Watson Lymph part 2 Flashcards
Adaptive immunity responds more ___ than innate immunity
slowly
In Adaptive immunity one must be ___ to a specific antigen for response to be initiated
exposed
it takes ___ days to mount a response, but after this point, it is dominant response
3–5
There are two “arms” of adaptive immune system:
cell-mediated
antibody-mediated
antibody-mediated immunity is aka
humoral immunity
cell-mediated is done by __ cells
T cells
___ immunity is first arm of adaptive immune system
Cell-mediated
NK cells are cytotoxic cells that lyse and kill __ cells and cells infect with certain __
cancer cells
viruses
___ is a cytokine that prevents viral replication in infected cells
interferon
when B cells are activated they become __ cells and ___ cells
memory and plasma cells
antibodies you get from mom
G, A
most active antibody
M
G
most common antibody; crosses placenta
A
antibody found in secretions
M
pentamer and potent agglutinating agent
in the primary immune response, the lag phase lasts about 5 days, during which time __ cells proliferate and differentiate
B cells
The secondary immune response is mediated by __ cells
memory
___ vaccines consist of pathogens that are alive but unable to cause disease
attenuated
vaccinations are given to induce the production of __ cells
memory cells
what kind of cells have class 1 MHC
all nucleated cells
class 1 MHC molecules display ___ antigens and activate ___ cells
endogenous antigens and activate cytotoxic t cells
Class 2 MHC molecules display ___ antigens and activate __ cells
exogenous antigens and activate helper t cells
helper t cells stimulate macrophages, B cells, activate t cells, but don’t stimulate
clonal selection
the cells involved in transplant rejection are mostly __ t cells
cytotoxic t cells
the immune response to a viral infection involves __ cells and different kinds of
NK cells
lymphocytes
Cancer cells are destroyed by __ cells, __ t cells, and __
NK cells
cytotoxic t cells
macrophages
Type 1 hypersensitivity is due to release of inflammatory mediators from ___, and type 4 hypersensitivity is due to the actions of ___
mast cells
helper t cells
These cells respond primarily to cells infected with intracellular pathogens (viruses and intracellular bacteria)
t cells
These cells respond to cancer cells
t cells
These cells respond to foreign cells such as those from a transplanted organ
t cells
Each population of T cells that can respond to a specific antigen is known as a
clone
known as __ T cells because they have not yet encountered their specific antigens
naïve
Only certain antigens, called ___, are capable of generating a response from immune system
immunogens
___ are very small antigens that are immunogenic only if they are attached to a protein carrier
Haptens
Unique portion of antigen to which receptor binds is known as its
antigenic determinant
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells generally interact only with class __ MHC molecules
1
Helper T (TH) cells generally interact with class _ MHC molecules
2
Class II MHC molecules present ___ antigens
exogenous
Full T cell activation requires interaction of T cell with other molecules on antigen-presenting cells called
co-stimulators
T cell receptors normally have __ affinity for their MHC-antigen complexes; protective mechanism that prevents unnecessary T cell activation
low
primary function of cytotoxic T cells is to kill other cells, specifically those with foreign antigens bound to class _ MHC molecules
1
programmed cell death
apoptosis
An activated TC cell binds its target cell, after which it releases a protein called ___
perforin
A group of B cells that bind to a specific antigen is known as a
clone
immunoglobulins or gamma globulins are both types of
antibodies
B cells that are not exposed to their specific antigens within a few days to a few weeks
die
clonal selection is process when an antigen binds to a B cell receptor on surface of a specific B cell clone (said to be ___)
sensitized
Sensitized B cell processes antigen and presents it on its class __ MHC molecules; B cell then binds to a __ cell to become fully activated
class 2 helper t cell
Basic subunit of an antibody is a Y-shaped molecule formed from four ___ chains, two heavy (H) and two ___ (L) chains
peptide
light
each antibody has 2 regions:
constant
variable
Most ___ don’t directly “kill” pathogens
antibodies
Primary immune response
Antibody levels peak about __ days after antigen is encountered; it is during lag phase that you generally feel “sick”
7–14
Primary immune response
there is an initial 4- to 5-day __ phase as the B cells proliferate, differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells, and begin to secrete antibodies
lag
When these memory B cells encounter antigen for which they are specific, __ immune response begins
secondary
with certain pathogens, only a portion of pathogen that causes disease is required to develop immunity
Subunit vaccines
Vaccinations called ___ contain inactivated toxins from these bacteria; induce immune system to produce antibodies to toxins
toxoids
involve tissue transplanted from one site to another in same individual
Autografts
involve organs and tissues transplanted between two genetically identical individuals; like autografts these result in no response from TC cells because antigens bound to class I MHC molecules are not recognized as foreign
Isografts
most common type of grafts; involve organs and tissues transplanted between two nonidentical individuals of same species
Allografts
