HESI Cardiovascular system Part 2

Question 1

Within the intercalated discs, adjacent cells are connected by ___ and ____ ___

Answer 1

desmosomes

gap junctions

Question 2

action potentials in the heart come form specialized cardiac muscle cells called ______ cells

Answer 2

autorhythmic cells

Question 3

The autorhythmic cells are concentrated in 2 areas, the ___ __ and the ___ ___

Answer 3

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

Question 4

The sinoatrial node is located in the

Answer 4

right atrium

Question 5

The atrioventricular node gets its action potential from the

Answer 5

sinoatrial node

Question 6

The cardiac cycle is initiated by the

Answer 6

sinoatrial node

Question 7

The atrioventricular node sends action potential to the

Answer 7

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Question 8

The ventricles are stimulated by impulses from the ___ ___

Answer 8

atrioventricular bundle

Question 9

the ___ ___ conduct the action potential from the inter ventricular septum down to the apex and back up through the ventricles

Answer 9

purkinje fibers

Question 10

the first step in cardiac muscle contraction, depolarization occurs when channels open to allow ___ to enter

Answer 10

Na+

Question 11

the second step in cardiac muscle contraction, ___ enters the cytosol from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and also form outside the cell

Answer 11

Ca2+

Question 12

Within the cell, Ca2+ binds to

Answer 12

troponin

Question 13

Once Ca2+ binds to troponin, this stimulates ___-___ binding which leads to the sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments

Answer 13

cross-bridge

Question 14

repolarization occurs as ___ channels opens and ___ diffuses out of the cell

Answer 14

K and K

Question 15

Compared to skeletal muscle, the refractory period of cardiac muscle is

Answer 15

longer, ensuring each contraction is followed by enough time to allow the heart chamber to refill with blood before the next contraction

Question 16

In an ECG, the ___ wave is small, representing the depolarization of the atria.

Answer 16

P

Question 17

During this wave, muscles of the atria are contracting

Answer 17

P

Question 18

ECG, a rapid down-up-down movement

Answer 18

QRS

Question 19

Represents the depolarization of the ventricles

Answer 19

QRS

Question 20

represents the repolarization of the ventricles

Answer 20

T

Question 21

A contraction event (of either atria or ventricles) is called

Answer 21

systole

Question 22

a relaxation event is referred to as

Answer 22

diastole

Question 23

The ___ ventricular relaxation is the period during which the ventricles are released and the AV and semilunar valves are still closed. The volume of the ventricles remains unchanged

Answer 23

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Question 24

Ventricular filling begins as the AV valves open and blood fills the ventricles. The ventricles remain in ___ during this time

Answer 24

diastole

Question 25

Blood fills the ventricles in 3 phases. First it flows in quick since there's plenty of space. Second it flows slower since there's less room. Third, atrial systole forces the last of the blood in. The final amount of blood at this point is called the ___ ___

Answer 25

end-diastolic volume

Question 26

Ventricular contraction (systole) starts as the action potential form the ___ node enters the ventricle.

Answer 26

AV node

Question 27

___ contraction occurs when the AV valves are forced shut. During this brief period, while semilunar valves are still closed, the volume of the ventricles remains unchanged

Answer 27

isovolumetric contraction

Question 28

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after relaxing is the ___ ___

Answer 28

end-systolic volume

Question 29

___ ___ is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during a single contraction

Answer 29

stroke volume

Question 30

___ ___ is the number of heartbeats per minute

Answer 30

heart rate

Question 31

___ ___ is the volume of blood pumped out of the right or left ventricle per minute

Answer 31

Cardiac output

Question 32

If you're in really good shape, your cardiac output while exercising could be 7 times your cardiac output during resting! The ratio between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called the ___ ___

Answer 32

cardiac reserve

Question 33

a factor of stroke volume is ___, which is the degree to which cardiac cells are stretched by blood entering the chambers

Answer 33

preload

Question 34

a factor of stroke volume is ___, the degree to which cardiac cells contract as a result of extrinsic influences

Answer 34

contractility

Question 35

a factor of stroke volume is ___ which is a measure of the pressure that must be generated by the ventricles to force the semilunar valves open

