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aa Orgo > HESI Reproductive Female > Flashcards

HESI Reproductive Female Flashcards

1
Q

3 ligaments hold the ovaries in place, the first is the ___ ligament, a section of peritonium that drapes over the ovaries

A

broad ligament

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2
Q

another is the ___ ligament which anchors the upper region of the ovary to the pelvic wall

A

suspensory ligament

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3
Q

the 3rd is the ___ ligament which anchors the lower end to the uterus

A

ovarian ligament

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4
Q

2 tissues cover the outside of the ovary. first is the ___ epithelium which is the outermost layer

A

germinal epithelium

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5
Q

second is the tunica ___ which is a fibrous layer

A

tunica albuginea

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6
Q

The inside of the ovary, aka ___, is divided into a cortex and medulla

A

stroma

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7
Q

one region in the uterine tube is the ___, a funnel shaped region.

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

the infundibulum has finger like things called

A

fimbriae

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9
Q

another region of the uterine tube is the ___, the widest and longest part

A

ampulla

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10
Q

the last part of the uterine tube is the ___, a narrow region that terminates in the uterus

A

isthmus

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11
Q

the wall of the uterine tube has 3 layers. first is the ___ which lines the outside of the tube

A

serosa

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12
Q

the middle is the ___ which has smooth muscle used to move the oocyte

A

muscularis

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13
Q

Next is the inner ___ which has ciliated columnar cells, also used to move the oocyte

A

mucosa

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14
Q

fertilization of the oocyte occurs in which part of the uterine tube

A

the ampulla

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15
Q

The uterus has a few different regions. the first is the ___, the upper region where the uterine ducts join

A

fundus

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16
Q

next is the ___, the main central portion

A

the body

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17
Q

next is the ___, the lower narrow portion

A

isthmus

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18
Q

at the bottom of the uterus is the ___, which is a narrow part that leads to the vagina

A

cervix

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19
Q

The wall of the uterus has 3 layers. the ___ is a serous membrane that lines the outside of the uterus

A

perimetrium

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20
Q

the next layer is the ___, which consists of several layers of muscle

A

myometrium

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21
Q

finally the ___ lines the inside of the uterus

A

endometrium

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22
Q

once fertilized an egg implants on this tissue:

A

endometrium

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23
Q

The endometrium itself has 2 layers-
the stratum ___
the stratum ___

A

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

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24
Q

The function of the stratum basalis in the uterus is to generate a new ___ ___ each month

A

stratum functionalis

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25
Q

during menstruation, which part of the endometrium is shed

A

stratum functionalis

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26
Q

The upper region of the vagina surrounding the protruding cervix is the

A

fornix

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27
Q

The vaginal wall has a few layers. first is the outer ___, which holds the vagina in place

A

outer adventitia

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28
Q

next, the middle ___ consists of smooth muslce

A

middle muscularis

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29
Q

Mammary glands are what kind of gland

A

sudoriferous

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30
Q

milk producing cells form bulb like chambers called

A

alveoli

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31
Q

___ sinuses serve as temporary storage for milk

A

lactiferous sinuses

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32
Q

During pregnancy which 2 hormones stimulate development of the mammary glands

A

estrogen

progesterone

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33
Q

After childbirth, hormones such as ___ start lactation

A

prolactin

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34
Q

prolactin comes from the ___ ___

A

anterior pituitary

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35
Q

When neurons are stimulated by the sucking of the infant, impulses activate the posterior pituitary to secrete ___

A

oxytocin

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36
Q

Oxytocin in turn stimulates contraction which causes

A

milk to be forced to the nipple

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37
Q

Oogenesis begins during ___ ___

A

fetal development

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38
Q

Diploid cells called ___ divide by mitosis and differentiate to produce primary oocytes

A

oogonia

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39
Q

primary oocytes have ___ number of chromosomes

A

46

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40
Q

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of cells. the oocyte and surrounding cells together is called an ___ ___

A

ovarian follicle

41
Q

the primary oocyte being meiosis, but division progresses only to ___phase ___ until puberty

A

prophase 1

42
Q

The following stages in development of an ovarian follicle are observed-

the ___ follicle, the initial fetal state of the follicle, encircles the oocyte with a single layer of cells, called follicular cells

A

primordial follicle

43
Q

the next stage is where you have the ___ follicle. it has 2 or more layers encircling cells

A

primary follicle

44
Q

the primary follicle is still surrounded but cells, which are now called ___ cells

A

granulosa cells

45
Q

in the next stage you have the ___ follicle, which is distinguished by a fluid filled cavity

A

secondary follicle

46
Q

the fluid filled cavity in the secondary follicle is called the

A

antrum

47
Q

In a mature (aka ___) follicle the primary oocyte has completed meiosis 1.

