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aa Orgo > Research 2 > Flashcards

Research 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Literature review: what can you say about the use of non-research references

A

they can be like a supplement, but they have limited use

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2
Q

___ is defined as an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated

A

theory

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3
Q

A ___ ___ accounts for and thoroughly describes a phenomenon

A

descriptive theory

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4
Q

___ ___ ___ attempt to explain such phenomena as stress, comfort, and health promotion

A

middle-range theories

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5
Q

A ____ ___ deals with abstractions that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme

A

conceptual model

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6
Q

a method of representing phenomena with a minimal use of words

A

model

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7
Q

A model for explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle

A

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

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8
Q

The conceptual underpinning of a study

A

Framework

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9
Q

the 4 concepts that are central to models of nursing:

A

human beings
environment
health
nursing

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10
Q

In this model humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental change through the process of adaptation

A

Roy’s Adaptation Model

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11
Q

Roy’s Adaptation Model

A

humans are biopyschosocial and adapt to environmental changes

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12
Q

Uncertainty of illness theory

A

It’s about being unable to figure out the meaning of one’s illness

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13
Q

Aka self-efficacy theory

A

Social Cognitive Theory

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14
Q

Social Cognitive theory (aka self-efficacy)

A

The behavior one chooses, perseverance, and how well they performed

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15
Q

An RCT is characterized by 3 things

A

Intervention
Control
Randomization

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16
Q

Cross over design

A
  • A type of RCT
  • one group gets music then silence, the other gets silence then music
  • the subjects are each their own control group
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17
Q

The problem with the cross over design is there could be

A

carry over effects

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18
Q

Quasi-experimental design is characterized by

A

lacking randomization

and sometimes they lack a control group

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19
Q

nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

A

a pretest posttest quasi experimental design (the groups aren’t randomly assigned, but you got baseline data on both to check that they’re pretty equivalent)

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20
Q

one group pretest posttest design

A

quasi experiment that only involves one group, it gets an intervention, and you check the results after

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21
Q

Time series design

A

It improves on the one group pretest posttest design because it’s over a longer period of time (for example you compare a whole year before and whole year after the treatment to get a better picture)

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22
Q

Cohort/prospective design

A

Non experimental
Watching for a presumed effect
(for example watching a group of smokers and a group of non smokers to see who gets cancer)

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23
Q

Retrospective Correlational Study

A

Look at people who currently do and don’t have lung cancer, then look back at their past for certain behaviors

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24
Q

Case-control study

A

In a retrospective study

The case group is the group with cancer, the control group is the group without cancer

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25
Q

Homogeneity

A

when you’re not able to use randomization, homogeneity can help. It just means the characteristics of the group members are the same in order to rule out confounding variables

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26
Q

Matching

A

Kind of like homogeneity except more precise. In homogeneity you say “everyone will be male.” It matching you say “we’ll have 2 males and 2 females in each group”

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27
Q

There are 4 kinds of validity

A

Statistical validity
internal validity
external validity
construct validity

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28
Q

Internal validity

A

Is the IV really causing the outcome

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29
Q

External validity

A

Are the findings generalizable (valid in the real world)

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30
Q

A key concept for having external validity

A

Replication

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31
Q

Inferences from the details of the study to the higher level constructs they’re supposed to represent

A

Construct validity

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32
Q

The nonequivalent control-group, pretest posttest design involves comparing an intervention group to a _____ ____ that was not created through randomization, and the collection of pretreatment data

A

comparison group

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33
Q

Non experimental research includes 2 types

A

descriptive

correlational

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34
Q

researchers begin with a possible cause, and then collect data about the outcomes

A

prospective cohort study

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35
Q

Study validity concerns the extent to which appropriate

A

inferences can be made

36
Q

Target population

A

The entire, larger population

37
Q

The portion of the Target Population that the research can get to

A

accessible population

38
Q

Strata ___ ___ segments of a population based on a specific characteristic

A

mutually exclusive

39
Q

is Convenience Sampling random or nonrandom

A

nonrandom

40
Q

is Consecutive Sampling random or nonrandom

A

nonrandom

41
Q

Consecutive sampling

A

recruit EVERYone from an accessible population over a specific amount of time or until you get a specific amount of people

