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aa Orgo > zzz Watson Development > Flashcards

zzz Watson Development Flashcards

1
Q

weeks 3 - 8

A

embryonic period

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2
Q

weeks 1 -2

A

pre-embryonic period

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3
Q

weeks 9 - 38

A

fetal period

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4
Q

during the pre-embryonic period, the conceptus divides into hundreds of cells called ___ and becomes a ___ which implants in the uterine wall

A

cleavage, blastocyst

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5
Q

__ in semen may assist with movement of sperm by causing uterine contractions

A

prostaglandins

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6
Q

secondary oocytes are covered with a layer of cells called the __ __

A

corona radiata

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7
Q

the __ reaction prevents additional sperm cells from binding to the oocyte

A

cortical reaction

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8
Q

the blastocyst has 2 distinct cell populations: large flat cells called the ___ and a cluster of round cells called the ___ __ __

A

trophblast

inner cell mass

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9
Q

forms part of the digestive tract and is the first extraembryonic membrane to form

A

yolk sac

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10
Q

forms the base for the umbilical cord and later becomes part of the urinary bladder

A

allantois

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11
Q

encloses the embryo and secretes fluid to fill the sac

A

amnion

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12
Q

forms the outgrowths that blend with the stratum functionalis layer of the uterus

A

chorion

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of embryonic folding

A

cephalocaudal and lateral

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14
Q

what month- downy hair called lanugo develops

A

5

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15
Q

what month- organs specialize and grow

A

8 and 9

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16
Q

what month- lungs begin to produce surfactant

A

6

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17
Q

what month- the heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope

A

4

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18
Q

what month- fetus turns to the vertex position

A

7

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19
Q

what month- ossification begins in most bones

A

3

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20
Q

the __ secretes hCG

A

trophoblast

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21
Q

which hormone secreted during pregnancy assists with increasing the mothers blood volume

A

aldosterone

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22
Q

___ stage is the time from the onset of labor until the cervix is fully open

A

dilation

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23
Q

the dilation stage is usually ___ compared to the expulsion or placental stages

A

longer

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24
Q

The first __ weeks after birth are the neonatal period

A

4

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25
Q

__ are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein, and the human __ includes over 20,000 of these segments

A

genes, genome

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26
Q

which pattern of inheritance includes examples of codominance

A

multiple allele traits

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27
Q

science that studies changes in form and function from fertilized egg through old age

A

Developmental biology

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28
Q

study of events that occur during approximately 38 weeks of development inside mother’s womb

A

Embryology

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29
Q

developmental stage that occurs during approximately 38 weeks duration within mother’s womb; period people usually refer to as pregnancy

A

Prenatal period

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30
Q

Postnatal period begins at ___ and continues through all of life’s stages

A

Birth

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31
Q

Three stages of prenatal development that occur during 38-week time period include:

A

Pre-embryonic period
Embryonic period
fetal period

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32
Q

Pre-embryonic period – lasts for first 2 weeks after

A

Fertilization

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33
Q

Pre-embryonic period – zygote divides mitotically many times to produce a multicellular structure (____); implants in (attaches to) endometrium of uterus

A

Blastocyst

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34
Q

Embryonic period – extends from week 3 through 8 of gestation; conceptus grows, folds, and forms rudimentary organ systems; called an

A

embryo

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35
Q

Final stage, fetal period, lasts from week _ through 38 of gestation, or until birth

A

9

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36
Q

continues development through two years of age

A

Infancy

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37
Q

lasts until period of sexual maturation, or puberty, begins

A

Childhood

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38
Q

finishes when individual is capable of sexual reproduction

A

adolescence

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39
Q

extends from end of adolescence until death

A

Adulthood

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40
Q

stage at which development ends and degeneration of tissues and organs, called

A

senescence

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41
Q

Some cells of blastocyst begin to form ____ membranes; help support developing embryo

A

Extraembryonic

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42
Q

An ovulated secondary oocyte is viable for only __ hours after it is released from ovary