A

graafian follicle

48
Q

The graafian follicle is the last stage before the start of the process called

A

ovulation

49
Q

In the graafian, the ___ ___ is a clear layer of glycoprotein, surrounds the oocyte

A

zona pellucida

50
Q

Also in the graafian, the ___ ___ is a ring of granulosa cells that encircles the zona pellucida

A

corona radiata

51
Q

Also in the graafian, the are several layers of cells (___ cells) that surround the granulosa cells

A

theca cells

52
Q

During menstruation, one primary oocytes, in its follicle, resumes meiosis 1 to produce 2 daughter cells. One daughter, the ___ ___ contains most of the cytoplasm

A

secondary oocyte

53
Q

the other daughter cell, the ___ ___ is much smaller and gets little cytoplasm

A

polar body

54
Q

the secondary oocyte has how many chromosomes

A

23

55
Q

If a sperm cells penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida and enter the secondary oocyte, ___ ___ resumes

A

meiosis 2

56
Q

the ovarian cycle consists of 3 phases. first is the ___ phase.

A

follicular phase

57
Q

the follicular phase describes the development of the follicle, the meiotic stages of division leading to the formation of the ___ ___

A

secondary oocyte

58
Q

the next phase of the ovarian cycle is ___, the ejection of the egg

A

ovulation

59
Q

the last phase of the ovarian cycle is the ___ phase, which has the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

A

luteal phase

60
Q

the secretion of estrogen and progesterone is from the ___ ___

A

corpus luteum

61
Q

The menstrual cycle also has 3 phases. first is the ___ phase, which describes the thickening of the endometrium of the uterus, replacing tissues that were lost during the previous menstrual cycle

A

proliferative phase

62
Q

the next phase is the ___ phase, which has further thickening and vascularization the endometrium in preparation for the implantation

A

secretory phase

63
Q

last phase of the menstrual cycle is the ___ phase, describes the shedding of the endometrium when implantation doesn’t happen

A

menstrual phase

64
Q

GnRH comes from

A

the hypothalamus

65
Q

FSH and LH comes from

A

the anterior pituitary

66
Q

the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary start the reproductive cycle- The hypothalamus monitors levels of ___ and ___. If levels are low, the hypothalamus release GnRH.

A

estrogen and progesterone

67
Q

Then, after GnRH has been released, that stimulates the anterior pit to release ___ and ___

A

FSH and LH

68
Q

then, ___ stimulates the development of the follicle

A

FSH

69
Q

also ___ stimulates the cells of the theca interna and granulosa cells of the follicle to secrete estrogen

A

LH

70
Q

Then, positive feedback from the rising levels of estrogen stimulate the anterior pit to produce a sudden surge of ___

A

LH

71
Q

This high level of LH stimulates ___ in the primary oocyte to progress AND triggers ___

A

meiosis

ovulation

72
Q

After ovulation, the follicle, now transformed into the ___ ___ continues to develop.

A

corpus luteum

73
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ___ and ___

A

estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

The estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of the ___, the inside lining of the uterus.

A

endometrium

75
Q

Then, negative feedback from the high levels of estro and progesto cause the anterior pituitary to drop the production of ___ and ___

A

FSH and LH

76
Q

___ also suppresses production of FSH and LH

A

inhibin

77
Q

Lastly, if implantation does not occur: in the absence of FSH and LH, the ___ ___ breaks up

A

corpus luteum

78
Q

As a result of the corpus luteum breaking up, ___ and ___ production stops

A

estro and progesto

79
Q

Without estro and progesto, the ___ is no longer supported and it dies off

A

endometrium

80
Q

HOWEVER, if implantation DOES occur: The implanted embryo secretes ___ to sustain the corpus luteum

A

hCG

81
Q

The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesto, maintaing the ___

A

endometrium (and therefore the pregnancy

82
Q

hCG stands for

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

83
Q

What part of the uterus is under direct hormonal effect

A

endometrium

84
Q

The layer of clear, viscous fluid that is deposited around a primary oocyte is the

A

zona pellucida

85
Q

The innermost cells of the cumulus mass are called the

A

corona radiata

86
Q

During ovulation, a(n) __________ is released from the ovary

A

secondary oocyte

87
Q

The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) is the

A

infundibulum

88
Q

he large, superior, rounded portion of the uterus is the

A

fundus

89
Q

he superior, domed portion of the vagina is called the

A

fornix

90
Q

beginning of menses - day

A

1

91
Q

ovulation - day

A

14

92
Q

beginning of proliferative phase - day

A

5

93
Q

corpus luteum formed - days

A

14 - 26

94
Q

The hormone responsible for ovulation is

A

LH

95
Q

In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during the ___ phase

A

secretory

96
Q

The cause of menses in the menstrual cycle is decreased _____ and ____ secretion by the ovary

A

progesterone and estrogen

97
Q

While the follicle is developing, a positive-feedback loop occurs in which __________ stimulates the follicle, which increases the secretion of __________, which stimulates GnRH secretion.

A

FSH, estrogen

98
Q

During sexual intercourse, oxytocin and __________ both stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and uterine tubes.

A

prostaglandins

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