Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

aa Orgo > 344 Test 2 > Flashcards

344 Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

prescence of erythroblasts in the blood due to failure of their maturation in the bone marrow

A

Erythroblastosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

abnormal development of large red cell

A

Megaloblastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In men blood volume averages ___ ml/kg

A

75.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In women blood volume average ___ ml/kg

A

66.5 (5-6 L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The arterial pH of normal blood 7.35 to

A

7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hemoglobin has to 2 __ chains and 2 __ chains

A

alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Each molecule of hemoglobin can carry _ molecules of oxygen

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erythropoiesis is governed by __ need

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

erythropoietin is secreted by which organ

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The rate of RBC destruction equals the rate of production:

A

1%/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RBC destruction is facilitated by

A

phagocytic macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RBC Destruction: White blood cells living in the ___ are ready to process RBCs

A

spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RBC Destruction involves creating ___ bilirubin

A

unconjugated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin is __

A

toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

unconjugated bilirubin in blood is linked to gluconuride in the ___. This allows it to be excreted

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When RBCs Are Destroyed Outside the Spleen, hemoglobinemia makes the plasma turn __

A

red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hemoglobinuria makes the urine __-colored

A

cola-colored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1st Anemia category, impaired oxygen transport, resulting in ___ mechanism

A

compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2nd Anemia category, reduction in RBC and ___ level

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3rd Anemia category, __ and ___ associated with pathology process

A

signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hematocrit in men

A

40 to 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency is associated with ___ anemia

A

Pernicious Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fluids contains about 2/3 of the body water in healthy adults

A

Intracellular fluids (ICF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sodium

A

135-145

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chloride

A

98-106

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bicarbonate

A

24-31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Calcium

A

8.5-10.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phosphorus

A

2.5-4.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Magnessium

A

1.3-2.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

refers to the effect a solution exerts on a cell size because of water movement across the membrane

A

tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Most plentiful electrolyte in ECF

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what age group is susceptible to hyponatremia

A

older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q 
muscle cramps
weakness
depressed deep tendon reflex
headache
disorientation
lethargy 
seizures
coma
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
cramps
diarrhea
A

hyponeutremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q 
increased thirst
increased ADH
dry skin
decreased turgor
decreased salivation
decreased reflexes
A

hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

muscle cramps, weakness, and fatigue reflect the effects of ___ on skeletal muscle function

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Can occur during heavy exercise in hot weather

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cells of the brain are affected by increases in intracellular water (causes lethargy, apathy, headache, confusion, loss of tendon reflex)

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A decrease in red blood cells when the body can’t absorb enough vitamin B-12.

A

Pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A rare condition in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells.

A

Aplastic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

All are true in megaloblastic anemia except

A

High serum level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

irregular shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anisocytosis

A

irregular size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Can result from decreased production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Deficient amount of iron leads to decreased ___ synthesis

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The most common cause of iron deficiency is

A

blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what happens to the heart rate during anemia

A

tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what causes spoon shaped deformity of the finger nails

A

iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

smooth tongue, brittle hair and nails, eating abnormal substances

A

iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

To prevent iron deficiency in infants, give supplements and avoid

A

cow’s milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

B12 is needed for DNA synthesis, which is needed for __ ___ maturation

A

red cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

B12 is needed to prevent ____ breakdown which would lead to neurologic complications

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

___ anemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric mucosa

A

pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the hallmark of B12 deficiency is _____ anemia

A

megaloblastic anemia (I think this means increased cell size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When B12 is deficient, red cells are abnormally ___ in size

A

large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

condition where the RBCs have immature nuclei and the membrane is oval shaped instead of biconcave

A

pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

pernicious anemia can be reversed by

A

oral dose or injection of B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Anemia is defined as an abnormally low number of ___, or low level of ___, or both

A

RBCs or hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Anemias caused by premature destruction of RBC

A

hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Anemias that result from ineffective hematopoises (premature death of RBCs in the bone marrow) are associated with inappropriately high levels of

A

iron absorption from the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Problems Caused by Sickle Cell

A

Acute pain
Infarctions cause chronic damage to liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, eyes, bones
Pulmonary infarction acute chest syndrome
Cerebral infarction stroke
Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin Has No Beta Chains which means it should not

A

sickle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which ion channels allow cardiac muscle to fire without a stimulus?