A

24

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43
Q

sperm can remain viable in female’s reproductive tract for up to __ days

A

5

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44
Q

Before it can fertilize an oocyte, a sperm must undergo ___; series of functional changes that make it fully motile and modify its plasma membrane so it can fuse with plasma membrane of oocyte

A

Capacitation

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45
Q

Sperm undergo capacitation as they migrate to the

A

Oocyte

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46
Q

____ in semen are thought to stimulate uterine contractions; assist with moving sperm farther into female reproductive tract

A

Prostaglandins

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47
Q

Although female orgasm is not required for fertilization, it also results in uterine contractions and may help in moving sperm; all of these processes together are called

A

sperm migration

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48
Q

___ reaction – releases enzymes from head of sperm

A

Acrosomal

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49
Q

An ovulated secondary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells called ___ ___

A

corona radiata

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50
Q

Sperm must penetrate this cell layer by a combination of sperm movements and _____, an enzyme released from membrane-bound sac on head of sperm called acrosome

A

Hyaluronidase

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51
Q

Deep to oocyte’s corona radiata is zona ____

A

Pellucida

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52
Q

zona pellucida; layer of extracellular matrix secreted by oocyte that contains

A

sperm-binding receptors

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53
Q

When a sperm cell binds to a sperm-binding receptor in zona pellucida, ____ ion channels in sperm’s plasma membrane open

A

Calcium

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54
Q

Increased intracellular calcium ion level triggers ___ reaction

A

Acrosomal

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55
Q

Numerous sperm cells are needed to release enough hyaluronidase and ___ to break through corona radiata and zona pellucida

A

Acrosin

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56
Q

Sperm entry stimulates ____ reaction; destroys sperm-binding receptors

A

Cortical

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57
Q

Specialized secretory vesicles called cortical granules are present in oocyte; contain enzymes that catalyze reactions to destroy ___-___ receptors

A

sperm-binding receptors

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58
Q

Sperm entry triggers release of enzymes from cortical granules; a process termed cortical

A

reaction

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59
Q

cortical reaction prevents additional ___ cells from binding

A

sperm

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60
Q

Sperm nucleus swells to form a male

A

Pronucleus

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61
Q

Oocyte completes ___ __, and resulting ovum swells to form a female pronucleus

A

Meiosis 2

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62
Q

____ fibers form between male and female pronuclei; pronuclear membranes break down, allowing chromosomes to mingle

A

Spindle

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63
Q

inability to produce a pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse

A

Infertility

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64
Q

Approximately 30 hours after fertilization occurs, zygote begins cleavage; series of rapid mitotic divisions that produce small, genetically identical cells called

A

blastomeres

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65
Q

Divisions occur too quickly for cells to grow; so cell number increases, but cell size becomes

A

smaller

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66
Q

cells start to differentiate; will be building blocks of all future tissues of developing conceptus; known as a ____ and remains covered by zona pellucida

A

morula

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67
Q

By time blastocyst is ready for implantation, it has two distinct cell populations: An outer layer of large, flattened cells, called ____ cells. An inner cluster of rounded cells (inner cell mass, or ____)

A

trophoblast , Embryoblasts

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68
Q

_____ cells, surround fluid-filled cavity, participate in forming placenta

A

Trophoblast

69
Q

An inner cluster of rounded cells (inner cell mass, or ____) form embryo proper—developing body

A

Embryoblasts

70
Q

Implantation occurs approximately __ to __ days after fertilization when blastocyst begins to attach to endometrium of uterus

A

4–7 days

71
Q

____ invades stratum functionalis layer of endometrium by secreting digestive enzymes that catalyze reactions to degrade endometrial lining

A

Trophoblast

72
Q

Trophoblast cells divide into two layers:

A

Inner- cytotrophoblast

Outer- syncytiotrophoblast

73
Q

Trophoblast cells divide into two layers: part where cells’ plasma membranes disappear and their cytoplasmic contents merge to form a functionally single, large, multinucleated cell; begins to secrete enzymes to digest uterine cells almost immediately after formation

