HESI endocrine

Question 1

hormones can be chemically classified into 4 groups

APES

Answer 1

Amino acid derived
Polypeptide/Protein
Eicosanoids
Steroids

Question 2

steroid hormones are lipids that are synthesized from ___

Answer 2

cholesterol

Question 3

Eicosanoids are lipids that are synthesized from the ___ ___ chains of ___

Answer 3

fatty acid chains of phospholipids

Question 4

Hormones activate target cells by one of 2 methods, depending on the chemical nature of the hormone: ___ and ___

Answer 4

lipid soluble

water soluble

Question 5

___ ___ hormones diffuse through the membrane of the cell. It then binds to a receptor protein that in turn activates a ___ segment that turns on specific genes

Answer 5

lipid soluble

DNA

Question 6

Instead of directly stimulating, water soluble hormones use a ___ ___

Answer 6

secondary messenger

Question 7

Water soluble hormones can use these 2 secondary messengers

Answer 7

cyclic AMP

Inositol triphosphate

Question 8

cyclic AMP is produced when the receptor protein activates another membrane-bound protein called a ___ ___

Answer 8

G protein

Question 9

The G protein activates adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of ___ ___

Answer 9

cyclic AMP

Question 10

___ ___ is produced from membrane phospholipids. ___ ___ in turn triggers the release of ___ from the ER, which activates the enzymes that causes the cellular changes

Answer 10

Inositol triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate
Ca

Question 11

The ___ makes up the lower region of the diencephelon

Answer 11

hypothalamus

Question 12

the __ __ is attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus

Answer 12

pituitary gland

Question 13

When changes are detected in the body, the ___ directs the ___ to release hormones

Answer 13

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

Question 14

___ are hormones that stimulate other hormones

Answer 14

trophins

Question 15

communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland occurs through

Answer 15

chemicals

Question 16

communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary occurs through ___ ___

Answer 16

neurosecretory cells

Question 17

somatostatin

Answer 17

inhibits release of GH

Question 18

GH means

Answer 18

growth hormone

Question 19

Thyrotropin

Answer 19

stimulates the release of TSH and GH

Question 20

Gonadotropin

Answer 20

release of LH and FSH

Question 21

dopamine

Answer 21

inhibits release of prolactin

Question 22

FSH regulates ___ and ___

Answer 22

oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Question 23

LH causes ___ and release of ___

Answer 23

ovulation

testosterone

Question 24

Prolactin simulates production of ___

Answer 24

milk

Question 25

ADH prevents

Answer 25

dehydration

Question 26

Thyroxine

Answer 26

increases metabolism

Question 27

triiodothyronine

Answer 27

increases metabolism

Question 28

calcitonin

Answer 28

decreases blood Ca

Question 29

parathyroid hormone

Answer 29

increases blood Ca

Question 30

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 30

increases blood glucose levels

Question 31

Norepinephrine

Answer 31

increases blood glucose levels

Question 32

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 3 things

Answer 32

retention of Na release of K increase BP

Question 33

Cortisol

Answer 33

increase blood glucose level

Question 34

androgens

Answer 34

starts puberty

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

increases blood glucose level

Question 36

insulin

Answer 36

decrease blood glucose level

Question 37

glucagon is from __ cells

Answer 37

alpha

Question 38

insulin is form __ cells

Answer 38

beta

Question 39

somatostatin inhibits these 3 things

Answer 39

glucagon insulan GH

Question 40

estrogen determines

Answer 40

secondary sex characteristics

Question 41

progesterone prepares the body for ___ and is involved in the ___ ___

Answer 41

pregnancy | menstrual cycle

Question 42

Relaxin prepares the ___ ___ and ___ dilation

Answer 42

birth canal and cervix dilation

Question 43

inhibin inhibits the release of

Answer 43

FSH

Question 44

Determines secondary sex characteristics and plays minor role in ____

Answer 44

spermatogenesis

Question 45

regulates the biological clock and circadian rhythms

Answer 45

melatonin

Question 46

stimulates RBC formation

Answer 46

erythropoietin

Question 47

increases Ca absorption

Answer 47

calcitriol

Question 48

maintains pregnancy (2 things

Answer 48

progesterone estrogen

Question 49

stimulates release of estrogen and progesteron

Answer 49

gonadotropin

Question 50

prepares the mammary glands for lactation

Answer 50

hPL

Question 51

stimulates release of HCL and pepsinogen

Answer 51

gastrin

Question 52

stimulates production of buffers from the pancreas and bile from the liver

Answer 52

secretin

Question 53

stimulates release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile form the gallbladder

Answer 53

cholecystokinin

Question 54

stimulates stomach muscle contraction

Answer 54

serotonin

Question 55

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes loss of ___ and ___ | decreases ___

Answer 55

Na, water | BP

Question 56

involved in anti-inflammatory responses

Answer 56

adipokines

Question 57

2 things involved in numerous tasks, including the inflammatory response

Answer 57

prostaglandins and leukotriences

Question 58

All cells (except RBCs) secrete a class of hormones called

Answer 58

eicosanoids

Question 59

eicosanoids are ___, aka local hormones that mostly affect neighboring cells

Answer 59

paracrines

Question 60

The 2 groups of eicosanoids are

Answer 60

Prostaglandins | Leukotrienes

Question 61

Bundles of cells in the pancreas called ___ contain 2 kinds of cells, ___ and ____

Answer 61

islets | alpha and beta

Question 62

alpha and beta cells make 2 antagonistic hormones , ___ and ____

Answer 62

insulin and glucagon

Question 63

Beta cells secrete

Answer 63

insulin

Question 64

Alpha cells secrete

Answer 64

glucagon

Question 65

If the sugar level is too high, the body secretes ____. If too low secrete ____

Answer 65

insulin | glucagon

Question 66

Parathyroid hormone increases

Answer 66

Ca2

Question 67

Ca2 levels are decreased by the hormone

Answer 67

calcitonin

Question 68

what's the largest gland in the body

Answer 68

the liver

Question 69

hormone that only effects the cell that created it

Answer 69

autocrine

Question 70

hormone that only effects neighboring cells

Answer 70

paracrine

Question 71

The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that assist with the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 71

adrenal medulla

Question 72

The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that help regulate the mineral balance, energy balance, and reproductive functions

Answer 72

adrenal cortex

Question 73

___ affect metabolism or carbs, protein, fats, constrict blood vessels

Answer 73

glucocorticoids

Question 74

an important glucocorticoid is

Answer 74

cortisol

Question 75

epinephrine and norepi are in a group called

Answer 75

catecholamines