344 Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
prescence of erythroblasts in the blood due to failure of their maturation in the bone marrow
A
Erythroblastosis
2
Q
abnormal development of large red cell
A
Megaloblastic
3
Q
In men blood volume averages ___ ml/kg
A
75.5
4
Q
In women blood volume average ___ ml/kg
A
66.5 (5-6 L)
5
Q
The arterial pH of normal blood 7.35 to
A
7.45
6
Q
Hemoglobin has to 2 __ chains and 2 __ chains
A
alpha and beta
7
Q
Each molecule of hemoglobin can carry _ molecules of oxygen
A
4
8
Q
Erythropoiesis is governed by __ need
A
oxygen
9
Q
erythropoietin is secreted by which organ
A
kidneys
10
Q
The rate of RBC destruction equals the rate of production:
A
1%/day
11
Q
RBC destruction is facilitated by
A
phagocytic macrophages
12
Q
RBC Destruction: White blood cells living in the ___ are ready to process RBCs
A
spleen
13
Q
RBC Destruction involves creating ___ bilirubin
A
unconjugated
14
Q
Unconjugated bilirubin is __
A
toxic
15
Q
unconjugated bilirubin in blood is linked to gluconuride in the ___. This allows it to be excreted
A
liver
16
Q
When RBCs Are Destroyed Outside the Spleen, hemoglobinemia makes the plasma turn __
A
red
17
Q
Hemoglobinuria makes the urine __-colored
A
cola-colored
18
Q
1st Anemia category, impaired oxygen transport, resulting in ___ mechanism
A
compensatory
19
Q
2nd Anemia category, reduction in RBC and ___ level
A
hemoglobin
20
Q
3rd Anemia category, __ and ___ associated with pathology process
A
signs and symptoms
21
Q
Hematocrit in men
A
40 to 50%
22
Q
Vitamin B12 Deficiency is associated with ___ anemia
A
Pernicious Anemia
23
Q
fluids contains about 2/3 of the body water in healthy adults
A
Intracellular fluids (ICF)
24
Q
Sodium
A
135-145
25
Potassium
3.5-5.0
26
Chloride
98-106
27
Bicarbonate
24-31
28
Calcium
8.5-10.5
29
Phosphorus
2.5-4.5
30
Magnessium
1.3-2.1
31
refers to the effect a solution exerts on a cell size because of water movement across the membrane
tonicity
32
Most plentiful electrolyte in ECF
Sodium
33
what age group is susceptible to hyponatremia
older adults
34
```
muscle cramps
weakness
depressed deep tendon reflex
headache
disorientation
lethargy
seizures
coma
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
cramps
diarrhea
```
hyponeutremia
35
```
increased thirst
increased ADH
dry skin
decreased turgor
decreased salivation
decreased reflexes
```
hypernatremia
36
muscle cramps, weakness, and fatigue reflect the effects of ___ on skeletal muscle function
hyponatremia
37
Can occur during heavy exercise in hot weather
hyponatremia
38
cells of the brain are affected by increases in intracellular water (causes lethargy, apathy, headache, confusion, loss of tendon reflex)
hyponatremia
39
A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B-12.
Pernicious anemia
40
A rare condition in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells.
Aplastic anemia
41
All are true in megaloblastic anemia except
High serum level
42
Poikilocytosis
irregular shape
43
Anisocytosis
irregular size
44
Can result from decreased production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow
anemia
45
Deficient amount of iron leads to decreased ___ synthesis
hemoglobin
46
The most common cause of iron deficiency is
blood loss
47
what happens to the heart rate during anemia
tachycardia
48
what causes spoon shaped deformity of the finger nails
iron deficiency
49
smooth tongue, brittle hair and nails, eating abnormal substances
iron deficiency
50
To prevent iron deficiency in infants, give supplements and avoid
cow's milk
51
B12 is needed for DNA synthesis, which is needed for __ ___ maturation
red cell maturation
52
B12 is needed to prevent ____ breakdown which would lead to neurologic complications
myelin
53
___ anemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric mucosa
pernicious anemia
54
the hallmark of B12 deficiency is _____ anemia
megaloblastic anemia (I think this means increased cell size)
55
When B12 is deficient, red cells are abnormally ___ in size
large
56
condition where the RBCs have immature nuclei and the membrane is oval shaped instead of biconcave
pernicious anemia
57
pernicious anemia can be reversed by
oral dose or injection of B12
58
Anemia is defined as an abnormally low number of ___, or low level of ___, or both
RBCs or hemoglobin
59
Anemias caused by premature destruction of RBC
hemolytic anemia
60
Anemias that result from ineffective hematopoises (premature death of RBCs in the bone marrow) are associated with inappropriately high levels of
iron absorption from the gut
61
Problems Caused by Sickle Cell
Acute pain
Infarctions cause chronic damage to liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, eyes, bones
Pulmonary infarction acute chest syndrome
Cerebral infarction stroke
Jaundice
62
Fetal Hemoglobin Has No Beta Chains which means it should not
sickle
63
Which ion channels allow cardiac muscle to fire without a stimulus?
