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HESI Cardiovascular system Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood consists of cells and cell fragments, in this context known as ____ ____
Blood also has water with dissolved molecules are ____ ____

A

formed elements

blood plasma

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2
Q

fancy word for RBC

A

erythrocyte

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3
Q

main function of RBC is to transport

A

O2 and CO2

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4
Q

The protein in RBCs is called

A

hemoglobin

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5
Q

O2 and CO2 attach to the ____ of the rbc

A

hemoglobin

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6
Q

Mature RBCs maximize their cargo space by not having

A

nucleus and other organelles

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7
Q

____ forms when CO2 attaches to AAs of the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule.

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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8
Q

an enzyme in erythrocytes, it converts CO2 and H2O in the cells to H and HCO3

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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9
Q

Most of the CO2 collected from tissues travels in the ____ in the form of ____
A smaller amount of CO2 stays in the ____ and is transported as ____ ____

A

RBCS
HCO3
plasma
bicarbonate ion

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10
Q

RBCs have a short life. the degenerated ones are broken down in the ____ and ____

A

liver and spleen

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11
Q

the kind of cell that breaks down RBCs in the liver and spleen is ____ ____ ____ cells (____)

A

phagocytic white blood cells

macrophages

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12
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, the ____ and ____ parts of hemoglobin are separated. ____ is reduced to AAs

A

globin and heme

globin

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13
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, ____ is removed from the heme group and is bound to protein for storage

A

iron

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14
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, the remainder of the heme group is broken down into ____ (a yellow-orange pigment)

A

bilirubin

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15
Q

Liver cells add bilirubin to bile, which enters the small intestine during the digestion of fats. Bilirubin is then converted into ____ by intestinal bacteria

A

urobilinogen

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16
Q

There are 2 main groups of leukocytes ____ and ____ (one has granules in the cytoplasm and the other doesn’t)

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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17
Q

the most numerous of the granulocytes

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

granulocyte that increases in number during parasitic infection or allergic reaction

A

eosinophils

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19
Q

granulocyte that releases histamine

A

basophil

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20
Q

The 3 types of granulocytes are

NEB

A

neutrophils
Eoisonphils
Basophils

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21
Q

the first kind of granulocyte to arrive at an infection

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

neutrophils respond to chemicals release by damaged cells, the chemicals are called ____. Neutrophils engulf bacteria by ____.