Answer 35

afterload

Question 36

The greater the after load, the smaller the stroke volume. ___ (which is narrowing of blood arteries) and high blood pressure increase after load and reduce stroke volume

Answer 36

arteriosclerosis

Question 37

The ___ nervous system may influence heart rate

Answer 37

autonomic

Question 38

blood vessels have 3 layers, tunica ___, tunica ___, tunica ___

Answer 38

tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia

Question 39

The inner layer facing the blood

Answer 39

tunica intima

Question 40

tunica media is made of ___ ___

Answer 40

smooth muscle

Question 41

tunica adventitia is made of ___ tissue

Answer 41

connective tissue

Question 42

3 kinds of arteries

Answer 42

Elastic, muscular, arterioles

Question 43

The biggest kind of artery

Answer 43

elastic artery

Question 44

capillaries are microscopic with very thin walls, they only have 1 layer which is the tunica ___

Answer 44

intima

Question 45

type of capillary, the blood vessels between arterioles and venules.

Answer 45

metarterioles (precapillaries)

Question 46

metarterioles (precapillaries) are not true capillaries because they have __ __

Answer 46

smooth muscle

Question 47

type of capillary, makes up the bulk of the capillary bed

Answer 47

true capillary

Question 48

true capillaries don't have muscle in their walls, but they do have a ring of smooth muscle (fact)

Answer 48

nothing

Question 49

three kinds of true capillaries

Answer 49

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Question 50

most common true capillary

Answer 50

continuous capillary

Question 51

true capillary with pores (fenestrations)

Answer 51

fenestrated capillary

Question 52

type of capillary used in the kidney because it is especially porous

Answer 52

fenestrated capillary

Question 53

true capillary that has large gaps that allow blood cells to pass through. Found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver

Answer 53

sinusoidal capillary

Question 54

3 kinds of veins

Answer 54

postcapillary venule venules veins

Question 55

type of vein thats very porous with scattered smooth muscle

Answer 55

postcapillary venule

Question 56

In veins, the tunica intima and tunica media are ___ compared to arteries

Answer 56

thinner

Question 57

One thing veins have that arteries dont

Answer 57

valves (to prevent back flow)

Question 58

Many regions of the body receive blood supplies from 2 or more arteries. The points where these arteries merge are called arterial ___

Answer 58

arterial anastomoses

Question 59

the pressure measured during contraction of the ventricles

Answer 59

systolic pressure

Question 60

systolic pressure average ___ mm Hg in arteries of the systemic circulation

Answer 60

110

Question 61

the pressure measured during ventricular relaxation

Answer 61

diastolic pressure

Question 62

diastolic pressure averages ___ mm Hg

Answer 62

75

Question 63

Blood pressure is basically ___ mm Hg in the veins

Answer 63

0

Question 64

Because there's no blood pressure in the veins, 2 pumps move the blood

Answer 64

muscular pump | respiratory pump

Question 65

veinous pump, arises from contractions in skeletal muscle surrounding veins (squeezes them and the blood has no where else to go because of the valves)

Answer 65

muscular pump

Question 66

veinous pump, moves blood by pressure changing during inhalation

Answer 66

respiratory pump

Question 67

the part of the brain that regulates blood pressure

Answer 67

medulla oblongata

Question 68

The cardiovascular center receives information about the state of the body from 3 sources

Answer 68

Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors Higher brain regions

Question 69

sensory neurons that monitor arterial blood pressure

Answer 69

Baroreceptors

Question 70

sensory neurons that monitor levels of CO2 and O2

Answer 70

chemoreceptors

Question 71

The ___ provide a hormonal mechanism for the regulation of BP by managing blood volume

Answer 71

kidneys

Question 72

In response to rising blood pressure, cells in kidneys secrete ___ into the blood

Answer 72

renin

Question 73

___ and ___, hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, raise blood pressure by increasing heart rate and the contractility of the heart muscles. These hormones are secreted as part of fight-or-flight response

Answer 73

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 74

___ hormone, a hormone made by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, raises blood pressure by stimulating the kidneys to retain water

Answer 74

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 75

___ ___ ___, a hormone secreted by the atria of the heart, lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by stimulating the kidneys to excrete more water and Na+

Answer 75

Atrial natriuretic peptide