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aa Orgo > HESI Cardiovascular system Part 1 > Flashcards

HESI Cardiovascular system Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood consists of cells and cell fragments, in this context known as ____ ____
Blood also has water with dissolved molecules are ____ ____

A

formed elements

blood plasma

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2
Q

fancy word for RBC

A

erythrocyte

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3
Q

main function of RBC is to transport

A

O2 and CO2

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4
Q

The protein in RBCs is called

A

hemoglobin

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5
Q

O2 and CO2 attach to the ____ of the rbc

A

hemoglobin

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6
Q

Mature RBCs maximize their cargo space by not having

A

nucleus and other organelles

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7
Q

____ forms when CO2 attaches to AAs of the globin part of the hemoglobin molecule.

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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8
Q

an enzyme in erythrocytes, it converts CO2 and H2O in the cells to H and HCO3

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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9
Q

Most of the CO2 collected from tissues travels in the ____ in the form of ____
A smaller amount of CO2 stays in the ____ and is transported as ____ ____

A

RBCS
HCO3
plasma
bicarbonate ion

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10
Q

RBCs have a short life. the degenerated ones are broken down in the ____ and ____

A

liver and spleen

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11
Q

the kind of cell that breaks down RBCs in the liver and spleen is ____ ____ ____ cells (____)

A

phagocytic white blood cells

macrophages

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12
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, the ____ and ____ parts of hemoglobin are separated. ____ is reduced to AAs

A

globin and heme

globin

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13
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, ____ is removed from the heme group and is bound to protein for storage

A

iron

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14
Q

process of breaking down RBCs, the remainder of the heme group is broken down into ____ (a yellow-orange pigment)

A

bilirubin

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15
Q

Liver cells add bilirubin to bile, which enters the small intestine during the digestion of fats. Bilirubin is then converted into ____ by intestinal bacteria

A

urobilinogen

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16
Q

There are 2 main groups of leukocytes ____ and ____ (one has granules in the cytoplasm and the other doesn’t)

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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17
Q

the most numerous of the granulocytes

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

granulocyte that increases in number during parasitic infection or allergic reaction

A

eosinophils

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19
Q

granulocyte that releases histamine

A

basophil

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20
Q

The 3 types of granulocytes are

NEB

A

neutrophils
Eoisonphils
Basophils

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21
Q

the first kind of granulocyte to arrive at an infection

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

neutrophils respond to chemicals release by damaged cells, the chemicals are called ____. Neutrophils engulf bacteria by ____.

A

chemotaxis

phagocytosis

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23
Q

kind of granulocyte that is similar to mast cells in connective tissue

A

basophil

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24
Q

an agranulocyte, classified as small, med, large

A

lymphocyte

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25
Q

an agranulocyte that goes into tissue and becomes a macrophage

A

monocyte

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26
Q

the only leukocytes that return to the bloodstream

A

lymphocytes

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27
Q

The 2 groups of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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28
Q

the 2 kinds of agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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29
Q

the kind of lymphocyte that attacks aberrant cells

A

T cells

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30
Q

the kind of lymphocyte that toxins, viruses etc

A

B cells

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31
Q

fragments of big cells called megakaryocytes

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

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32
Q

another word for platelets

A

thrombocytes

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33
Q

platelets’ job is to adhere to

A

damaged blood vessel walls

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34
Q

the liquid material remaining after blood-clotting proteins have been removed from plasma as a result of clotting

A

serum

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35
Q

another word for blood formation

A

hemopoiesis

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36
Q

hemopoiesis takes place in the ____ bone marrow

A

red

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37
Q

hemopoietic stem cells are called

A

hemocytoblasts

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38
Q

erythropoiesis, the process of making erythrocytes, beings with the formation of ____ from the hemopoietic stem cells

A

proerythroblasts

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39
Q

young erythrocytes are called

A

reticulocytes

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40
Q

a hormone produced mostly by the kidneys, stimulates bone marrow to make new erythrocytes

A

eythropoietin

41
Q

a condition where not enough oxygen is delivered to body cells is called

A

hypoxia

42
Q

another word for stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

43
Q

hemostasis, first step is

A

vasoconstriction

44
Q

hemostasis, second step, ____ fill the hole

A

platelets (platelet plug)

