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aa Orgo > Watson Lymph Part 1 > Flashcards

Watson Lymph Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Organ that protects us from pathogens in the blood

A

spleen

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2
Q

largest lymph organ

A

spleen

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3
Q

the spleen has 2 histological regions

A

red and white pulp

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4
Q

part of spleen that contains marcophages

A

red pulp

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5
Q

part of spleen that destroys old RBCs

A

red pulp

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6
Q

part of spleen that filters pathogens from the blood

A

white pulp

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7
Q

part of spleen with leukocytes and dendritic cells

A

white pulp

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8
Q

unique cell markers

A

antigens

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9
Q

proteins made by several kinds of immune cells that enhance immune response in some way

A

cytokine

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10
Q

Contains no organs or tissues but instead consists of cells and proteins

A

Immune system

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11
Q

Lymphatic system consists of two main components:

A

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic tissue and organs

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12
Q

Lymphatic system basic functions

A

Immune functions
Absorption of dietary fats
regulates fluid levels

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13
Q

Why must the lymph system absorb fats

A

fats are too large to pass between endothelial cells of blood capillaries

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14
Q

Intestinal trunk and lumbar trunks all drain into a large, swollen vessel called

A

cisterna chyli

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15
Q

Cisterna chyli and other lymph trunks drain into one of two lymph ___

A

ducts

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16
Q

Cisterna chyli and trunks from left side of body drain into ___ duct; drains all of lower body and left side of upper body

A

thoracic duct

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17
Q

LYMPH CIRCULATION (3 things)

A

Valves
lodged between muscles
smooth muscle

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18
Q

Predominant tissue type of lymphatic system

A

reticular tissue

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19
Q

lymphatic tissue contains specialized cells and thin reticular fibers; interweave to form “___”

A

nets

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20
Q

Do I have the functions of basophils, etc?

A

m

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21
Q

mature monocytes

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

immune cells with spiny processes

A

Dendritic cells

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23
Q

loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects mucous membranes

A

MALT

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24
Q

Much of MALT in body consists of loosely organized clusters of _ and _ cells that lack a connective tissue capsule

A

B and T cells

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25
Q

MALT located around oral and nasal cavities

A

Tonsils

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26
Q

MALT located in last portion of small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

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27
Q

MALT that protrudes from large intestine

A

Appendix

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28
Q

tonsil at the back of the throat

A

adenoid

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29
Q

tonsil at the back/rough of mouth

A

palatine tonsil

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30
Q

small clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph nodes

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31
Q

lymph nodes in neck

A

cervical

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32
Q

lymph nodes in groin

A

inguinal

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33
Q

Lymph node Cortex consists of ____ ____ divided by inward extensions of capsule, called trabeculae

A

lymphoid follicles

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34
Q

Lymph node Cortex consists of lymphoid follicles divided by inward extensions of capsule, called ____

A

trabeculae

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35
Q

Lymph node, Between cortex and medulla is a zone composed primarily of

A

T cells

36
Q

Lymph node, while medulla contains fewer leukocytes than cortex, it does contain mature

A

B cells

37
Q

In lymph nodes, pathogens trapped in the net then encounter ___ and ___ cells, which eliminate these threats

A

leukocytes and dendritic cells

38
Q

Lymph that has been “cleaned” of pathogens drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels on other side of node at the __

A

hilum

39
Q

Does the thymus trap pathogens?

A

No

40
Q

Primary thymus function

A

make mature t cells

41
Q

Thymus Medulla contains fewer of these cells, and is thought instead to be mostly site of ___ of certain populations of T cells

A

destruction

42
Q

There are no lymphoid follicles in ___ because it lacks B cells

A

thymus

43
Q

HOW THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER (3 things)

A

lymphatic provides residence form immune system cells
Lymphoid organs activate cells of immune system
lymphatic traps pathogens to be processed by the immune

44
Q

Second line of defense

A

innate immunity

45
Q

dominant response to pathogens for first 12 hours after exposure

A

Innate immune system

46
Q

Cells and proteins of innate immune system exist in ____, even in absence of a stimulus