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Walls of arteries and veins composed of three layers

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Vascular ___ Creates compounds that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction

A

Endothelium

66
Q

Vascular Endothelium ___ factors that can stimulate smooth muscle

A

growth

67
Q

Vascular Endothelium Forms a smooth lining of the blood vessels that resists __ formation

A

clot

68
Q

Vascular Endothelium Creates compounds to promote clot formation in ___ areas

A

injured

69
Q

The more lipid, the __ the density

A

lower

70
Q

Some LDLs are taken up by scavenger cells like ___

A

macrophages

71
Q

Plaque can rupture and cause a __ to form

A

clot

72
Q

Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as

A

Buerger Disease

73
Q

is a nonatherosclerotic inflammation and thrombosis of small, medium sized arteries/ veins in foot and lower leg

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease

74
Q

Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease occurs before age

A

35

75
Q

Cigarette smoking and tobacco chewing trigger an immune response

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease

76
Q

Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease predominant symptom

A

pain

77
Q

a functional disorder cause by intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles in the finger, less frequent in toes

A

Raynaud Phenomenon

78
Q

Primary is seen in the healthy young women

A

Raynaud Phenomenon

79
Q

Skin color change from pallor to cyanosis, sensation of cold and sensory perception change; tingling. numbness

A

Raynaud Phenomenon

80
Q

Is a pathological out-pouching or a sac-like dilation in the wall of a blood vessel caused by weakening of a vessel wall

A

Aneurysm

81
Q

Angiotensin 11 reduces sodium

A

excretion

82
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone increases BP by retaining

A

water

83
Q

HTN is most likely to effect which ventrical

A

left

84
Q

Aneurysms- Wall of ___ weakens and stretches

A

artery

85
Q

Aneurysms- Risk of __ formation

A

clot

86
Q

hypoxia effect on blood pressure

A

increase

87
Q

Beta blockers effect on blood pressure

A

decrease

88
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium may restrict the heart’s movement due to ___ filling the pericardial cavity

A

exudate

89
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium may restrict the heart’s movement due to __ tissue making the pericardium stick to the heart (constrictive pericarditis)

A

scar

90
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity as a result of inflammation or infection that includes pericarditis

A

Pericardial Effusion

91
Q

May also develop with neoplasm, cardiac surgery or trauma

A

Pericardial Effusion

92
Q

Pericardial Effusion effects which side of the heart

A

both

93
Q

What is the immediate treatment for severe cardiac tamponade

A

oxygen

94
Q

On inhaling, the right ventricle fills with extra blood

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

95
Q

Because the heart cannot expand fully when the right ventricle is overfilled, the left ventricle is compressed and cannot accept much blood

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

96
Q

On the next heartbeat, the left ventricle does not send out much blood: systolic BP drops

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

97
Q

serum changes in Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

Proteins released from necrotic heart cells

Myoglobin, creatine kinase, troponin

98
Q

Imbalance in blood supply and the heart’s demands for oxygen

A

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

99
Q

Myocardial ischemia without pain

A

Silent myocardial ischemia

100
Q

Anxiety, restlessness, feeling of impending doom

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

101
Q

Hypotension and shock

Weakness in arms and legs

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

102
Q

Leaves Behind an Area of Yellow Necrosis

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

103
Q

Malfunctioning heart muscle can cause heart failure if Ventricles are unusually __ so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside them (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

A

thick

104
Q

Ventricles are unusually thick so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside them

A

(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

105
Q

Ventricles are too stiff to stretch

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

106
Q

weakness of the heart muscle that by definition begins sometime during pregnancy

A

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

107
Q

Defects in their contractile proteins make cells too weak

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

108
Q

They hypertrophy to do the same amount of work as normal cells

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

109
Q

Cells Need more oxygen and perform less efficiently, so the person is prone to heart failure and may suffer sudden death during exertion

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

110
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by weakened ventricles

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

111
Q

valve will not open all the way; it is harder to force blood through it

A

Stenosis

112
Q

valve will not close all the way; it leaks when it should be closed

A

Regurgitation

113
Q

Identifying Defective Valves: The blood going through the valve makes a noise.
These are called

A

heart murmurs

114
Q

If a valve is ___, you will hear a murmur of blood shooting through the narrow opening when the valve is open

A

stenotic

115
Q

If a valve is ___, you will hear a murmur of blood leaking back through when the valve should be closed

A

regurgitant

116
Q

an opening or connection that lets blood move from one side of the circulation to the other

A

shunt

117
Q

most occur in the heart and move blood either from the left to the right or from the right to the left

A

shunt

118
Q

If there is a shunt in the heart: Because the __ side is stronger, blood is usually pushed from the left to the right side

A

left

119
Q

Shunts are normal before

A

birth

120
Q

in a Left-to-Right Shunt more blood goes to the

A

lungs

121
Q

in a Left-to-Right Shunt less blood goes to the

A

body

122
Q

In Right-to-Left Shunt, ___ blood goes to body

A

Deoxygenated

123
Q

in Right-to-Left Shunt less blood goes to the

A

lungs

124
Q

a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities of the heart

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

125
Q

Intracellular fluids (ICF) contains about __ of the body water in healthy adults

A

2/3

126
Q

Extra-cellular fluids (ECF) contains about __ of the healthy adult (outside the cell, interstitial space, tissue spaces and plasma in blood vessels)

