344 Chap 15 16 Flashcards
neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, and complement proteins are all part of
innate immunity
Antibodies neutralize microbes and microbial
toxins
Viruses are handled by which branch of adaptive immunity
cell-mediated
Both innate and adaptive immunity use phagocytosis and the ___ system
complement system
The precursor cell for monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic cells
myeloid
The precursor cell for natural killer cells, lymphocytes
Lymphoid
Although their primary role is phagocytosis, macrophages also function as
APCs
Cell that acts as a general scavenger cleaning up debris
Macrophages
For HIV patients, a decline in ___ helper t-cells is used to track the progression of the disease
CD4
Lymph nodes (1) ___ foreign material and (2) are sites of immune cell ___
filter, proliferation
refers to the ability of a cytokine to act on different cell types
Pleiotropism
refers to the ability of different cytokines to stimulate the same or overlapping biological functions
redundancy
cytokines can exert their effects locally and
systemically
Chemokines are cytokines that stimulate the ___ and ___ of immune cells
migration and activation
cytokines that stimulate production of large numbers of platelets, RBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils etc
Colony-stimulating factors
The skin has antibacterial proteins and the enzyme ___ that inhibits microbes
lysozyme
In the stomach and intestine, the secretion of ____ kills bacteria by disrupting their membrane
defensins
The MLB receptor is used to ___ pathogens
identify
the coating of microbes is called
opsonization
Cytokines have various functions such as: producing ch_____ for leukocytes, stimulating acute-phase protein production, inhibiting ___ replication, and affecting ___ of immune cells
chemotaxis, virus, development
type 1 interferon interacts with receptors on neighboring cells to stimulate the translation of an antiviral protein that protects ___ cells
unaffected cells
the acute phase response involves a shift in the proteins synthesized by the liver into the
Plasma
substance that elicits adaptive immune response
antigen
Although their main role is phagocytosis, macrophages also function as __ __ cells
antigen-presenting cells
the antigen receptors of most T cells only recognize peptide fragments of protein antigens that are bound to specialized peptide display molecules called ___
MHC
Helper T cells help B cells __ __ and helps phagocytes __ __ pathogens
produce antibodies
destroy ingested pathogens
lymphocytes are often distinguished by surface proteins. The standard nomenclature for these proteins is the __
CD aka clusters of differentiation
In HIV, a decline or rise in __ __ __-cell count is used to follow the progression of the disease and response to treatment
CD4+ helper T-cell
Only the T cells that are able to recognize foreign antigens and distinguish self from non-self are allowed to leave the thymus. this is called
thymic selection
many cell to cell interactions and effector responses depend on the secretion of short-acting soluble molecules called
cytokines
type of cytokine that are made by leukocytes and then act on other leukocytes
interleukins
kind of cytokine that interferes with virus multiplication
interferon
refers to the ability of a cytokine to act on different cell types
pleiotropism
refers to the ability of different cytokines to stimulate the same overlapping biologic functions
redundancy
The largest family, __ chemokines attracts mononuclear leukocytes to sites of chronic inflammation
CC chemokines
The __ chemokines attract neutrophils to sites of acute inflammation
CXC chemokines
among the functions of the innate immune system is induction of a complex cascade of events known as the
inflammatory response
in the stomach and intestines, death of microbes results from the action of digestive enzymes, acidic conditions, and secretions of
defensins
defensins are small cationic ___ that rapidly kill many types of bacteria by disrupting their membrane
peptides
the early-responding phagocyte cell is the
neutrophil
the 2nd cell to arrive after neutrophils is
macrophage
___ cells are derived form bone marrow cells and related to the macrophage, they also play important role in the innate response to infections and in linking innate and adaptive responses
dendritic cells
some microbial components have repetitive structures called
PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns
the best definied activation pathway for the pathogen sensors of innate immunity is a family of transmembrane receptors
toll-like receptors
the coating of particles, such as microbes, is called
opsonization
the __ pathway recognizes complement-fixing antibodies (IgG, IgM) of adaptive immunity bound to the surface of a microbe or other structure
classical pathway
the __ pathway uses a plasma protein called mannose-binding ligand that binds to mannose residues on microbial glycoproteins or glycolipids.
the lectin pathway
pathway that recognizes certain microbial molecules in the absence of antibody
alternative
for the purpose of inducing immunity through vaccination, adaptive immune responses may be induced by antigens without microbes. In such instances, the antigens have to be administered with substances called ___ that elicit the same adaptive immune reactions as microbes do
adjuvants
dendritic cells and macrophages express surface molecules call __-____ which bind to receptors on naive T cells and function together with antigen recognition to activate T cells
co-stimulators
antigens are also called
immunogens
foreign molecules are recognized by receptors on immune cells and by secreted proteins, called __ or __
antibodies or immunoglobulins
antibodies or immunoglobulins are made in response to an
antigen
discrete, immunologically active sites on antigens are called __ __ or ___
antigenic determinants or epitopes
it is the unique molecular shape of the __ that is recognized by a specific immunoglobulin receptor found on a lymphocyte or antibody
epitope
low-molecular weight compounds called ___ that combine with larger molecules and are then an antigen
haptens
Class 1 MHC are cell surface molecules that interact with the __ __ T cells
CD8 cytotoxic t cells
Class 2 MHC are on macrophages, __ cells and __ cells
dendritic cells and B cells
Class 2 MHC interact with the
CD4 helper t cells
Human MHC proteins are called
HLAs (human leukocyte antigens)
because the class 1 and 2 MHC genes are closely linked on one chromosome, the combination of HLA genes usually is inherited as a unit, called a
haplotype
only Ig that crosses the placenta
IgG
Ig in saliva, mucous, breast milk
IgA
Ig forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens
IgM
Ig prominent in early immune responses
IgM