42
Q

Random Sampling basic definition

A

everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected

43
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A
  1. Researchers make a sample frame
  2. For example is Lehman nursing students was the accessible population, then a student roster would be the sampling frame
  3. Each student on the roster gets a number, and then numbers are randomly chosen
44
Q

Sampling frame

A

the list of population elements

For example is Lehman nursing students was the accessible population, then a student roster would be the sampling frame

45
Q

Stratified Random Sample

A

Same as simple random accept that first their a strata made and then people are taken at random from each strata

46
Q

Systematic Sampling

A
  • for example, select every 10th person on a list
  • It can be useful because sometimes it’s more convenient than regular random sampling (and Systematic is considered random)
47
Q

Researchers can estimate how large their samples should be using a

A

power analysis

48
Q

When the researcher interviews the participant the instrument is called an

A

interview schedule

49
Q

Likert Scale

A

Asks you to say the extent to which you agree with something (for example “5-strongly agree”

50
Q

Formula for Sampling Interval

A

divide the population size by the sample size

51
Q

What are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

A

The 4 levels of measurement

52
Q

Nominal measurement example

A

male = 1 and female = 2

It’s the lowest level

53
Q

Ordinal measurement example

A

1 = completely dependent
2= needs assistance
3 = independent
It ranks people relative to an attribute

54
Q

Interval measurement example

A

similar to ordinal, but you can also specify the exact distance between people

55
Q

Ratio measurement example

A

It had everything the interval measure has plus there’s a Zero on the scale
This allows you to say that someone who weighs 200 pounds is twice as heavy as someone who weighs 100 pounds

56
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent is an instrument?

If you weighed someone twice, does the scale have the same reading each time?

57
Q

Stability

A

kind of like reliability, except you’re looking at how stable it is on SEPARATE occasions

58
Q

Test-retest reliability assesses

A

Stability

59
Q

Internal Consistency

A

Do all the questions in the instrument measure the same thing?
For example, In a Depression questionnaire, there shouldn’t be a question that measures Anger

60
Q

Validity

A

Does the instrument measure what it’s supposed to

61
Q

Known-groups technique

A

Groups that we expect to differ are given the instruments, and we see if the instruments did in fact catch the expected differences

62
Q

Sensitivity

A

does the measure correctly identify the “case”

63
Q

Specificity

A

does the measure correctly rule out the “non cases”

64
Q

A level of measurement that involves mutually exclusive categories

A

nominal

65
Q

the ranking of people based on their relative standing on an attribute

A

ordinal

66
Q

indicating not only people’s rank order, but also the distance between them

A

interval

67
Q

the degree of consistency or accuracy with which an instrument measures an attribute

A

Reliability

68
Q

refers to the extent to which all the instrument’s item are measuring the same attribute

A

Internal consistency

69
Q

the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

A

validity

70
Q

concerns the sampling adequacy of the content being measured

A

content validity

71
Q

Statistical significance

A

It means the results are not just due to chance

72
Q

Emic perspective

A

insiders view. The way that the members of a culture view themselves

73
Q

Etic perspective

A

outsides view of a culture

74
Q

Ethnographers enlist the help of ___ ____ to help them understand and interpret the events and activities being observed

A

key informant

75
Q

Phenomenologic researchers ask

A

what is the ESSENCE of this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does it mean

76
Q

A key word in phenomenology

A

Essence

77
Q

Constant comparison

A

a procedure used to create and refine concepts and categories

78
Q

Narrative analysis

A

A type of quaL design

focuses on the story

79
Q

Intuiting

A

remaining open to the meanings of a phenomenon according to the people who experienced it

80
Q

Historical research

A

A qualitative design that relies primarily on narrative data, but can also include some quaN data

81
Q

Historical research is usually ____

A

interpretive

82
Q

quaL studies that don’t fit into one of the exact categories

A

descriptive qualitative studies

83
Q

Critical theory

A

a critique of society and envisioning new possibilities

84
Q

Critical ethnography

A

attempts to raise awareness and make a social change

85
Q

Participatory action research

A

Based on the idea that knowledge is power….political power

aa Orgo (196 decks)

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