A

1/3

127
Q

Body water constitutes about __ % of body weight in adults; ICF and ECF

A

60

128
Q

refers to the effect a solution exerts on a cell size because of water movement across the membrane

A

tonicity

129
Q

Most plentiful electrolyte in ECF

A

sodium

130
Q

Major cation and its attendant Cl- and HCO3- accounts for approximately 90-95 %osmotic activity

A

sodium

131
Q

Enters via GI, body’s need about 500 mg/day

A

sodium

132
Q

Both insulin and epinephrine increase cellular uptake of

A

potassium

133
Q

An increase in K+ (hyperkalemia) causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive moving it closer to the

A

threshold

134
Q 
Increased thirst, urine with low specific gravity
Anorexia, N/V/C, abdominal distention
Muscle weakness, cramps
Confusion, depression
Postural hypotension
EKG changes
Metabolic acidosis
A

Hypokalemia

135
Q

N/V intestinal cramps , diarrhea
Muscle weakness
Paresthesia
EKG changes risk of cardiac arrest

A

Hyperkalemia

136
Q

The main function of ___ is to maintain ECF calcium concentrations

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

137
Q

__ __ in the distal convoluted tubule enhances Ca++ reabsorption

A

Thiazide diuretics

138
Q 
Skeletal muscle cramps, numbness, tingling
Hyperactive reflexes
Positive chvostek and Trousseau tests; 
Tetany 
Laryngeal spasm
Hypotension, prolonged qt
Bone pain
A

Hypocalcemia

139
Q 
Polyuria, increased thirst
Muscle weakness, ataxia;loss of muscle tone
Lethargy, stupor, coma
HTN, AV block
Anorexia, N/V/C
A

Hypercalcemia

140
Q

Extracellular: blocks Na+ gates in nerve and muscle cells

A

Calcium

141
Q

Clotting
Leaks into cardiac muscle, causing it to fire
Intracellular: needed for all muscle contraction
Acts as second messenger in many hormone and neurotransmitter pathways

A

Calcium

142
Q

___calcemia Blocks more Na+ gates

Nerves are less able to fire

A

Hypercalcemia

143
Q

___calcemia Blocks fewer Na+ gates

Nerves fire more easily

A

Hypocalcemia

144
Q

latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium

A

Trousseau sign

145
Q

stimulates the release of calcium from bones

A

PTH

146
Q

electrolyte that has an anti-convulsant effect

A

Magnesium

147
Q

electrolyte that Can block Ca2+ channels

A

Magnesium

148
Q

increased neuro muscular excitability (deep tendon reflexes) paresthesia, tetany, positive Chvostek or Trousseau if associated with low calcium

A

Hypomagnesemia

149
Q

Regulation of pH: trans-cellular hydrogen-potassium exchange system and body protein. When excess H+ is present in ECF it moves in the ICF in exchange for K+ and vice verse

A

…

150
Q

Metabolic disorders produce an alteration in serum ___ concentration from an addition or loss of nonvolatile acid or alkali to or from ECF

A

HCO3-

151
Q 
Headache
Behavioral changes
Confusion, depression, hallucinations
Warm flushed skin
Weakness, tremors paralysis, stupor coma
Acidic urine
Cause; oxygen deficit, chronic lung disease
A

Acidosis

152
Q

Dizziness, panic, light-headed, tetany, numbness and tingling of fingers, seizures
Alkaline urine
Cause; hyperventilation or a resp rate that exceeds the rate to maintain normal PCO2

A

Alkalosis

153
Q

Increased PCO2
Increased carbonic acid
Increased bicarbonate

A

Respiratory acidosis

154
Q

Decreased PCO2
Decreased carbonic acid
Decreased bicarbonate

A

Respiratory alkalosis

155
Q

Increased levels of ketoacids, lactic acid, etc.

Decreased bicarbonate levels

A

Metabolic acidosis

156
Q

Decreased H+ levels

Increased bicarbonate levels

A

Metabolic alkalosis

157
Q

Increased resp rate/depth, hyperkalemia, increase ammonia urine
Anorexia, N/V/abdominal pain
Weakness, lethargy, confusion, coma, depression of vital functions
Decreased cardiac output
Cardiac arrhythmias

A

Metabolic Manifestations of Acidosis

158
Q

Decreased resp rate, hypoxia
Hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, seizures
Hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
Cause; Hypokalemia

A

Metabolic Manifestations of Alkalosis

159
Q

Decreased bicarbonate

Heavier breathing causes decreased PCO2

A

Metabolic acidosis

160
Q

Increased bicarbonate

Lighter breathing causes increased PCO2

A

Metabolic alkalosis

aa Orgo (196 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions