Patho exam 3

Question 1

The brain cells are most significantly affected. Look for neuro changes.
Confusion
Seizure
Coma
Treatment: Limit water intake, give normal saline. Severe cases should be treated gradually.

Answer 1

Hyponatremia

Question 2

Hyponatremia

Answer 2

The brain cells are most significantly affected. Look for neuro changes.
Confusion
Seizure
Coma
Treatment: Limit water intake, give normal saline. Severe cases should be treated gradually.

Question 3

Thirst
Decreased urine
Various Neuro effects similar to hyponatremia
Seizure
Treatment: fluid replacement can treat the dehydration. Severe cases should be treated gradually

Answer 3

Hypernatremia

Question 4

Hypernatremia

Answer 4

Thirst
Decreased urine
Various Neuro effects similar to hyponatremia
Seizure
Treatment: fluid replacement can treat the dehydration. Severe cases should be treated gradually

Question 5

Most serious effects have to do with the heart
Increased urine
Decrease breathing
Dysrhythmia
Increased sensitivity to digitalis
Flat T wave
Treatment: can be treated with oral or IV replacement, but IV replacement must be slow, a rapid dose is fatal.

Answer 5

Hypokalemia

Question 6

Hypokalemia

Answer 6

Most serious effects have to do with the heart
Increased urine
Decrease breathing
Dysrhythmia
Increased sensitivity to digitalis
Flat T wave
Treatment: can be treated with oral or IV replacement, but IV replacement must be slow, a rapid dose is fatal.

Question 7

Most serious effects have to do with the heart
First symptom is tingling
bradycardia
Dysrhythmia 
Paralysis
Tall T wave
Treatment: Bicarbonate or insulin

Answer 7

Hyperkalemia

Question 8

Hyperkalemia

Answer 8

Most serious effects have to do with the heart
First symptom is tingling
bradycardia
Dysrhythmia 
Paralysis
Tall T wave
Treatment: Bicarbonate or insulin

Question 9

Tingling
Positive Troussau and Chvostek
Increase Muscle twitching/tetany
Decrease heart activity

Answer 9

Hypocalcemia

Question 10

Hypocalcemia

Answer 10

Tingling
Positive Troussau and Chvostek
Increase Muscle twitching/tetany
Decrease heart activity

Question 11

Decrease muscle activity
Increased heart activity
Treatment: loop diuretic

Answer 11

Hypercalcium

Question 12

Hypercalcium

Answer 12

Decrease muscle activity
Increased heart activity
Treatment: loop diuretic

Question 13

Neuro effects
Dysrhythmia
Hyperactive reflexes

Answer 13

Hypomagnesia

Question 14

Hypomagnesia

Answer 14

Neuro effects
Dysrhythmia
Hyperactive reflexes

Question 15

Slow heart rate
Slow breathing
Slow reflexes

Answer 15

Hypermagnesia

Question 16

Hypermagnesia

Answer 16

Slow heart rate
Slow breathing
Slow reflexes

Question 17

Heart muscle problems

Impaired tissue oxygenation (because of RBC problems)

Answer 17

Hypophophatemia

Question 18

Hypophophatemia

Answer 18

Heart muscle problems

Impaired tissue oxygenation (because of RBC problems)

Question 19

Because phosphate has an inverse relationship with calcium, high phosphate means you have low calcium. Therefore the symptoms here are the symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as tetany.

Answer 19

Hyperphosphatemia

Question 20

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 20

Because phosphate has an inverse relationship with calcium, high phosphate means you have low calcium. Therefore the symptoms here are the symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as tetany.