45
Q

hemostasis, the last step is

A

coagulation

46
Q

a complex series of reactions that make liquid blood into a gel

A

coagulation

47
Q

coagulation has 3 major steps. 1, The formation of factor ____ and ____

A

factor X and prothrombinase

48
Q

coagulation, 2, prothrombin is converted to ____

A

thrombin

49
Q

coagulation, 3, fibrinogen is converted to ____

A

fibrin

50
Q

in coagulation, ____ forms long strands that bind platelets together, thus forming a clot

A

fibrin

51
Q

the breakdown of the clot is

A

fibrinolysis

52
Q

If RBCs are transfused to another patients but are rejected, its because antibodies bind them together which is called ____ (clumping) which leads to destroying them

A

agglutination

53
Q

Different blood groups (aka blood types) are called

A

agglutinogens

54
Q

blood leaving the heart goes to ____ then ____ then ____. Then it returns to ____ and then ____

A 
arteries 
arterioles 
capillaries 
venules
veins
55
Q

In pulmonary circulation, ____ blood travels from the ____ side of the heart to the lungs

A

deoxygenated blood

right

56
Q

deoxygenated blood returns to the ____ side of heart

A

right side

57
Q

The pointed end of the heart is called the

A

apex

58
Q

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which has 2 layers:

A

outer fibrous pericardium

inner serous pericardium

59
Q

Between the 2 layers of the serous pericardium is _____ fluid

A

serous

60
Q

The walls of the heart consist of 3 layers:

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

61
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is called the

A

epicardium

62
Q

The muscular layer of the heart

A

myocardium

63
Q

the myocardium consists of contracting cardiac muscles and noncontracting ____ fibers

A

Purkinje fibers

64
Q

Purkinje fibers function

A

conduct nerve impulses

65
Q

a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.

A

epicardium

66
Q

Cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes) are in this layer

A

myocardium

67
Q

layer that is continuos with blood vessels

A

endocardium

68
Q

the number of valves in the heart

A

4

69
Q

The 2 upper chambers, the right and left atria, are separated by the ____ ____

A

interatrial septum

70
Q

The pumping machines of the heart are the 2

A

ventricles

71
Q

The ventricles are separated by the ____ ____

A

interventricular septum

72
Q

prominent groove on the surface of the heart, marks the junction of atria and ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

73
Q

Function of the right atrium

A

temporary storage (so blood is ready and waiting for the right ventricle)

74
Q

deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium through 3 veins:

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

75
Q

The right AV valve is also called the

A

tricuspid

76
Q

The pumping chamber for the pulmonary circuit is the ____ ____

A

right ventricle

77
Q

valve blood goes through to get to the lungs

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

78
Q

first part of the large artery leading toward the lungs

A

polmonary trunk

79
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, the ____ ____ closes

A

right AV (tricuspid)

80
Q

Small tendon like cords, the ____ ____ are attached to the ____ muscles at the bottom on the ventricle

A

chordae tendineae

papillary muscles

81
Q

the chordae tendineae limit the extend to which the

A

AV valve can be closed (so that it doesn’t overshoot all the way into the atrium

82
Q

The left atrium receives ____ blood

A

oxygenated

83
Q

The left AV valve is also called the

A

bicuspid

84
Q

Most of the valves in the heart have how many cusps

A

3

85
Q

The ventricle is the pumping chamber for the ____ circulation

A

systemic circulation

86
Q

The strongest chamber is the

A

left ventricle (to pump blood to the whole body)

87
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood through the ____ ____ ____

A

aortic semilunar valve

88
Q

big artery leaving the heart and leads to the rest of the body

A

aorta

89
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, the ____ ____ ____ closes

A

left AV valve (bicuspid)

90
Q

The fetal heart has 2 extra pathways
the foramen ____
the ductus ____

A

foramen ovale

ductus arteriosus

91
Q

in a fetus The foramen ovale is an opening across the ____ ____

A

interarterial septum

92
Q

The ____ circulation consists of blood vessels that service the heart itself

A

coronary circulation

93
Q

The 2 arteries that come from the aorta and service the heart are the

A

left coronary artery

right coronary artery

94
Q

The left coronary artery has 2 branches-
the anterior ____ artery
and
the ____ artery

A

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

95
Q

The right coronary artery has 2 branches-
the posterior ____ artery
and
the ____ artery

A

posterior interventricular artery

marginal artery

96
Q

blood from the coronary circulation returns to the right ____ by way of an enlarged blood vessel, the ____ ____

A

coronary sinus

97
Q

3 veins feed the coronary sinus
the great ____ ____
the middle ____ ____
the ____ ____ ____

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

98
Q

Mitral Valve separates what from what

A

left atr from left vent

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