calcium
64
Walls of arteries and veins composed of three layers
Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
65
Vascular ___ Creates compounds that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction
Endothelium
66
Vascular Endothelium ___ factors that can stimulate smooth muscle
growth
67
Vascular Endothelium Forms a smooth lining of the blood vessels that resists __ formation
clot
68
Vascular Endothelium Creates compounds to promote clot formation in ___ areas
injured
69
The more lipid, the __ the density
lower
70
Some LDLs are taken up by scavenger cells like ___
macrophages
71
Plaque can rupture and cause a __ to form
clot
72
Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as
Buerger Disease
73
is a nonatherosclerotic inflammation and thrombosis of small, medium sized arteries/ veins in foot and lower leg
Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease
74
Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease occurs before age
35
75
Cigarette smoking and tobacco chewing trigger an immune response
Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease
76
Thromboangiitis Obliterans also known as Buerger Disease predominant symptom
pain
77
a functional disorder cause by intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles in the finger, less frequent in toes
Raynaud Phenomenon
78
Primary is seen in the healthy young women
Raynaud Phenomenon
79
Skin color change from pallor to cyanosis, sensation of cold and sensory perception change; tingling. numbness
Raynaud Phenomenon
80
Is a pathological out-pouching or a sac-like dilation in the wall of a blood vessel caused by weakening of a vessel wall
Aneurysm
81
Angiotensin 11 reduces sodium
excretion
82
Antidiuretic Hormone increases BP by retaining
water
83
HTN is most likely to effect which ventrical
left
84
Aneurysms- Wall of ___ weakens and stretches
artery
85
Aneurysms- Risk of __ formation
clot
86
hypoxia effect on blood pressure
increase
87
Beta blockers effect on blood pressure
decrease
88
Inflammation of the pericardium may restrict the heart’s movement due to ___ filling the pericardial cavity
exudate
89
Inflammation of the pericardium may restrict the heart’s movement due to __ tissue making the pericardium stick to the heart (constrictive pericarditis)
scar
90
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity as a result of inflammation or infection that includes pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion
91
May also develop with neoplasm, cardiac surgery or trauma
Pericardial Effusion
92
Pericardial Effusion effects which side of the heart
both
93
What is the immediate treatment for severe cardiac tamponade
oxygen
94
On inhaling, the right ventricle fills with extra blood
Pulsus Paradoxus
95
Because the heart cannot expand fully when the right ventricle is overfilled, the left ventricle is compressed and cannot accept much blood
Pulsus Paradoxus
96
On the next heartbeat, the left ventricle does not send out much blood: systolic BP drops
Pulsus Paradoxus
97
serum changes in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Proteins released from necrotic heart cells
| Myoglobin, creatine kinase, troponin
98
Imbalance in blood supply and the heart’s demands for oxygen
Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
99
Myocardial ischemia without pain
Silent myocardial ischemia
100
Anxiety, restlessness, feeling of impending doom
Acute Myocardial Infarction
101
Hypotension and shock
| Weakness in arms and legs
Acute Myocardial Infarction
102
Leaves Behind an Area of Yellow Necrosis
Acute Myocardial Infarction
103
Malfunctioning heart muscle can cause heart failure if Ventricles are unusually __ so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside them (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
thick
104
Ventricles are unusually thick so there is not a normal amount of room for blood inside them
(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
105
Ventricles are too stiff to stretch
restrictive cardiomyopathy
106
weakness of the heart muscle that by definition begins sometime during pregnancy
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
107
Defects in their contractile proteins make cells too weak
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
108
They hypertrophy to do the same amount of work as normal cells
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
109
Cells Need more oxygen and perform less efficiently, so the person is prone to heart failure and may suffer sudden death during exertion
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
110
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by weakened ventricles
Dilated cardiomyopathy
111
valve will not open all the way; it is harder to force blood through it
Stenosis
112
valve will not close all the way; it leaks when it should be closed
Regurgitation
113
Identifying Defective Valves: The blood going through the valve makes a noise.
