Watson disgest Flashcards
1
Q
the mucosa from the stomach to the anus consists of an inner layer of __ columnar epithelium
A
simple
2
Q
the muscularis externa of most of the alimentary canal consists of inner __ and outer __ layers of smooth muscle
A
inner circular
outer longitudinal
3
Q
the __ __ and the __ move posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering the ___
A
soft palate and uvula
laryngopharynx
4
Q
the mucosa of the esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity contain ___ __ epithelium
A
stratified squamous
5
Q
produces pepsin
A
chief cells
6
Q
produce acid and intrinsic factor
A
parietal cells
7
Q
hormone that stimulates multiple digestive processes
A
gastrin
8
Q
controls passage of stomach contents to duodenum
A
pyloric sphincter
9
Q
cells in gastric glands that produce hormones
A
enteroendocrine glands
10
Q
controls passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach
A
gastroesophageal sphincter
11
Q
enzyme that begins protein digestion
A
pepsin
12
Q
liquid produced as a result of stomach churning
A
chyme
13
Q
the 3 folds of the small intestine are microvilli, villi, and circular folds aka __ __
A
plicae circulares
14
Q
what is not a function of the bacteria in the large intestine
A
chemical digestion of dietary proteins
15
Q
the crown of the tooth is surrounded by an outer layer of ___
A
enamel
16
Q
the __ papillae of the tongue is keratinized
A
filiform
17
Q
the secretory cells of the pancreas and salivary glands are __ cells
A
acinar
18
Q
saliva contains secretory Ig__ and ___
A
IgA
lysozyme
19
Q
breaks down polysacch to oligosacchs in the mouth
A
salivary amylase
20
Q
breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in small intestine
A
sucrase
21
Q
assists in protein digestion in small intestine and activates other protein-digesting enzymes
A
trypsin
22
Q
digests lipids in small intestine
A
pancreatic lipase
23
Q
breaks down polysacch to oligosacchs in the small intestine
A
pancreatic amylase
24
Q
breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach
A
pepsin
25
__ __ bind to lipids and physically break them apart into smaller pieces
bile salts
26
2 things that are absorbed in the small intestine by the sodium/glucose cotransporter
glucose
| galactose
27
lipids plus bile salts give
micelles
28
in the enterocyte, lipids are packages into
chylomicrons
29
absorption of __ ions creates an electrical gradient that drives absorption of chloride and bicarbonate ions
sodium
30
vitamin __ requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the small intestine
B12
31
the __ and __ phases of swallowing are mediated by the swallowing reflex of the brainstem and enteric nervous system
esophageal and pharyngeal
32
smooth muscle of the stomach __ when food enters
relaxes
33
during __, the small intestine exhibits motion in the migrating motor complex pattern
fasting
34
defecation is stimulated by ___ receptors in the rectum, initiating the defecation reflex in the __ __
stretch receptors
| spinal cord
35
what stimuli mediates salivation
ACh from parasympathetic neurons
36
Where parietal peritoneum meets abdominal organs, it folds in on itself to become inner __ ___ or __; forms outer tissue layer of such organs
visceral peritoneum, or serosa
37
Mesenteries also house blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, anchoring them in place; mesentery attached to much of large intestine is often called
mesocolon
38
unique among mesenteries in that it consists of four layers of folded visceral peritoneum; extends from base of stomach down into pelvis
Greater omentum
39
smaller mesentery that extends from medial surface of stomach to liver
Lesser omentum
40
Digestive organs are drained by a set of veins that drain into ___ ___ ___; delivers blood to liver for processing
hepatic portal vein
41
Blood drains from liver by a set of hepatic veins; in turn deliver blood to
inferior vena cava
42
Nerves of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that serve digestive organs are located in three main clusters:
celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus
43
Organs of alimentary canal receive innervation from nerve plexuses of ENS, including
submucosal and myenteric plexuses
44
Digestive system begins at oral cavity, or mouth, where four different digestive processes occur:
ingestion, secretion, chemical and mechanical digestion, and propulsion
45
Teeth are located in bony sockets, called
Alveoli
46
within mandible and maxilla; teeth are held in place by bands of connective tissue known collectively as
periodontal ligament
47
Contains blood vessels and nerves that supply other tissues of tooth with nutrients and innervation
pulp cavity
48
Tongue – skeletal muscle covered with a layer of stratified squamous epithelium; attached to floor of oral cavity by a thin band called
lingual frenulum
49
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae are associated with the
tongue
50
All papillae except ___ contain epithelium with sensory receptors called taste buds
filiform
51
Salivary Glands. have only serous cells; secrete mainly water and enzymes
Parotid
52
Salivary Glands. have mostly serous cells and a small number of mucous cells; secrete enzymes mixed with some mucus
Submandibular
53
Salivary Glands. contain mostly mucous cells; secrete mainly mucus with a small amount of enzymes
