HESI Urinary Flashcards
The kidneys are surrounded by 3 layers of tissue: the ___ ___ is a thin, outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney
renal fascia
The next layer is the ___ ___, which is the middle layer that cushions the kidney
adipose capsule
The next layer is the ___ ___ is an inner fibrous membrane that prevents the entrance of infections
renal capsule
INSIDE the kidney, three major regions are distinguished - the ___ ___ borders the convex side
renal cortex
The ___ ___ lies adjacent to the renal cortex
renal medulla
The renal medulla consists of striated, cone shaped regions called ___ ___
renal pyramids
The ___ ___ is a cavity that lies adjacent to the renal medulla
renal sinus
The renal sinus houses the renal ___, a funnel-shaped structure that merges with the ureter
renal pelvis
The renal artery for each kidney branches into segmental arteries and then into ___ arteries
interlobular
The interlobular arteries then branch into the ___ arteries
arcuate arteries
The kidney consists of over a million individual filtering units called ___
nephrons
Each nephron consists of a filtering body called the renal ___
renal corpuscle
Each nephron also has a urine-collecting tube called the renal ___
tubule
The renal corpuscle is an assemblage of 2 structures, the ___ ___ and the ___ ___
glomerular capillaries
glomerular capsule
The ___ is a dense ball of capillaries
glomerulus aka glomerular capillaries
Because blood in the glomerulus is under high pressure, substances in the blood small enough to pass through the pores (aka ___)
fenestrae
___ project branches that form a dense network around the glomerular capillaries, protecting them from breaking due to the high pressure
podocytes
The renal tubule consists of 3 sections. The first section is the ___ ___ ___, it exits the glomerular capsule as a winding tube in the renal cortex
proximal convoluted tubule
Similar to the cells in the small intestine, the inside of the tubule has ___ to increase absorption
microvilli
The middle of the tubule is called the ___ ___ or the ___ of ___
nephron loop
or
loop or henle
The last section of the renal tubule is the ___ ___ ___
distal convoluted tubule
The DCT empties into the ___ duct
collecting duct
The last portion of the tubule and the collecting duct respond to 2 hormones, ___ and ___
aldosterone and ADH
The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerular capillaries to form ___ capillaries
peritubular capillaries
In portions of the nephron loop the descend, the capillaries form loops called ___ ___, the cross between the ascending and descending limbs
vasa recta
There are 2 kinds of nephrons, the first is ___ nephrons, that only slightly descend to the medulla (hint: they’re mostly in the CORTEX)
cortical nephrons
The other kind of nephron is ___ nephrons, which go deep into the renal medulla and have vasa recta
juxtaglomerular nephrons
The ___ apparatus is an area of the nephron where the afferent arteriole and the initial portion of the DCT are in close contact
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Here, specialized smooth muscle cells called ___ ___ cells act as mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure in afferent arteriole.
granular juxtaglomerular cells
In the adjacent DCT, specialized cells called ___ ___ act as chemoreceptors that monitor the amount of Na and Cl in the urine inside the tubule
macula densa
The ___ (pores) of the capillary endothelium are large, allowing all components of blood plasma to pass except blood cells
Fenestrae
The ___ ___ pressure determines the quantity of filtrate that is forced into the glomerular capsule
net filtration pressure
The ___ ___ pressure promotes filtration
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The ___ ___ pressure inhibits filtration
glomerular osmotic pressure
filtration is also inhibited by ___ ___ pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
Hormonal control of Glomerular Filtration Rate is accomplished by ___ and ___
renin and angiotensinogen
When cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect a decrease in blood pressure or decrease in solute concentration in the distal tubule, they secrete the enzyme ___
renin
Renin converts ___ to ___
angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 is then converted angiotensin 2 by ___-___ ___
angiotensin-converting enzyme
Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and releasing the hormone ___
aldosterone
aldosterone increases blood pressure by making the kidneys reabsorb more
water
The reabsorption of most substances from the tubule to the interstitial fluids requires a membrane-bound transport protein that carries these substances across the tubule membrane by (active or passive) transport?
active
aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na and water by stimulating an increase in the number of
sodium-potassium pump proteins
the opposite of reabsorption is
secretion
the base of the urinary bladder which is defined by the 2 ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
when relaxed, bladder develops folds called
rugae
in the bladder, the muscularis layer is called the ___ ___
detrusor muscle
another word for urination
micturition
in a nephron, where in the loop is solute concentration the highest
the bottom of the loop
the part of the loop that is permeable to water
the descending part
