301 Test 3 Jarvis Flashcards
a sudden increase in size of one breast signifies
trauma, inflammation, infection, or neoplasms
a fine blue vascular network normally is visible in light skinned women’s breasts during
pregnancy
unilateral dilated superficial veins in a nonpregnant woman is a ___ finding
abnormal
an abnormal finding in the breast, edema exaggerates the hair follicles is called
peau d’orange (orange peel look or pig skin look)
abnormal finding of the nipple
recent inversion
a finding of the breast that must always be explored, especially in the presence of a mass
discharge
retraction signs are due to fibrosis in the breast tissue, usually caused by growing
neoplasms
to screen for breast retraction, first ask the woman to
raise her arms over her head
When examining the axillae, usually the nodes are non palpable, although you may feel a small, soft nontender node in the __ group
central group
Axillae inspection- an abnormal finding is the nodes are enlarged because of local infection or the spread of
breast cancer
position for palpating the breast
supine with arm raised above the head
a normal finding is a firm transverse ridge of compressed tissue in the lower quadrants called the ___ ridge
inframammary ridge (especially noticeable in large breasts, not to be confused with an abnormal lump)
except during pregnancy and nursing, __ is abnormal
discharge
the best time for a BSE is right after the menstrual period or
the 4th to 7th day of the menstrual cycle
enlargement of the breast tissue in men
gynecomastia
in addition to happening normally during puberty, gynecomastia can also occur as an abnormal finding due to
medications and some disease states
a benign finding in the breast of infants
witch’s milk
occurs with thyroid dysfunction, stilbestrol ingestion, ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor
early breast development (age 7 to 8)
delayed development occurs with hormone failure, anorexia, severe malnutrition
delayed breast development
when palpating the breast of an adolescent, a mass is usually a benign fibroadenoma or
cyst
normal findings for breasts of pregnant women include
darker nipples and changes in Montgomery glands
colostrum changes to milk production around the
3rd postpartum day
Women over the age of __ have increased risk of breast cancer
50
benign breast disease is aka
fibrocystic breast disease
multiple tender masses in the breast that occur with numerous symptoms like like swelling, pain, discharge but is not cancerous
benign breast disease is aka fibrocystic breast disease
solitary, unilateral mass in the breast
cancer
solid, hard, dense mass in the breast
caner
breast cancer masses are often __less
painless
breast fibroadenoma is a __ tumor
benign tumor
breast fibroadenoma is commonly found in what age group
adolescent
lifestyle breast cancer risk factors include
nulliparity first child after 30 oral contraceptive use never breast fed long term estrogen and progestin use alcohol obesity inactivity
the ratio of AP diameter to transverse diameter is 1:2 or
0.7/1
In COPD, the neck muscles are found to
hypertrophied (from aiding in forced respirations)
Place your thumbs on T9 or T10 and medially pinch up a fold of skin between the thumbs. Ask the person to to inhale. This tests for
symmetric chest expansion
Unequal chest expansion occurs with marked atelectasis, pneumonia, rib fracture, or
pneumothorax
pain with deep breathing can mean that the pleurae are
inflammed
decreased fremitus occurs when
something obstructs the bronchus, pleural thickening, pneumothorax, or emphysema
increased fremitus occurs with
compression or consolidation of lung tissue
a normal finding of the tactile fremitus test
decreases as you move down the back
chest wall assessment- a coarse, crackling sensation palpalbe over the skin surface
crepitus
occurs when air escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
crepitus
normal finding of posterior chest percussion is the sound of
resonance
a test where you percuss to find the lower border of the lungs during inspiration and expiration
diaphragmatic excursion
normal value for diaphragmatic excursion
3 to 5 cm (though an athlete could have 7 to 8)
normal breath sound thats the loudest
bronchial (tracheal)
normal breath sound thats the softest
vesicular
bronchial sounds are abnormal over the
peripheral fields
adventitious sound that occurs with pneumonia and pulmonary edema
crackles (rales)
adventitious sound that occurs with asthma and emphysema
wheezes (rhonchi)
finding of abdominal muscles in someone with chronic emphysema
hypertrophy
Cerebral hypoxia can cause the mental status to be
drowsy, anxious, restless, irritable
finding of the finger nails with chronic respiratory disease
clubbing
some of the accessory muscles used for forced expiration
rectus abdominus and internal intercostals
Most lung tissue responds with resonance, but dullness over the cardiac area is a
normal finding
emphysema causes what percussion sound
hyperresonance
The highest portion of lung fields (front and back) give what normal sound
vesicular
the best time to check an infants respiratory rate is when they are
sleeping
brief periods of apnea less than 10 or 15 seconds is normal in
infants
abnormal respiratory rate in an infant that could be an early sign of heart failure
50 to 100 breaths per minute
From infancy to 6 years old, __ sounds are normally heard in the peripheral lungs fields
bronchovesicular can be heard because they have thin chest walls
A normal (normal for immediate newborn only) adventitious sound heard in newborns caused by opening of airways and fluid clearing
fine crackles
adventitious sound: discontinuous, high-pitched, short, popping heard during inspiration and can’t be cleared by coughing
fine crackles (rales)
adventitious sound: loud, low-pitched bubbling and gurgling. Starts in early inspiration and early expiration
course crackles (rales)
adventitious sound: sound like fine crackles but don’t last and aren’t pathologic
atelectatic crackles (rales)
