HESI endocrine Flashcards
hormones can be chemically classified into 4 groups
APES
Amino acid derived
Polypeptide/Protein
Eicosanoids
Steroids
steroid hormones are lipids that are synthesized from ___
cholesterol
Eicosanoids are lipids that are synthesized from the ___ ___ chains of ___
fatty acid chains of phospholipids
Hormones activate target cells by one of 2 methods, depending on the chemical nature of the hormone: ___ and ___
lipid soluble
water soluble
___ ___ hormones diffuse through the membrane of the cell. It then binds to a receptor protein that in turn activates a ___ segment that turns on specific genes
lipid soluble
DNA
Instead of directly stimulating, water soluble hormones use a ___ ___
secondary messenger
Water soluble hormones can use these 2 secondary messengers
cyclic AMP
Inositol triphosphate
cyclic AMP is produced when the receptor protein activates another membrane-bound protein called a ___ ___
G protein
The G protein activates adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of ___ ___
cyclic AMP
___ ___ is produced from membrane phospholipids. ___ ___ in turn triggers the release of ___ from the ER, which activates the enzymes that causes the cellular changes
Inositol triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate
Ca
The ___ makes up the lower region of the diencephelon
hypothalamus
the __ __ is attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
When changes are detected in the body, the ___ directs the ___ to release hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
___ are hormones that stimulate other hormones
trophins
communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland occurs through
chemicals
communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary occurs through ___ ___
neurosecretory cells
somatostatin
inhibits release of GH
GH means
growth hormone
Thyrotropin
stimulates the release of TSH and GH
Gonadotropin
release of LH and FSH
dopamine
inhibits release of prolactin
FSH regulates ___ and ___
oogenesis and spermatogenesis
LH causes ___ and release of ___
ovulation
testosterone
Prolactin simulates production of ___
milk
ADH prevents
dehydration
Thyroxine
increases metabolism
triiodothyronine
increases metabolism
calcitonin
decreases blood Ca
parathyroid hormone
increases blood Ca
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
increases blood glucose levels
Norepinephrine
increases blood glucose levels
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 3 things
retention of Na
release of K
increase BP
Cortisol
increase blood glucose level
androgens
starts puberty
glucagon
increases blood glucose level
insulin
decrease blood glucose level
glucagon is from __ cells
alpha
insulin is form __ cells
beta
somatostatin inhibits these 3 things
glucagon
insulan
GH
estrogen determines
secondary sex characteristics
progesterone prepares the body for ___ and is involved in the ___ ___
pregnancy
menstrual cycle
Relaxin prepares the ___ ___ and ___ dilation
birth canal and cervix dilation
inhibin inhibits the release of
FSH
Determines secondary sex characteristics and plays minor role in ____
spermatogenesis
regulates the biological clock and circadian rhythms
melatonin
stimulates RBC formation
erythropoietin
increases Ca absorption
calcitriol
maintains pregnancy (2 things
progesterone estrogen
stimulates release of estrogen and progesteron
gonadotropin
prepares the mammary glands for lactation
hPL
stimulates release of HCL and pepsinogen
gastrin
stimulates production of buffers from the pancreas and bile from the liver
secretin
stimulates release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile form the gallbladder
cholecystokinin
stimulates stomach muscle contraction
serotonin
Atrial natriuretic peptide causes loss of ___ and ___
decreases ___
Na, water
BP
involved in anti-inflammatory responses
adipokines
2 things involved in numerous tasks, including the inflammatory response
prostaglandins and leukotriences
All cells (except RBCs) secrete a class of hormones called
eicosanoids
eicosanoids are ___, aka local hormones that mostly affect neighboring cells
paracrines
The 2 groups of eicosanoids are
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Bundles of cells in the pancreas called ___ contain 2 kinds of cells, ___ and ____
islets
alpha and beta
alpha and beta cells make 2 antagonistic hormones , ___ and ____
insulin and glucagon
Beta cells secrete
insulin
Alpha cells secrete
glucagon
If the sugar level is too high, the body secretes ____. If too low secrete ____
insulin
glucagon
Parathyroid hormone increases
Ca2
Ca2 levels are decreased by the hormone
calcitonin
what’s the largest gland in the body
the liver
hormone that only effects the cell that created it
autocrine
hormone that only effects neighboring cells
paracrine
The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that assist with the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that help regulate the mineral balance, energy balance, and reproductive functions
adrenal cortex
___ affect metabolism or carbs, protein, fats, constrict blood vessels
glucocorticoids
an important glucocorticoid is
cortisol
epinephrine and norepi are in a group called
catecholamines