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

74
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast is also responsible for secreting hormone

A

hCG

75
Q

hCG stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone and helps promote _____ development

A

placental development

76
Q

___ suppresses menstruation by maintaining endometrium of uterus and prolonging secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

Progesterone

77
Q

produced only during pregnancy making it basis for urine pregnancy tests

A

hCG

78
Q

hCG level rises in mother’s blood until end of second month of development, when a membrane called ___ takes over role of corpus luteum in secreting estrogen and progesterone

A

chorion

79
Q

On rare occasions, blastocyst implants in a site different from uterus; if pregnancy continues, result is an ____ pregnancy

A

Ectopic

80
Q

inner cell mass (developing offspring) separates from trophoblast and differentiates into two layers:

A

epiblast and hypoblast

81
Q

Superior epiblast and inferior hypoblast together form a flat ___ embryonic disc

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc

82
Q

A small cavity appears within epiblast and will enlarge to become ___ cavity

A

Amniotic

83
Q

amniotic cavity will surround ___ and fill with fluid

A

embryo

84
Q

____ embryonic disc will eventually become three primary germ layers that differentiate to produce all tissues in body (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm); blueprint for future organ development

A

Bilaminar

85
Q

Bilaminar embryonic disc and trophoblast together produce ____ membranes

A

Extraembryonic membranes

86
Q

___ membranes include yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion

A

extraembryonic membranes

87
Q

arises from hypoblast cells; first extraembryonic membrane to develop

A

Yolk sac

88
Q

cells from yolk sac form part of ____ tract and are source of first blood cells and vessels

A

digestive

89
Q

Yolk sac also produces first ___ cells, precursors of gametes; will eventually migrate into developing ovaries and testes

A

Germ

90
Q

transparent membrane that develops from epiblast

A

Amnion

91
Q

The amnion eventually encloses embryo in fluid-filled amniotic cavity; penetrated only by the

A

umbilical cord

92
Q

amniotic fluid is formed by filtering mother’s ___, but embryo’s own urine contributes to amniotic fluid volume once its kidneys become functional toward end of eighth or ninth week of development

A

blood

93
Q

___ fluid protects embryo from trauma and drying out; helps maintain a constant temperature; also allows freedom of movement; important for muscle development, and prevents body parts from adhering to each other

A

Amniotic fluid

94
Q

small outpocketing of caudal wall of yolk sac; forms base for umbilical cord and ultimately will become part of urinary bladder

A

Allantois

95
Q

outermost extraembryonic membrane

A

Chorion

96
Q

develops from cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast; encloses all other membranes and embryo

A

Chorion

97
Q

Forms outgrowths called chorionic ___; initially found around entire surface of chorion

A

Villi

98
Q

By late week four of development, chorionic villi are blended with stratum ___ layer and begin to form principal embryonic part of placenta

A

Functionalis

99
Q

Embryonic period starts with a process called

A

Gastrulation

100
Q

Gastrulation: rearrangement and migration of cells of bilaminar embryonic disc to form ___ embryonic disc

A

Trilaminar

101
Q

Placenta forms during the ____ period

A

Embryonic period

102
Q

In week 3, bilaminar embryonic disc contains two cell layers:

A

epiblast and hypoblast

103
Q

A thin groove on dorsal surface of epiblast develops; called

A

primitive streak

104
Q

elongates along cephalic-caudal (head-tail) line of embryo, establishing head and tail regions, right and left sides, and dorsal and ventral (posterior and anterior) surfaces of embryo

A

Primitive streak

105
Q

begins after primitive streak has completed its development

A

Gastrulation

106
Q

Gastrulation starts as cells detach from epiblast layer and move into primitive streak, a process called

A

ingression

107
Q

during ingression, the first cells that migrate in this way become inner germ layer, or endoderm; replaces

A

hypoblast

108
Q

Next cells migrate to a position between epiblast and endoderm; becomes middle layer aka

