HESI Urinary

Question 1

The kidneys are surrounded by 3 layers of tissue: the ___ ___ is a thin, outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney

Answer 1

renal fascia

Question 2

The next layer is the ___ ___, which is the middle layer that cushions the kidney

Answer 2

adipose capsule

Question 3

The next layer is the ___ ___ is an inner fibrous membrane that prevents the entrance of infections

Answer 3

renal capsule

Question 4

INSIDE the kidney, three major regions are distinguished - the ___ ___ borders the convex side

Answer 4

renal cortex

Question 5

The ___ ___ lies adjacent to the renal cortex

Answer 5

renal medulla

Question 6

The renal medulla consists of striated, cone shaped regions called ___ ___

Answer 6

renal pyramids

Question 7

The ___ ___ is a cavity that lies adjacent to the renal medulla

Answer 7

renal sinus

Question 8

The renal sinus houses the renal ___, a funnel-shaped structure that merges with the ureter

Answer 8

renal pelvis

Question 9

The renal artery for each kidney branches into segmental arteries and then into ___ arteries

Answer 9

interlobular

Question 10

The interlobular arteries then branch into the ___ arteries

Answer 10

arcuate arteries

Question 11

The kidney consists of over a million individual filtering units called ___

Answer 11

nephrons

Question 12

Each nephron consists of a filtering body called the renal ___

Answer 12

renal corpuscle

Question 13

Each nephron also has a urine-collecting tube called the renal ___

Answer 13

tubule

Question 14

The renal corpuscle is an assemblage of 2 structures, the ___ ___ and the ___ ___

Answer 14

glomerular capillaries

glomerular capsule

Question 15

The ___ is a dense ball of capillaries

Answer 15

glomerulus aka glomerular capillaries

Question 16

Because blood in the glomerulus is under high pressure, substances in the blood small enough to pass through the pores (aka ___)

Answer 16

fenestrae

Question 17

___ project branches that form a dense network around the glomerular capillaries, protecting them from breaking due to the high pressure

Answer 17

podocytes

Question 18

The renal tubule consists of 3 sections. The first section is the ___ ___ ___, it exits the glomerular capsule as a winding tube in the renal cortex

Answer 18

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 19

Similar to the cells in the small intestine, the inside of the tubule has ___ to increase absorption

Answer 19

microvilli

Question 20

The middle of the tubule is called the ___ ___ or the ___ of ___

Answer 20

nephron loop
or
loop or henle

Question 21

The last section of the renal tubule is the ___ ___ ___

Answer 21

distal convoluted tubule

Question 22

The DCT empties into the ___ duct

Answer 22

collecting duct

Question 23

The last portion of the tubule and the collecting duct respond to 2 hormones, ___ and ___

Answer 23

aldosterone and ADH

Question 24

The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerular capillaries to form ___ capillaries

Answer 24

peritubular capillaries

Question 25

In portions of the nephron loop the descend, the capillaries form loops called ___ ___, the cross between the ascending and descending limbs

Answer 25

vasa recta

Question 26

There are 2 kinds of nephrons, the first is ___ nephrons, that only slightly descend to the medulla (hint: they're mostly in the CORTEX)

Answer 26

cortical nephrons

Question 27

The other kind of nephron is ___ nephrons, which go deep into the renal medulla and have vasa recta

Answer 27

juxtaglomerular nephrons

Question 28

The ___ apparatus is an area of the nephron where the afferent arteriole and the initial portion of the DCT are in close contact

Answer 28

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 29

Here, specialized smooth muscle cells called ___ ___ cells act as mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure in afferent arteriole.

Answer 29

granular juxtaglomerular cells

Question 30

In the adjacent DCT, specialized cells called ___ ___ act as chemoreceptors that monitor the amount of Na and Cl in the urine inside the tubule

Answer 30

macula densa

Question 31

The ___ (pores) of the capillary endothelium are large, allowing all components of blood plasma to pass except blood cells

Answer 31

Fenestrae

Question 32

The ___ ___ pressure determines the quantity of filtrate that is forced into the glomerular capsule

Answer 32

net filtration pressure

Question 33

The ___ ___ pressure promotes filtration

Answer 33

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

The ___ ___ pressure inhibits filtration

Answer 34

glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 35

filtration is also inhibited by ___ ___ pressure

Answer 35

capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 36

Hormonal control of Glomerular Filtration Rate is accomplished by ___ and ___

Answer 36

renin and angiotensinogen

Question 37

When cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect a decrease in blood pressure or decrease in solute concentration in the distal tubule, they secrete the enzyme ___

Answer 37

renin

Question 38

Renin converts ___ to ___

Answer 38

angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Question 39

Angiotensin 1 is then converted angiotensin 2 by ___-___ ___

Answer 39

angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 40

Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and releasing the hormone ___

Answer 40

aldosterone

Question 41

aldosterone increases blood pressure by making the kidneys reabsorb more

Answer 41

water

Question 42

The reabsorption of most substances from the tubule to the interstitial fluids requires a membrane-bound transport protein that carries these substances across the tubule membrane by (active or passive) transport?

Answer 42

active

Question 43

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na and water by stimulating an increase in the number of

Answer 43

sodium-potassium pump proteins

Question 44

the opposite of reabsorption is

Answer 44

secretion

Question 45

the base of the urinary bladder which is defined by the 2 ureters and the urethra is called the

Answer 45

trigone

Question 46

when relaxed, bladder develops folds called

Answer 46

rugae

Question 47

in the bladder, the muscularis layer is called the ___ ___

Answer 47

detrusor muscle

Question 48

another word for urination

Answer 48

micturition

Question 49

in a nephron, where in the loop is solute concentration the highest

Answer 49

the bottom of the loop

Question 50

the part of the loop that is permeable to water

Answer 50

the descending part