These are called
heart murmurs
114
If a valve is ___, you will hear a murmur of blood shooting through the narrow opening when the valve is open
stenotic
115
If a valve is ___, you will hear a murmur of blood leaking back through when the valve should be closed
regurgitant
116
an opening or connection that lets blood move from one side of the circulation to the other
shunt
117
most occur in the heart and move blood either from the left to the right or from the right to the left
shunt
118
If there is a shunt in the heart: Because the __ side is stronger, blood is usually pushed from the left to the right side
left
119
Shunts are normal before
birth
120
in a Left-to-Right Shunt more blood goes to the
lungs
121
in a Left-to-Right Shunt less blood goes to the
body
122
In Right-to-Left Shunt, ___ blood goes to body
Deoxygenated
123
in Right-to-Left Shunt less blood goes to the
lungs
124
a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities of the heart
Tetralogy of Fallot
125
Intracellular fluids (ICF) contains about __ of the body water in healthy adults
2/3
126
Extra-cellular fluids (ECF) contains about __ of the healthy adult (outside the cell, interstitial space, tissue spaces and plasma in blood vessels)
1/3
127
Body water constitutes about __ % of body weight in adults; ICF and ECF
60
128
refers to the effect a solution exerts on a cell size because of water movement across the membrane
tonicity
129
Most plentiful electrolyte in ECF
sodium
130
Major cation and its attendant Cl- and HCO3- accounts for approximately 90-95 %osmotic activity
sodium
131
Enters via GI, body’s need about 500 mg/day
sodium
132
Both insulin and epinephrine increase cellular uptake of
potassium
133
An increase in K+ (hyperkalemia) causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive moving it closer to the
threshold
134
```
Increased thirst, urine with low specific gravity
Anorexia, N/V/C, abdominal distention
Muscle weakness, cramps
Confusion, depression
Postural hypotension
EKG changes
Metabolic acidosis
```
Hypokalemia
135
N/V intestinal cramps , diarrhea
Muscle weakness
Paresthesia
EKG changes risk of cardiac arrest
Hyperkalemia
136
The main function of ___ is to maintain ECF calcium concentrations
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
137
__ __ in the distal convoluted tubule enhances Ca++ reabsorption
Thiazide diuretics
138
```
Skeletal muscle cramps, numbness, tingling
Hyperactive reflexes
Positive chvostek and Trousseau tests;
Tetany
Laryngeal spasm
Hypotension, prolonged qt
Bone pain
```
Hypocalcemia
139
```
Polyuria, increased thirst
Muscle weakness, ataxia;loss of muscle tone
Lethargy, stupor, coma
HTN, AV block
Anorexia, N/V/C
```
Hypercalcemia
140
Extracellular: blocks Na+ gates in nerve and muscle cells
Calcium
141
Clotting
Leaks into cardiac muscle, causing it to fire
Intracellular: needed for all muscle contraction
Acts as second messenger in many hormone and neurotransmitter pathways
Calcium
142
___calcemia Blocks more Na+ gates
| Nerves are less able to fire
Hypercalcemia
143
___calcemia Blocks fewer Na+ gates
| Nerves fire more easily
Hypocalcemia
144
latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium
Trousseau sign
145
stimulates the release of calcium from bones
PTH
146
electrolyte that has an anti-convulsant effect
Magnesium
147
electrolyte that Can block Ca2+ channels
Magnesium
148
increased neuro muscular excitability (deep tendon reflexes) paresthesia, tetany, positive Chvostek or Trousseau if associated with low calcium
Hypomagnesemia
149
Regulation of pH: trans-cellular hydrogen-potassium exchange system and body protein. When excess H+ is present in ECF it moves in the ICF in exchange for K+ and vice verse
...
150
Metabolic disorders produce an alteration in serum ___ concentration from an addition or loss of nonvolatile acid or alkali to or from ECF
HCO3-
151
```
Headache
Behavioral changes
Confusion, depression, hallucinations
Warm flushed skin
Weakness, tremors paralysis, stupor coma
Acidic urine
Cause; oxygen deficit, chronic lung disease
```
Acidosis
152
Dizziness, panic, light-headed, tetany, numbness and tingling of fingers, seizures
Alkaline urine
Cause; hyperventilation or a resp rate that exceeds the rate to maintain normal PCO2
Alkalosis
153
Increased PCO2
Increased carbonic acid
Increased bicarbonate
Respiratory acidosis
154
Decreased PCO2
Decreased carbonic acid
Decreased bicarbonate
Respiratory alkalosis
155
Increased levels of ketoacids, lactic acid, etc.
| Decreased bicarbonate levels
Metabolic acidosis
156
Decreased H+ levels
| Increased bicarbonate levels
Metabolic alkalosis
157
Increased resp rate/depth, hyperkalemia, increase ammonia urine
Anorexia, N/V/abdominal pain
Weakness, lethargy, confusion, coma, depression of vital functions
Decreased cardiac output
Cardiac arrhythmias
Metabolic Manifestations of Acidosis
158
Decreased resp rate, hypoxia
Hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, seizures
Hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
Cause; Hypokalemia
Metabolic Manifestations of Alkalosis
159
Decreased bicarbonate
| Heavier breathing causes decreased PCO2
Metabolic acidosis
160
Increased bicarbonate
| Lighter breathing causes increased PCO2
Metabolic alkalosis
