Research 2 Flashcards
Literature review: what can you say about the use of non-research references
they can be like a supplement, but they have limited use
___ is defined as an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated
theory
A ___ ___ accounts for and thoroughly describes a phenomenon
descriptive theory
___ ___ ___ attempt to explain such phenomena as stress, comfort, and health promotion
middle-range theories
A ____ ___ deals with abstractions that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme
conceptual model
a method of representing phenomena with a minimal use of words
model
A model for explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
The conceptual underpinning of a study
Framework
the 4 concepts that are central to models of nursing:
human beings
environment
health
nursing
In this model humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental change through the process of adaptation
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Roy’s Adaptation Model
humans are biopyschosocial and adapt to environmental changes
Uncertainty of illness theory
It’s about being unable to figure out the meaning of one’s illness
Aka self-efficacy theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Social Cognitive theory (aka self-efficacy)
The behavior one chooses, perseverance, and how well they performed
An RCT is characterized by 3 things
Intervention
Control
Randomization
Cross over design
- A type of RCT
- one group gets music then silence, the other gets silence then music
- the subjects are each their own control group
The problem with the cross over design is there could be
carry over effects
Quasi-experimental design is characterized by
lacking randomization
and sometimes they lack a control group
nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design
a pretest posttest quasi experimental design (the groups aren’t randomly assigned, but you got baseline data on both to check that they’re pretty equivalent)
one group pretest posttest design
quasi experiment that only involves one group, it gets an intervention, and you check the results after
Time series design
It improves on the one group pretest posttest design because it’s over a longer period of time (for example you compare a whole year before and whole year after the treatment to get a better picture)
Cohort/prospective design
Non experimental
Watching for a presumed effect
(for example watching a group of smokers and a group of non smokers to see who gets cancer)
Retrospective Correlational Study
Look at people who currently do and don’t have lung cancer, then look back at their past for certain behaviors
Case-control study
In a retrospective study
The case group is the group with cancer, the control group is the group without cancer
Homogeneity
when you’re not able to use randomization, homogeneity can help. It just means the characteristics of the group members are the same in order to rule out confounding variables
Matching
Kind of like homogeneity except more precise. In homogeneity you say “everyone will be male.” It matching you say “we’ll have 2 males and 2 females in each group”
There are 4 kinds of validity
Statistical validity
internal validity
external validity
construct validity
Internal validity
Is the IV really causing the outcome
External validity
Are the findings generalizable (valid in the real world)
A key concept for having external validity
Replication
Inferences from the details of the study to the higher level constructs they’re supposed to represent
Construct validity
The nonequivalent control-group, pretest posttest design involves comparing an intervention group to a _____ ____ that was not created through randomization, and the collection of pretreatment data
comparison group
Non experimental research includes 2 types
descriptive
correlational
researchers begin with a possible cause, and then collect data about the outcomes
prospective cohort study
Study validity concerns the extent to which appropriate
inferences can be made
Target population
The entire, larger population
The portion of the Target Population that the research can get to
accessible population
Strata ___ ___ segments of a population based on a specific characteristic
mutually exclusive
is Convenience Sampling random or nonrandom
nonrandom
is Consecutive Sampling random or nonrandom
nonrandom
Consecutive sampling
recruit EVERYone from an accessible population over a specific amount of time or until you get a specific amount of people
Random Sampling basic definition
everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
Simple Random Sampling
- Researchers make a sample frame
- For example is Lehman nursing students was the accessible population, then a student roster would be the sampling frame
- Each student on the roster gets a number, and then numbers are randomly chosen
Sampling frame
the list of population elements
For example is Lehman nursing students was the accessible population, then a student roster would be the sampling frame
Stratified Random Sample
Same as simple random accept that first their a strata made and then people are taken at random from each strata
Systematic Sampling
- for example, select every 10th person on a list
- It can be useful because sometimes it’s more convenient than regular random sampling (and Systematic is considered random)
Researchers can estimate how large their samples should be using a
power analysis
When the researcher interviews the participant the instrument is called an
interview schedule
Likert Scale
Asks you to say the extent to which you agree with something (for example “5-strongly agree”
Formula for Sampling Interval
divide the population size by the sample size
What are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
The 4 levels of measurement
Nominal measurement example
male = 1 and female = 2
It’s the lowest level
Ordinal measurement example
1 = completely dependent
2= needs assistance
3 = independent
It ranks people relative to an attribute
Interval measurement example
similar to ordinal, but you can also specify the exact distance between people
Ratio measurement example
It had everything the interval measure has plus there’s a Zero on the scale
This allows you to say that someone who weighs 200 pounds is twice as heavy as someone who weighs 100 pounds
Reliability
How consistent is an instrument?
If you weighed someone twice, does the scale have the same reading each time?
Stability
kind of like reliability, except you’re looking at how stable it is on SEPARATE occasions
Test-retest reliability assesses
Stability
Internal Consistency
Do all the questions in the instrument measure the same thing?
For example, In a Depression questionnaire, there shouldn’t be a question that measures Anger
Validity
Does the instrument measure what it’s supposed to
Known-groups technique
Groups that we expect to differ are given the instruments, and we see if the instruments did in fact catch the expected differences
Sensitivity
does the measure correctly identify the “case”
Specificity
does the measure correctly rule out the “non cases”
A level of measurement that involves mutually exclusive categories
nominal
the ranking of people based on their relative standing on an attribute
ordinal
indicating not only people’s rank order, but also the distance between them
interval
the degree of consistency or accuracy with which an instrument measures an attribute
Reliability
refers to the extent to which all the instrument’s item are measuring the same attribute
Internal consistency
the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
validity
concerns the sampling adequacy of the content being measured
content validity
Statistical significance
It means the results are not just due to chance
Emic perspective
insiders view. The way that the members of a culture view themselves
Etic perspective
outsides view of a culture
Ethnographers enlist the help of ___ ____ to help them understand and interpret the events and activities being observed
key informant
Phenomenologic researchers ask
what is the ESSENCE of this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does it mean
A key word in phenomenology
Essence
Constant comparison
a procedure used to create and refine concepts and categories
Narrative analysis
A type of quaL design
focuses on the story
Intuiting
remaining open to the meanings of a phenomenon according to the people who experienced it
Historical research
A qualitative design that relies primarily on narrative data, but can also include some quaN data
Historical research is usually ____
interpretive
quaL studies that don’t fit into one of the exact categories
descriptive qualitative studies
Critical theory
a critique of society and envisioning new possibilities
Critical ethnography
attempts to raise awareness and make a social change
Participatory action research
Based on the idea that knowledge is power….political power
