjuvant treatment with

Answer 52

surgery and radiation

Question 53

destroys cancer cells with minimal exposure of normal cells to the damaging effects

Answer 53

Radiation therapy

Question 54

effective on tissues directly within the path of the beam

Answer 54

Radiation therapy