Watson Lymph Part 1 Flashcards by Richard smith

Organ that protects us from pathogens in the blood

spleen

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largest lymph organ

spleen

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the spleen has 2 histological regions

red and white pulp

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part of spleen that contains marcophages

red pulp

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part of spleen that destroys old RBCs

red pulp

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part of spleen that filters pathogens from the blood

white pulp

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part of spleen with leukocytes and dendritic cells

white pulp

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unique cell markers

antigens

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proteins made by several kinds of immune cells that enhance immune response in some way

cytokine

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Contains no organs or tissues but instead consists of cells and proteins

Immune system

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Lymphatic system consists of two main components:

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic tissue and organs

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Lymphatic system basic functions

Immune functions
Absorption of dietary fats
regulates fluid levels

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Why must the lymph system absorb fats

fats are too large to pass between endothelial cells of blood capillaries

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Intestinal trunk and lumbar trunks all drain into a large, swollen vessel called

cisterna chyli

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Cisterna chyli and other lymph trunks drain into one of two lymph ___

ducts

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Cisterna chyli and trunks from left side of body drain into ___ duct; drains all of lower body and left side of upper body

thoracic duct

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LYMPH CIRCULATION (3 things)

Valves
lodged between muscles
smooth muscle

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Predominant tissue type of lymphatic system

reticular tissue

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lymphatic tissue contains specialized cells and thin reticular fibers; interweave to form “___”

nets

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Do I have the functions of basophils, etc?

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mature monocytes

Macrophages

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immune cells with spiny processes

Dendritic cells

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loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects mucous membranes

MALT

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Much of MALT in body consists of loosely organized clusters of _ and _ cells that lack a connective tissue capsule

B and T cells

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MALT located around oral and nasal cavities

Tonsils

MALT located in last portion of small intestine

Peyer’s patches

MALT that protrudes from large intestine

Appendix

tonsil at the back of the throat

adenoid

tonsil at the back/rough of mouth

palatine tonsil

small clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

lymph nodes in neck

cervical

lymph nodes in groin

inguinal

Lymph node Cortex consists of ____ ____ divided by inward extensions of capsule, called trabeculae

lymphoid follicles

Lymph node Cortex consists of lymphoid follicles divided by inward extensions of capsule, called ____

trabeculae

Lymph node, Between cortex and medulla is a zone composed primarily of

T cells

Lymph node, while medulla contains fewer leukocytes than cortex, it does contain mature

B cells

In lymph nodes, pathogens trapped in the net then encounter ___ and ___ cells, which eliminate these threats

leukocytes and dendritic cells

Lymph that has been “cleaned” of pathogens drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels on other side of node at the __

hilum

Does the thymus trap pathogens?

Primary thymus function

make mature t cells

Thymus Medulla contains fewer of these cells, and is thought instead to be mostly site of ___ of certain populations of T cells

destruction

There are no lymphoid follicles in ___ because it lacks B cells

thymus

HOW THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER (3 things)

lymphatic provides residence form immune system cells Lymphoid organs activate cells of immune system lymphatic traps pathogens to be processed by the immune

Second line of defense

innate immunity

dominant response to pathogens for first 12 hours after exposure

Innate immune system

Cells and proteins of innate immune system exist in ____, even in absence of a stimulus

bloodstream

Sebaceous glands in skin secrete sebum, or oil, which | has a slightly ___ pH that deters growth of most pathogenic organisms

acidic

Mucous membranes lack

keratin

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY

macrophages neutrophils eosinophils

Macrophages kill pathogens they have ingested with chemicals, including ___ and ___

hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

Macrophages also have ___ effects, meaning that they can secrete these substances onto pathogens that are too large to ingest

cytotoxic

___ function as antigen-presenting cells

Macrophages

most numerous granulocyte

Neutrophils

highly effective phagocytes that kill their ingested pathogens with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and lysozyme

Neutrophils

Can ingest many types of cells, but are particularly effective at destroying bacterial pathogens

Neutrophils

Neutrophils release ___ contents of their granules onto large pathogens to damage their plasma membranes

cytotoxic

Neutrophils generally reside in ___ and must be recruited to damaged tissues by chemical signals

blood

phagocytes that can migrate from blood to tissues where they are needed

Eosinophils

Primarily involved in responses to parasitic pathogens

Eosinophils

Chemicals from granules damage parasite and either destroy it or make it easier for other immune cells to destroy

Eosinophils

function as antigen-presenting cells; substances they ingest are presented to T cells (and, to a lesser extent, B cells), which are then activated

Dendritic cells

Basophils

granulocytes whose granules contain chemicals that mediate inflammation

ability to recognize cancerous cells and cells infected with certain viruses

NK cells

proteins produced by B lymphocytes that function in adaptive immunity

antibodies

___ system – functions in innate immunity

complement system

diverse group of proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity; have a variety of effects, including regulating development and activity of immune cells

Cytokines

Cytokines are a group of ____ (what kind of biomolecule)

proteins

complement system consists of 20 or more plasma proteins that are produced primarily by

liver

Complement proteins play a critical role in both

innate and adaptive immunity

complement proteins can be activated by either the

classical or alternative pathways

complement proteins, pathway that begins when inactive complement proteins bind to antibodies bound to antigen

classical

complement proteins, begins when inactive complement proteins encounter foreign cells such as bacteria

Alternative

some complement proteins are able to __, or “pop”, plasma membranes of pathogens

lyse

C5b binds to surface of a pathogen and provides a docking site for several other activated complement proteins; together these complement proteins form a structure collectively known as

membrane attack complex, or MAC

___ inserts itself into plasma membrane of target | cell, creating a pore that causes it to lyse

MAC

several complement proteins enhance this response by triggering basophils and mast cells to release chemicals that mediate ____

inflammation

C3b and components of membrane attack complex bind to certain viruses and ____ them, or block them from infecting host cells

neutralize

C3b acts as an ___ by binding to pathogens. ____ makes phagocytes bind more strongly to a pathogen and enhances phagocytosis

opsonin | opsonization

___ binds to immune complexes (clusters of antigens bound to antibodies) and triggers their phagocytosis; also it ___ complexes from circulation, which is critical to preventing these complexes from lodging in different tissues around body

C3b | clears

C3 is

an important complement protein

The 2 kinds of antimicrobial proteins

cytokines | complement proteins

the 3 cytokines

tumor necrosis interferons interleukins

2 basic stages of inflammation

damaged cells release inflammatory mediators phagocytes clean up the area

overview, inflammation is basically the mediators going out and the cardinal signs due to increased blood flow, capillaries opening. Then the next part is the phagos. Macrophages already present are first responders, then neutros, then more macros, then the bones lease more leukocytes.

thats it

fever is

a body temp above normal range

a fever doesn't necessarily mean there's an infection, it just means there's

inflammation