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aa Orgo > HESI endocrine > Flashcards

HESI endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

hormones can be chemically classified into 4 groups

APES

A

Amino acid derived
Polypeptide/Protein
Eicosanoids
Steroids

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2
Q

steroid hormones are lipids that are synthesized from ___

A

cholesterol

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3
Q

Eicosanoids are lipids that are synthesized from the ___ ___ chains of ___

A

fatty acid chains of phospholipids

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4
Q

Hormones activate target cells by one of 2 methods, depending on the chemical nature of the hormone: ___ and ___

A

lipid soluble

water soluble

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5
Q

___ ___ hormones diffuse through the membrane of the cell. It then binds to a receptor protein that in turn activates a ___ segment that turns on specific genes

A

lipid soluble

DNA

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6
Q

Instead of directly stimulating, water soluble hormones use a ___ ___

A

secondary messenger

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7
Q

Water soluble hormones can use these 2 secondary messengers

A

cyclic AMP

Inositol triphosphate

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8
Q

cyclic AMP is produced when the receptor protein activates another membrane-bound protein called a ___ ___

A

G protein

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9
Q

The G protein activates adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of ___ ___

A

cyclic AMP

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10
Q

___ ___ is produced from membrane phospholipids. ___ ___ in turn triggers the release of ___ from the ER, which activates the enzymes that causes the cellular changes

A

Inositol triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate
Ca

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11
Q

The ___ makes up the lower region of the diencephelon

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

the __ __ is attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

When changes are detected in the body, the ___ directs the ___ to release hormones

A

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

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14
Q

___ are hormones that stimulate other hormones

A

trophins

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15
Q

communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland occurs through

A

chemicals

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16
Q

communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary occurs through ___ ___

A

neurosecretory cells

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17
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits release of GH

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18
Q

GH means

A

growth hormone

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19
Q

Thyrotropin

A

stimulates the release of TSH and GH

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20
Q

Gonadotropin

A

release of LH and FSH

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21
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits release of prolactin

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22
Q

FSH regulates ___ and ___

A

oogenesis and spermatogenesis

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23
Q

LH causes ___ and release of ___

A

ovulation

testosterone

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24
Q

Prolactin simulates production of ___

A

milk

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25
Q

ADH prevents

A

dehydration

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26
Q

Thyroxine

A

increases metabolism

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27
Q

triiodothyronine

A

increases metabolism

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28
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood Ca

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29
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood Ca

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30
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

increases blood glucose levels

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31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

increases blood glucose levels

32
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 3 things

A

retention of Na
release of K
increase BP

33
Q

Cortisol

A

increase blood glucose level

34
Q

androgens

A

starts puberty

35
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose level

36
Q

insulin

A

decrease blood glucose level

37
Q

glucagon is from __ cells

38
Q

insulin is form __ cells

39
Q

somatostatin inhibits these 3 things

A

glucagon
insulan
GH

40
Q

estrogen determines

A

secondary sex characteristics

41
Q

progesterone prepares the body for ___ and is involved in the ___ ___

A

pregnancy

menstrual cycle

42
Q

Relaxin prepares the ___ ___ and ___ dilation

A

birth canal and cervix dilation

43
Q

inhibin inhibits the release of

44
Q

Determines secondary sex characteristics and plays minor role in ____

A

spermatogenesis

45
Q

regulates the biological clock and circadian rhythms

46
Q

stimulates RBC formation

A

erythropoietin

47
Q

increases Ca absorption

A

calcitriol

48
Q

maintains pregnancy (2 things

A

progesterone estrogen

49
Q

stimulates release of estrogen and progesteron

A

gonadotropin

50
Q

prepares the mammary glands for lactation

51
Q

stimulates release of HCL and pepsinogen

52
Q

stimulates production of buffers from the pancreas and bile from the liver

53
Q

stimulates release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile form the gallbladder

A

cholecystokinin

54
Q

stimulates stomach muscle contraction

55
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes loss of ___ and ___

decreases ___

A

Na, water

BP

56
Q

involved in anti-inflammatory responses

A

adipokines

57
Q

2 things involved in numerous tasks, including the inflammatory response

A

prostaglandins and leukotriences

58
Q

All cells (except RBCs) secrete a class of hormones called

A

eicosanoids

59
Q

eicosanoids are ___, aka local hormones that mostly affect neighboring cells

A

paracrines

60
Q

The 2 groups of eicosanoids are

A

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

61
Q

Bundles of cells in the pancreas called ___ contain 2 kinds of cells, ___ and ____

A

islets

alpha and beta

62
Q

alpha and beta cells make 2 antagonistic hormones , ___ and ____

A

insulin and glucagon

63
Q

Beta cells secrete

64
Q

Alpha cells secrete

65
Q

If the sugar level is too high, the body secretes ____. If too low secrete ____

A

insulin

glucagon

66
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases

67
Q

Ca2 levels are decreased by the hormone

A

calcitonin

68
Q

what’s the largest gland in the body

69
Q

hormone that only effects the cell that created it

70
Q

hormone that only effects neighboring cells

71
Q

The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that assist with the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

72
Q

The adrenal ___ secretes hormones that help regulate the mineral balance, energy balance, and reproductive functions

A

adrenal cortex

73
Q

___ affect metabolism or carbs, protein, fats, constrict blood vessels

A

glucocorticoids

74
Q

an important glucocorticoid is

75
Q

epinephrine and norepi are in a group called

A

catecholamines

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