A

(mesoderm)

109
Q

Remaining cells of epiblast form outer layer aka

A

(ectoderm)

110
Q

____ folding occurs in head and tail regions of embryo; creates future head and buttocks regions of embryo

A

Cephalocaudal folding

111
Q

____ or lateral, folding occurs when left and right sides of embryo curve and fold toward midline

A

Transverse

112
Q

Transverse folding creates future trunk region and almost immediately forms primitive gut; later becomes ___ tract

A

digestive

113
Q

When embryonic period ends at end of week __, embryo will have recognizable organ systems; although not all organs will be functional, some will begin to work

A

8

114
Q

First major event of organogenesis is

A

neurulation

115
Q

Mesodermal cells underneath primitive streak form a structure called ___; serves to support and organize embryo around a central axis

A

Notochord

116
Q

During Embryonic period (weeks 3–8), embryo is especially sensitive to

A

teratogens

117
Q

placenta is fully formed at about week

A

12

118
Q

Placentation begins during ___, but majority of placental growth occurs in fetal period

A

Implantation

119
Q

Umbilical cord contains two umbilical ___ that carry deoxygenated fetal blood away from fetal heart to placenta, and one umbilical ___ that carries oxygen and nutrients toward fetal heart

A

Arteries, vein

120
Q

Umbilical cord also contains a soft connective tissue with a jelly-like consistency, called ____ jelly

A

Wharton’s

121
Q

When embryonic period begins, blastocyst has implanted in uterus and chorionic villi have penetrated uterine blood vessels to form ___ filled with maternal blood

A

Lacunae

122
Q

lacunae filled with maternal blood; merge into a single blood-filled cavity called placental

A

sinus

123
Q

Once placentation has begun, stratum functionalis of uterus is known as

A

decidua

124
Q

Placenta – unique organ because it develops from both ___ (chorionic villi) and maternal (decidua basalis) structures

A

Fetal

125
Q

In addition to its nutritive functions, placenta also functions as an endocrine organ; assumes production of hCG as it grows and results in subsequent reduction of

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

126
Q

Blood flow between mother and fetus through placenta takes following pathway: Oxygenated maternal blood flows to decidua ___ layer of uterus and then through maternal arteries into placental sinus

A

basalis

127
Q

Blood flow between mother and fetus through placenta takes following pathway: Maternal blood touches placental barrier; allows diffusion of substances, but not passage of

A

blood cells

128
Q

Blood flow between mother and fetus through placenta takes following pathway: Once diffusion has taken place, maternal blood which is deoxygenated and carrying waste, flows into maternal ___ and back to mother’s cardiovascular system

A

Veins

129
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves placenta and flows back to fetus through a single umbilical

A

vein

130
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than ___ hemoglobin, so it pulls oxygen away from mother’s hemoglobin at placental barrier

A

Maternal

131
Q

Deoxygenated fetal blood leaves fetus and enters two umbilical ___ where it then flows into placenta and moves into fetal capillaries in chorionic villi, on fetal side of placental barrier

A

Arteries

132
Q

Fetal blood then picks up oxygen and nutrients and delivers waste by diffusion, but again, no __ cells move through barrier

A

blood

133
Q

Genitals are distinguishable as male or female; by end of month __

A

3

134
Q

Hair grows on head, and skin is covered by a downy hair called

A

Lanugo

135
Q

Mother can feel movements, a phenomenon referred to as ____, as skeletal muscles begin to contract

A

Quickening

136
Q

Month 7: Fetus usually turns upside down, assuming ___ position

A

Vertex

137
Q

Fetal circulation and cardiovascular system change rapidly soon after

A

Birth

138
Q

Unique cardiovascular structures present during prenatal development include umbilical arteries and umbilical vein and three circulatory “shortcuts” called vascular

A

shunts

139
Q

Blood from umbilical vein bypasses liver via ductus ___; connected to inferior vena cava and flows into right atrium of heart