Sublingual
54
first digestive enzyme that ingested food encounters; catalyzes beginning of carbohydrate digestion, breaking down large polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
55
Enzyme ___ catalyzes perforation of bacterial plasma membranes; allows bacteria-killing substances in saliva to enter and kill bacteria
lysozyme
56
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx: Of these three divisions, only ___ and ____ are part of alimentary canal
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
57
Oropharynx houses two sets of tonsils—
palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
58
Muscularis externa of esophagus consists of two layers of muscle; superior third is composed of ___ muscle, middle third is a mixture of ___ and ___ muscle, and inferior third is composed of ___ muscle
Skeletal
Skeletal and smooth
Smooth
59
Pharyngeal phase – bolus enters oropharynx; soft palate and epiglottis seal off nasopharynx and larynx, respectively; involves ___ contraction
Involuntary
60
swallowing reflex; initiated by
medulla oblongata
61
entry of food into larynx
aspiration
62
Region where esophagus empties into stomach
carina
63
Dome-shaped top of stomach is its
Fundus
64
In stomach, there is an additional inner layer of smooth muscle in stomach’s body with its fibers oriented
Obliquely
65
Mucosa of stomach is heavily indented to form deep structures called
gastric pits
66
Enteroendocrine cells called G cells secrete hormone
Gastrin
67
Chief cells secrete inactive precursor enzyme
Pepsinogen
68
when pepsinogen encounters an acidic pH, it becomes active enzyme
pepsin
69
Acid is an important component of gastric juice because it activates pepsinogen, destroys many disease-causing organisms, and stimulates parietal cell production of chemical ___ ___
intrinsic factor
70
Cells located near top, or “neck,” of gland are called mucous neck cells; secrete acidic mucus that prevents ___ of acid produced by parietal cells
Neutralization
71
Hydrogen ions are secreted by an ATP-consuming pump in plasma membrane, called
H+/K+ pump
72
Chloride ion follows hydrogen ion via __ ___ through a membrane channel
passive diffusion
73
Acid secretion occurs ____ throughout day between meals, at what is known as basal rate
continuously
74
vagus nerve causes stimulation of hydrogen ion release, Stimulation of gastrin secretion, Stimulation of ___, and inhibition of ____
Stimulation of histamine, Inhibition of somatostatin
75
Low pH in duodenum also triggers production of hormones by cells of duodenal mucosa, including ___ and ___; both hormones reduce acid secretion
secretin and GIP
76
When sensory receptors in wall of duodenum detect stretch, low pH, high lipid composition, and/or a high solute concentration in chyme, they trigger a negative feedback loop that ___s gastric emptying
delays
77
Cells of small intestine, known as ___, produce multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus
Enterocytes
78
most active site for chemical digestion and absorption
Jejunum
79
secreted by adipose cells; “I’m full” signal
Leptin
80
secreted by stomach mucosa; “I’m hungry” signal
Ghrelin
81
first portion of large intestine, is a blind pouch
cecum
82
ascending colon travels superiorly along right side of abdomen from right lower quadrant to right upper quadrant when it reaches liver, it makes a sharp left-hand turn at a junction called
hepatic flexure
83
Mucosa of large intestine lacks
villi and its cells lack microvilli
84
Proximal large intestine is primary site of
water and electrolyte absorption and bacterial activity
85
Its exocrine secretions are enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of ___ cells
acinar cells
86
Another stimulatory hormone is secretin; released by duodenal cells in response to acid and lipids in duodenum; secretin primarily triggers duct cells to secrete bicarbonate ions
secretin
87
on liver’s inferior surface; remnant of umbilical vein that was present in fetus
Round ligament
88
indentation found on liver’s posterior side where numerous blood vessels enter and exit liver, including hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic veins
Porta hepatis
89
Hepatic arterioles and portal venules both drain into large, leaky capillaries, called hepatic ___ that pass between rows of hepatocytes
Sinusoids
90
In the liver Central veins merge and drain into ___ veins
hepatic veins
91
Bile serves two critical functions
-processing lipids and excreting wastes
92
Contents of hepatopancreatic ampulla empty into duodenum at ___ ___ papilla
major duodenal papilla
93
factors influence bile secretion, including hormone ___; stimulates bile production and release by hepatocytes
secretin
94
Majority of protein digestion takes place in
small intestine with help of pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes
95
Humans do have ability to absorb small amounts of whole, undigested proteins involved in immunity by process of
Endocytosis
96
Lipids are __ delivered directly to liver via hepatic portal vein after absorption
Not
97
Lipids travel within chylomicrons through lymphatic vessels and eventually to
thoracic duct
98
vitamin B12, which must bind to ___ ___—a molecule produced by parietal cells of stomach—to be absorbed in ileum
intrinsic factor
99
water-soluble vitamins
B, C