A

chemotaxis

phagocytosis

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23
Q

kind of granulocyte that is similar to mast cells in connective tissue

A

basophil

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24
Q

an agranulocyte, classified as small, med, large

A

lymphocyte

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25
an agranulocyte that goes into tissue and becomes a macrophage
monocyte
26
the only leukocytes that return to the bloodstream
lymphocytes
27
The 2 groups of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
28
the 2 kinds of agranulocytes
monocytes | lymphocytes
29
the kind of lymphocyte that attacks aberrant cells
T cells
30
the kind of lymphocyte that toxins, viruses etc
B cells
31
fragments of big cells called megakaryocytes
platelets (thrombocytes)
32
another word for platelets
thrombocytes
33
platelets' job is to adhere to
damaged blood vessel walls
34
the liquid material remaining after blood-clotting proteins have been removed from plasma as a result of clotting
serum
35
another word for blood formation
hemopoiesis
36
hemopoiesis takes place in the ____ bone marrow
red
37
hemopoietic stem cells are called
hemocytoblasts
38
erythropoiesis, the process of making erythrocytes, beings with the formation of ____ from the hemopoietic stem cells
proerythroblasts
39
young erythrocytes are called
reticulocytes
40
a hormone produced mostly by the kidneys, stimulates bone marrow to make new erythrocytes
eythropoietin
41
a condition where not enough oxygen is delivered to body cells is called
hypoxia
42
another word for stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
43
hemostasis, first step is
vasoconstriction
44
hemostasis, second step, ____ fill the hole
platelets (platelet plug)
45
hemostasis, the last step is
coagulation
46
a complex series of reactions that make liquid blood into a gel
coagulation
47
coagulation has 3 major steps. 1, The formation of factor ____ and ____
factor X and prothrombinase
48
coagulation, 2, prothrombin is converted to ____
thrombin
49
coagulation, 3, fibrinogen is converted to ____
fibrin
50
in coagulation, ____ forms long strands that bind platelets together, thus forming a clot
fibrin
51
the breakdown of the clot is
fibrinolysis
52
If RBCs are transfused to another patients but are rejected, its because antibodies bind them together which is called ____ (clumping) which leads to destroying them
agglutination
53
Different blood groups (aka blood types) are called
agglutinogens
54
blood leaving the heart goes to ____ then ____ then ____. Then it returns to ____ and then ____
``` arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins ```
55
In pulmonary circulation, ____ blood travels from the ____ side of the heart to the lungs
deoxygenated blood | right
56
deoxygenated blood returns to the ____ side of heart
right side
57
The pointed end of the heart is called the
apex
58
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which has 2 layers:
outer fibrous pericardium | inner serous pericardium
59
Between the 2 layers of the serous pericardium is _____ fluid
serous
60
The walls of the heart consist of 3 layers:
endocardium myocardium epicardium
61
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is called the
epicardium
62
The muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
63
the myocardium consists of contracting cardiac muscles and noncontracting ____ fibers
Purkinje fibers
64
Purkinje fibers function
conduct nerve impulses
65
a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
epicardium
66
Cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes) are in this layer
myocardium
67
layer that is continuos with blood vessels
endocardium
68
the number of valves in the heart
4
69
The 2 upper chambers, the right and left atria, are separated by the ____ ____
interatrial septum
70
The pumping machines of the heart are the 2
ventricles
71
The ventricles are separated by the ____ ____
interventricular septum
72
prominent groove on the surface of the heart, marks the junction of atria and ventricles
coronary sulcus
73
Function of the right atrium
temporary storage (so blood is ready and waiting for the right ventricle)
74
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium through 3 veins:
superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus
75
The right AV valve is also called the
tricuspid
76
The pumping chamber for the pulmonary circuit is the ____ ____
right ventricle
77
valve blood goes through to get to the lungs
pulmonary semilunar valve
78
first part of the large artery leading toward the lungs
polmonary trunk
79
When the right ventricle contracts, the ____ ____ closes
right AV (tricuspid)
80
Small tendon like cords, the ____ ____ are attached to the ____ muscles at the bottom on the ventricle
chordae tendineae | papillary muscles
81
the chordae tendineae limit the extend to which the
AV valve can be closed (so that it doesn't overshoot all the way into the atrium
82
The left atrium receives ____ blood
oxygenated
83
The left AV valve is also called the
bicuspid
84
Most of the valves in the heart have how many cusps
3
85
The ventricle is the pumping chamber for the ____ circulation
systemic circulation
86
The strongest chamber is the
left ventricle (to pump blood to the whole body)
87
When the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood through the ____ ____ ____
aortic semilunar valve
88
big artery leaving the heart and leads to the rest of the body
aorta
89
When the left ventricle contracts, the ____ ____ ____ closes
left AV valve (bicuspid)
90
The fetal heart has 2 extra pathways the foramen ____ the ductus ____
foramen ovale | ductus arteriosus
91
in a fetus The foramen ovale is an opening across the ____ ____
interarterial septum
92
The ____ circulation consists of blood vessels that service the heart itself
coronary circulation
93
The 2 arteries that come from the aorta and service the heart are the
left coronary artery | right coronary artery
94
The left coronary artery has 2 branches- the anterior ____ artery and the ____ artery
anterior interventricular artery | circumflex artery
95
The right coronary artery has 2 branches- the posterior ____ artery and the ____ artery
posterior interventricular artery | marginal artery
96
blood from the coronary circulation returns to the right ____ by way of an enlarged blood vessel, the ____ ____
coronary sinus
97
3 veins feed the coronary sinus the great ____ ____ the middle ____ ____ the ____ ____ ____
great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein
98
Mitral Valve separates what from what
left atr from left vent

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