A

Venosus

140
Q

hole in interatrial septum that directly connects right and left atria; allows blood to “skip” ahead and avoid pulmonary circulation by moving directly from right to left side of heart and systemic circulation

A

Foramen ovale

141
Q

short passage that connects pulmonary trunk to aorta; allows blood to move from pulmonary trunk directly into aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

142
Q

most critical stage of development- ___ trimester

A

1st trimester

143
Q

After blastocyst implants in uterine lining, ____ begins secreting hCG; maintains corpus luteum so that it continues secreting estrogen and progesterone

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

144
Q

___ and relaxin secreted from corpus luteum suppress uterine contractions until birth process begins

A

Progesterone

145
Q

Hormone from adrenal cortex promotes reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules; causes water to follow by osmosis; leads to an overall increase in blood volume during pregnancy

A

Aldosterone

146
Q

Hormone helps to maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium ions because fetal demand for calcium ions is high to support bone development

A

Parathyroid hormone

147
Q

Hormone secreted from anterior pituitary stimulates milk production by mammary glands

A

Prolactin

148
Q

Hormone from fetal and maternal hypothalamus is secreted during second and third trimesters and peaks during labor to stimulate uterine contractions and allow milk release from mammary glands

A

Oxytocin

149
Q

In last few weeks of pregnancy, ____ promote formation of gap junctions between uterine muscle cells to facilitate coordinated contractions during childbirth

A

Estrogens

150
Q

Changes during Pregnancy: Glandular tissue grows and additional ___ (structures of breast that produce milk) develop under influence of prolactin

A

Alveoli

151
Q

Changes during Pregnancy: Mother’s blood volume and cardiac output ___; blood pressure may rise to some extent

A

Increase

152
Q

Typically, pregnant women have a ____ hematocrit (number of erythrocytes) than nonpregnant women

A

Lower

153
Q

Fetal adrenal cortex produces cortisol; binds to receptors on placenta and stimulates it to produce large amounts of

A

estrogen

154
Q

High estrogen level stimulates uterus to form ____ receptors on myometrium

A

Oxytocin

155
Q

High estrogen levels also override quieting influence of progesterone on myometrium; becomes “irritable”, leading to irregular contractions called Braxton-Hicks contractions; referred to as ___ labor because they do not result in three stages of labor

A

False

156
Q

_____s dilate cervix and, along with oxytocin, increase strength of uterine contractions

A

Prostaglandins

157
Q

Labor can be subdivided into three stages—

A

Dilation, Expulsion, Placental

158
Q

___ stage – time from onset of labor until cervix is fully dilated (expanded) to 10 cm (3.9 in.) in diameter

A

Dilation

159
Q

____ stage – time from full dilation to delivery of newborn; may take up to a few hours, but typically ranges from 30 minutes to 1 hour:

A

Expulsion

160
Q

____ stage – time after delivery of newborn when placenta and attached fetal extraembryonic membranes, collectively called afterbirth, are delivered; takes about 30 minutes without assistance

A

Placental

161
Q

calculated to evaluate whether a newborn is adjusting appropriately; physical status is evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth; based on five criteria: skin color, pulse rate, respiratory level, muscle activity, and grimace (which assesses reflexes)

A

Apgar score

162
Q

Neonatal heart rates are significantly ___ than those of adults

A

Higher

163
Q

Newborns are born with ____ fat; a special adipose tissue deposited during fifth month of fetal development that produces heat rather than storing energy

A

Brown

164
Q

newborns have a ____ rate of water loss and require more fluid intake

A

higher

165
Q

a bloody, yellowish discharge; expelled from uterus for up to 6 weeks after birth

A

Lochia

166
Q

is responsible for actual ejection of milk from alveoli of mammary glands, a process called let-down reflex

A

Oxytocin

167
Q

Genes – segments of DNA that code for a specific

A

Protein

168
Q

genes are not necessarily identical – they may have slightly different sequences of nucleotides; variants of a gene are called

A

alleles

aa Orgo (196 decks)

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