A

bloodstream

47
Q

Sebaceous glands in skin secrete sebum, or oil, which

has a slightly ___ pH that deters growth of most pathogenic organisms

A

acidic

48
Q

Mucous membranes lack

A

keratin

49
Q

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY

A

macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils

50
Q

Macrophages kill pathogens they have ingested with chemicals, including ___ and ___

A

hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

51
Q

Macrophages also have ___ effects, meaning that they can secrete these substances onto pathogens that are too large to ingest

A

cytotoxic

52
Q

___ function as antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophages

53
Q

most numerous granulocyte

A

Neutrophils

54
Q

highly effective phagocytes that kill their ingested pathogens with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and lysozyme

A

Neutrophils

55
Q

Can ingest many types of cells, but are particularly effective at destroying bacterial pathogens

A

Neutrophils

56
Q

Neutrophils release ___ contents of their granules onto large pathogens to damage their plasma membranes

A

cytotoxic

57
Q

Neutrophils generally reside in ___ and must be recruited to damaged tissues by chemical signals

A

blood

58
Q

phagocytes that can migrate from blood to tissues where they are needed

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Primarily involved in responses to parasitic pathogens

A

Eosinophils

60
Q

Chemicals from granules damage parasite and either destroy it or make it easier for other immune cells to destroy

A

Eosinophils

61
Q

function as antigen-presenting cells; substances they ingest are presented to T cells (and, to a lesser extent, B cells), which are then activated

A

Dendritic cells

62
Q

Basophils

A

granulocytes whose granules contain chemicals that mediate inflammation

63
Q

ability to recognize cancerous cells and cells infected with certain viruses

A

NK cells

64
Q

proteins produced by B lymphocytes that function in adaptive immunity

A

antibodies

65
Q

___ system – functions in innate immunity

A

complement system

66
Q

diverse group of proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity; have a variety of effects, including regulating development and activity of immune cells

A

Cytokines

67
Q

Cytokines are a group of ____ (what kind of biomolecule)

A

proteins

68
Q

complement system consists of 20 or more plasma proteins that are produced primarily by

A

liver

69
Q

Complement proteins play a critical role in both

A

innate and adaptive immunity

70
Q

complement proteins can be activated by either the

A

classical or alternative pathways

71
Q

complement proteins, pathway that begins when inactive complement proteins bind to antibodies bound to antigen

A

classical

72
Q

complement proteins, begins when inactive complement proteins encounter foreign cells such as bacteria

A

Alternative

73
Q

some complement proteins are able to __, or “pop”, plasma membranes of pathogens

A

lyse

74
Q

C5b binds to surface of a pathogen and provides a docking site for several other activated complement proteins; together these complement proteins form a structure collectively known as

A

membrane attack complex, or MAC

75
Q

___ inserts itself into plasma membrane of target

cell, creating a pore that causes it to lyse

A

MAC

76
Q

several complement proteins enhance this response by triggering basophils and mast cells to release chemicals that mediate ____

A

inflammation

77
Q

C3b and components of membrane attack complex bind to certain viruses and ____ them, or block them from infecting host cells

A

neutralize

78
Q

C3b acts as an ___ by binding to pathogens. ____ makes phagocytes bind more strongly to a pathogen and enhances phagocytosis

A

opsonin

opsonization

79
Q

___ binds to immune complexes (clusters of antigens bound to antibodies) and triggers their phagocytosis; also it ___ complexes from circulation, which is critical to preventing these complexes from lodging in different tissues around body

A

C3b

clears

80
Q

C3 is

A

an important complement protein

81
Q

The 2 kinds of antimicrobial proteins

A

cytokines

complement proteins

82
Q

the 3 cytokines

A

tumor necrosis
interferons
interleukins

83
Q

2 basic stages of inflammation

A

damaged cells release inflammatory mediators

phagocytes clean up the area

84
Q

overview, inflammation is basically the mediators going out and the cardinal signs due to increased blood flow, capillaries opening.
Then the next part is the phagos. Macrophages already present are first responders, then neutros, then more macros, then the bones lease more leukocytes.

A

thats it

85
Q

fever is

A

a body temp above normal range

86
Q

a fever doesn’t necessarily mean there’s an infection, it just means there’s

A

inflammation

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