Watson Lymph Part 1 Flashcards
Organ that protects us from pathogens in the blood
spleen
largest lymph organ
spleen
the spleen has 2 histological regions
red and white pulp
part of spleen that contains marcophages
red pulp
part of spleen that destroys old RBCs
red pulp
part of spleen that filters pathogens from the blood
white pulp
part of spleen with leukocytes and dendritic cells
white pulp
unique cell markers
antigens
proteins made by several kinds of immune cells that enhance immune response in some way
cytokine
Contains no organs or tissues but instead consists of cells and proteins
Immune system
Lymphatic system consists of two main components:
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue and organs
Lymphatic system basic functions
Immune functions
Absorption of dietary fats
regulates fluid levels
Why must the lymph system absorb fats
fats are too large to pass between endothelial cells of blood capillaries
Intestinal trunk and lumbar trunks all drain into a large, swollen vessel called
cisterna chyli
Cisterna chyli and other lymph trunks drain into one of two lymph ___
ducts
Cisterna chyli and trunks from left side of body drain into ___ duct; drains all of lower body and left side of upper body
thoracic duct
LYMPH CIRCULATION (3 things)
Valves
lodged between muscles
smooth muscle
Predominant tissue type of lymphatic system
reticular tissue
lymphatic tissue contains specialized cells and thin reticular fibers; interweave to form “___”
nets
Do I have the functions of basophils, etc?
m
mature monocytes
Macrophages
immune cells with spiny processes
Dendritic cells
loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects mucous membranes
MALT
Much of MALT in body consists of loosely organized clusters of _ and _ cells that lack a connective tissue capsule
B and T cells
MALT located around oral and nasal cavities
Tonsils
MALT located in last portion of small intestine
Peyer’s patches
MALT that protrudes from large intestine
Appendix
tonsil at the back of the throat
adenoid
tonsil at the back/rough of mouth
palatine tonsil
small clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
lymph nodes in neck
cervical
lymph nodes in groin
inguinal
Lymph node Cortex consists of ____ ____ divided by inward extensions of capsule, called trabeculae
lymphoid follicles
Lymph node Cortex consists of lymphoid follicles divided by inward extensions of capsule, called ____
trabeculae
Lymph node, Between cortex and medulla is a zone composed primarily of
T cells
Lymph node, while medulla contains fewer leukocytes than cortex, it does contain mature
B cells
In lymph nodes, pathogens trapped in the net then encounter ___ and ___ cells, which eliminate these threats
leukocytes and dendritic cells
Lymph that has been “cleaned” of pathogens drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels on other side of node at the __
hilum
Does the thymus trap pathogens?
No
Primary thymus function
make mature t cells
Thymus Medulla contains fewer of these cells, and is thought instead to be mostly site of ___ of certain populations of T cells
destruction
There are no lymphoid follicles in ___ because it lacks B cells
thymus
HOW THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER (3 things)
lymphatic provides residence form immune system cells
Lymphoid organs activate cells of immune system
lymphatic traps pathogens to be processed by the immune
Second line of defense
innate immunity
dominant response to pathogens for first 12 hours after exposure
Innate immune system
Cells and proteins of innate immune system exist in ____, even in absence of a stimulus
bloodstream
Sebaceous glands in skin secrete sebum, or oil, which
has a slightly ___ pH that deters growth of most pathogenic organisms
acidic
Mucous membranes lack
keratin
CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils
Macrophages kill pathogens they have ingested with chemicals, including ___ and ___
hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid
Macrophages also have ___ effects, meaning that they can secrete these substances onto pathogens that are too large to ingest
cytotoxic
___ function as antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
most numerous granulocyte
Neutrophils
highly effective phagocytes that kill their ingested pathogens with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and lysozyme
Neutrophils
Can ingest many types of cells, but are particularly effective at destroying bacterial pathogens
Neutrophils
Neutrophils release ___ contents of their granules onto large pathogens to damage their plasma membranes
cytotoxic
Neutrophils generally reside in ___ and must be recruited to damaged tissues by chemical signals
blood
phagocytes that can migrate from blood to tissues where they are needed
Eosinophils
Primarily involved in responses to parasitic pathogens
Eosinophils
Chemicals from granules damage parasite and either destroy it or make it easier for other immune cells to destroy
Eosinophils
function as antigen-presenting cells; substances they ingest are presented to T cells (and, to a lesser extent, B cells), which are then activated
Dendritic cells
Basophils
granulocytes whose granules contain chemicals that mediate inflammation
ability to recognize cancerous cells and cells infected with certain viruses
NK cells
proteins produced by B lymphocytes that function in adaptive immunity
antibodies
___ system – functions in innate immunity
complement system
diverse group of proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity; have a variety of effects, including regulating development and activity of immune cells
Cytokines
Cytokines are a group of ____ (what kind of biomolecule)
proteins
complement system consists of 20 or more plasma proteins that are produced primarily by
liver
Complement proteins play a critical role in both
innate and adaptive immunity
complement proteins can be activated by either the
classical or alternative pathways
complement proteins, pathway that begins when inactive complement proteins bind to antibodies bound to antigen
classical
complement proteins, begins when inactive complement proteins encounter foreign cells such as bacteria
Alternative
some complement proteins are able to __, or “pop”, plasma membranes of pathogens
lyse
C5b binds to surface of a pathogen and provides a docking site for several other activated complement proteins; together these complement proteins form a structure collectively known as
membrane attack complex, or MAC
___ inserts itself into plasma membrane of target
cell, creating a pore that causes it to lyse
MAC
several complement proteins enhance this response by triggering basophils and mast cells to release chemicals that mediate ____
inflammation
C3b and components of membrane attack complex bind to certain viruses and ____ them, or block them from infecting host cells
neutralize
C3b acts as an ___ by binding to pathogens. ____ makes phagocytes bind more strongly to a pathogen and enhances phagocytosis
opsonin
opsonization
___ binds to immune complexes (clusters of antigens bound to antibodies) and triggers their phagocytosis; also it ___ complexes from circulation, which is critical to preventing these complexes from lodging in different tissues around body
C3b
clears
C3 is
an important complement protein
The 2 kinds of antimicrobial proteins
cytokines
complement proteins
the 3 cytokines
tumor necrosis
interferons
interleukins
2 basic stages of inflammation
damaged cells release inflammatory mediators
phagocytes clean up the area
overview, inflammation is basically the mediators going out and the cardinal signs due to increased blood flow, capillaries opening.
Then the next part is the phagos. Macrophages already present are first responders, then neutros, then more macros, then the bones lease more leukocytes.
thats it
fever is
a body temp above normal range
a fever doesn’t necessarily mean there’s an infection, it just means there’s
inflammation
