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aa Orgo > Watson disgest > Flashcards

Watson disgest Flashcards

1
Q

the mucosa from the stomach to the anus consists of an inner layer of __ columnar epithelium

A

simple

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2
Q

the muscularis externa of most of the alimentary canal consists of inner __ and outer __ layers of smooth muscle

A

inner circular

outer longitudinal

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3
Q

the __ __ and the __ move posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering the ___

A

soft palate and uvula

laryngopharynx

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4
Q

the mucosa of the esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity contain ___ __ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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5
Q

produces pepsin

A

chief cells

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6
Q

produce acid and intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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7
Q

hormone that stimulates multiple digestive processes

A

gastrin

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8
Q

controls passage of stomach contents to duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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9
Q

cells in gastric glands that produce hormones

A

enteroendocrine glands

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10
Q

controls passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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11
Q

enzyme that begins protein digestion

A

pepsin

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12
Q

liquid produced as a result of stomach churning

A

chyme

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13
Q

the 3 folds of the small intestine are microvilli, villi, and circular folds aka __ __

A

plicae circulares

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14
Q

what is not a function of the bacteria in the large intestine

A

chemical digestion of dietary proteins

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15
Q

the crown of the tooth is surrounded by an outer layer of ___

A

enamel

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16
Q

the __ papillae of the tongue is keratinized

A

filiform

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17
Q

the secretory cells of the pancreas and salivary glands are __ cells

A

acinar

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18
Q

saliva contains secretory Ig__ and ___

A

IgA

lysozyme

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19
Q

breaks down polysacch to oligosacchs in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

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20
Q

breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in small intestine

A

sucrase

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21
Q

assists in protein digestion in small intestine and activates other protein-digesting enzymes

A

trypsin

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22
Q

digests lipids in small intestine

A

pancreatic lipase

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23
Q

breaks down polysacch to oligosacchs in the small intestine

A

pancreatic amylase

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24
Q

breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach

A

pepsin

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25
Q

__ __ bind to lipids and physically break them apart into smaller pieces

A

bile salts

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26
Q

2 things that are absorbed in the small intestine by the sodium/glucose cotransporter

A

glucose

galactose

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27
Q

lipids plus bile salts give

A

micelles

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28
Q

in the enterocyte, lipids are packages into

A

chylomicrons

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29
Q

absorption of __ ions creates an electrical gradient that drives absorption of chloride and bicarbonate ions

A

sodium

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30
Q

vitamin __ requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the small intestine

A

B12

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31
Q

the __ and __ phases of swallowing are mediated by the swallowing reflex of the brainstem and enteric nervous system

A

esophageal and pharyngeal

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32
Q

smooth muscle of the stomach __ when food enters

A

relaxes

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33
Q

during __, the small intestine exhibits motion in the migrating motor complex pattern

A

fasting

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34
Q

defecation is stimulated by ___ receptors in the rectum, initiating the defecation reflex in the __ __

A

stretch receptors

spinal cord

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35
Q

what stimuli mediates salivation

A

ACh from parasympathetic neurons

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36
Q

Where parietal peritoneum meets abdominal organs, it folds in on itself to become inner __ ___ or __; forms outer tissue layer of such organs

A

visceral peritoneum, or serosa

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37
Q

Mesenteries also house blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, anchoring them in place; mesentery attached to much of large intestine is often called

A

mesocolon

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38
Q

unique among mesenteries in that it consists of four layers of folded visceral peritoneum; extends from base of stomach down into pelvis

A

Greater omentum

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39
Q

smaller mesentery that extends from medial surface of stomach to liver

A

Lesser omentum

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40
Q

Digestive organs are drained by a set of veins that drain into ___ ___ ___; delivers blood to liver for processing

A

hepatic portal vein

41
Q

Blood drains from liver by a set of hepatic veins; in turn deliver blood to

A

inferior vena cava

42
Q

Nerves of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that serve digestive organs are located in three main clusters:

A

celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus

43
Q

Organs of alimentary canal receive innervation from nerve plexuses of ENS, including

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses

44
Q

Digestive system begins at oral cavity, or mouth, where four different digestive processes occur:

A

ingestion, secretion, chemical and mechanical digestion, and propulsion

45
Q

Teeth are located in bony sockets, called

A

Alveoli

46
Q

within mandible and maxilla; teeth are held in place by bands of connective tissue known collectively as

A

periodontal ligament

47
Q

Contains blood vessels and nerves that supply other tissues of tooth with nutrients and innervation

A

pulp cavity

48
Q

Tongue – skeletal muscle covered with a layer of stratified squamous epithelium; attached to floor of oral cavity by a thin band called

A

lingual frenulum

49
Q

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae are associated with the

A

tongue

50
Q

All papillae except ___ contain epithelium with sensory receptors called taste buds

A

filiform

51
Q

Salivary Glands. have only serous cells; secrete mainly water and enzymes

A

Parotid

52
Q

Salivary Glands. have mostly serous cells and a small number of mucous cells; secrete enzymes mixed with some mucus

A

Submandibular

53
Q

Salivary Glands. contain mostly mucous cells; secrete mainly mucus with a small amount of enzymes

A

Sublingual

54
Q

first digestive enzyme that ingested food encounters; catalyzes beginning of carbohydrate digestion, breaking down large polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides

A

Salivary amylase

55
Q

Enzyme ___ catalyzes perforation of bacterial plasma membranes; allows bacteria-killing substances in saliva to enter and kill bacteria

A

lysozyme

56
Q

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx: Of these three divisions, only ___ and ____ are part of alimentary canal

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

57
Q

Oropharynx houses two sets of tonsils—

A

palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

58
Q

Muscularis externa of esophagus consists of two layers of muscle; superior third is composed of ___ muscle, middle third is a mixture of ___ and ___ muscle, and inferior third is composed of ___ muscle

A

Skeletal
Skeletal and smooth
Smooth

59
Q

Pharyngeal phase – bolus enters oropharynx; soft palate and epiglottis seal off nasopharynx and larynx, respectively; involves ___ contraction

A

Involuntary

60
Q

swallowing reflex; initiated by

A

medulla oblongata

61
Q

entry of food into larynx

A

aspiration

62
Q

Region where esophagus empties into stomach

A

carina

63
Q

Dome-shaped top of stomach is its

A

Fundus

64
Q

In stomach, there is an additional inner layer of smooth muscle in stomach’s body with its fibers oriented

A

Obliquely

65
Q

Mucosa of stomach is heavily indented to form deep structures called

A

gastric pits

66
Q

Enteroendocrine cells called G cells secrete hormone

A

Gastrin

67
Q

Chief cells secrete inactive precursor enzyme

A

Pepsinogen

68
Q

when pepsinogen encounters an acidic pH, it becomes active enzyme

A

pepsin

69
Q

Acid is an important component of gastric juice because it activates pepsinogen, destroys many disease-causing organisms, and stimulates parietal cell production of chemical ___ ___

A

intrinsic factor

70
Q

Cells located near top, or “neck,” of gland are called mucous neck cells; secrete acidic mucus that prevents ___ of acid produced by parietal cells

A

Neutralization

71
Q

Hydrogen ions are secreted by an ATP-consuming pump in plasma membrane, called

A

H+/K+ pump

72
Q

Chloride ion follows hydrogen ion via __ ___ through a membrane channel

A

passive diffusion

73
Q

Acid secretion occurs ____ throughout day between meals, at what is known as basal rate

A

continuously

74
Q

vagus nerve causes stimulation of hydrogen ion release, Stimulation of gastrin secretion, Stimulation of ___, and inhibition of ____

A

Stimulation of histamine, Inhibition of somatostatin

75
Q

Low pH in duodenum also triggers production of hormones by cells of duodenal mucosa, including ___ and ___; both hormones reduce acid secretion

A

secretin and GIP

76
Q

When sensory receptors in wall of duodenum detect stretch, low pH, high lipid composition, and/or a high solute concentration in chyme, they trigger a negative feedback loop that ___s gastric emptying

A

delays

77
Q

Cells of small intestine, known as ___, produce multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus

A

Enterocytes

78
Q

most active site for chemical digestion and absorption

A

Jejunum

79
Q

secreted by adipose cells; “I’m full” signal

A

Leptin

80
Q

secreted by stomach mucosa; “I’m hungry” signal

A

Ghrelin

81
Q

first portion of large intestine, is a blind pouch

A

cecum

82
Q

ascending colon travels superiorly along right side of abdomen from right lower quadrant to right upper quadrant when it reaches liver, it makes a sharp left-hand turn at a junction called

A

hepatic flexure

83
Q

Mucosa of large intestine lacks

A

villi and its cells lack microvilli

84
Q

Proximal large intestine is primary site of

A

water and electrolyte absorption and bacterial activity

85
Q

Its exocrine secretions are enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of ___ cells

A

acinar cells

86
Q

Another stimulatory hormone is secretin; released by duodenal cells in response to acid and lipids in duodenum; secretin primarily triggers duct cells to secrete bicarbonate ions

A

secretin

87
Q

on liver’s inferior surface; remnant of umbilical vein that was present in fetus

A

Round ligament

88
Q

indentation found on liver’s posterior side where numerous blood vessels enter and exit liver, including hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic veins

A

Porta hepatis

89
Q

Hepatic arterioles and portal venules both drain into large, leaky capillaries, called hepatic ___ that pass between rows of hepatocytes

A

Sinusoids

90
Q

In the liver Central veins merge and drain into ___ veins

A

hepatic veins

91
Q

Bile serves two critical functions

A

-processing lipids and excreting wastes

92
Q

Contents of hepatopancreatic ampulla empty into duodenum at ___ ___ papilla

A

major duodenal papilla

93
Q

factors influence bile secretion, including hormone ___; stimulates bile production and release by hepatocytes

A

secretin

94
Q

Majority of protein digestion takes place in

A

small intestine with help of pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes

95
Q

Humans do have ability to absorb small amounts of whole, undigested proteins involved in immunity by process of

A

Endocytosis

96
Q

Lipids are __ delivered directly to liver via hepatic portal vein after absorption

A

Not

97
Q

Lipids travel within chylomicrons through lymphatic vessels and eventually to

A

thoracic duct

98
Q

vitamin B12, which must bind to ___ ___—a molecule produced by parietal cells of stomach—to be absorbed in ileum

A

intrinsic factor

99
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

B, C

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