HESI Reproductive Female Flashcards
3 ligaments hold the ovaries in place, the first is the ___ ligament, a section of peritonium that drapes over the ovaries
broad ligament
another is the ___ ligament which anchors the upper region of the ovary to the pelvic wall
suspensory ligament
the 3rd is the ___ ligament which anchors the lower end to the uterus
ovarian ligament
2 tissues cover the outside of the ovary. first is the ___ epithelium which is the outermost layer
germinal epithelium
second is the tunica ___ which is a fibrous layer
tunica albuginea
The inside of the ovary, aka ___, is divided into a cortex and medulla
stroma
one region in the uterine tube is the ___, a funnel shaped region.
Infundibulum
the infundibulum has finger like things called
fimbriae
another region of the uterine tube is the ___, the widest and longest part
ampulla
the last part of the uterine tube is the ___, a narrow region that terminates in the uterus
isthmus
the wall of the uterine tube has 3 layers. first is the ___ which lines the outside of the tube
serosa
the middle is the ___ which has smooth muscle used to move the oocyte
muscularis
Next is the inner ___ which has ciliated columnar cells, also used to move the oocyte
mucosa
fertilization of the oocyte occurs in which part of the uterine tube
the ampulla
The uterus has a few different regions. the first is the ___, the upper region where the uterine ducts join
fundus
next is the ___, the main central portion
the body
next is the ___, the lower narrow portion
isthmus
at the bottom of the uterus is the ___, which is a narrow part that leads to the vagina
cervix
The wall of the uterus has 3 layers. the ___ is a serous membrane that lines the outside of the uterus
perimetrium
the next layer is the ___, which consists of several layers of muscle
myometrium
finally the ___ lines the inside of the uterus
endometrium
once fertilized an egg implants on this tissue:
endometrium
The endometrium itself has 2 layers-
the stratum ___
the stratum ___
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
The function of the stratum basalis in the uterus is to generate a new ___ ___ each month
stratum functionalis
during menstruation, which part of the endometrium is shed
stratum functionalis
The upper region of the vagina surrounding the protruding cervix is the
fornix
The vaginal wall has a few layers. first is the outer ___, which holds the vagina in place
outer adventitia
next, the middle ___ consists of smooth muslce
middle muscularis
Mammary glands are what kind of gland
sudoriferous
milk producing cells form bulb like chambers called
alveoli
___ sinuses serve as temporary storage for milk
lactiferous sinuses
During pregnancy which 2 hormones stimulate development of the mammary glands
estrogen
progesterone
After childbirth, hormones such as ___ start lactation
prolactin
prolactin comes from the ___ ___
anterior pituitary
When neurons are stimulated by the sucking of the infant, impulses activate the posterior pituitary to secrete ___
oxytocin
Oxytocin in turn stimulates contraction which causes
milk to be forced to the nipple
Oogenesis begins during ___ ___
fetal development
Diploid cells called ___ divide by mitosis and differentiate to produce primary oocytes
oogonia
primary oocytes have ___ number of chromosomes
46
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of cells. the oocyte and surrounding cells together is called an ___ ___
ovarian follicle
the primary oocyte being meiosis, but division progresses only to ___phase ___ until puberty
prophase 1
The following stages in development of an ovarian follicle are observed-
the ___ follicle, the initial fetal state of the follicle, encircles the oocyte with a single layer of cells, called follicular cells
primordial follicle
the next stage is where you have the ___ follicle. it has 2 or more layers encircling cells
primary follicle
the primary follicle is still surrounded but cells, which are now called ___ cells
granulosa cells
in the next stage you have the ___ follicle, which is distinguished by a fluid filled cavity
secondary follicle
the fluid filled cavity in the secondary follicle is called the
antrum
In a mature (aka ___) follicle the primary oocyte has completed meiosis 1.
graafian follicle
The graafian follicle is the last stage before the start of the process called
ovulation
In the graafian, the ___ ___ is a clear layer of glycoprotein, surrounds the oocyte
zona pellucida
Also in the graafian, the ___ ___ is a ring of granulosa cells that encircles the zona pellucida
corona radiata
Also in the graafian, the are several layers of cells (___ cells) that surround the granulosa cells
theca cells
During menstruation, one primary oocytes, in its follicle, resumes meiosis 1 to produce 2 daughter cells. One daughter, the ___ ___ contains most of the cytoplasm
secondary oocyte
the other daughter cell, the ___ ___ is much smaller and gets little cytoplasm
polar body
the secondary oocyte has how many chromosomes
23
If a sperm cells penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida and enter the secondary oocyte, ___ ___ resumes
meiosis 2
the ovarian cycle consists of 3 phases. first is the ___ phase.
follicular phase
the follicular phase describes the development of the follicle, the meiotic stages of division leading to the formation of the ___ ___
secondary oocyte
the next phase of the ovarian cycle is ___, the ejection of the egg
ovulation
the last phase of the ovarian cycle is the ___ phase, which has the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
luteal phase
the secretion of estrogen and progesterone is from the ___ ___
corpus luteum
The menstrual cycle also has 3 phases. first is the ___ phase, which describes the thickening of the endometrium of the uterus, replacing tissues that were lost during the previous menstrual cycle
proliferative phase
the next phase is the ___ phase, which has further thickening and vascularization the endometrium in preparation for the implantation
secretory phase
last phase of the menstrual cycle is the ___ phase, describes the shedding of the endometrium when implantation doesn’t happen
menstrual phase
GnRH comes from
the hypothalamus
FSH and LH comes from
the anterior pituitary
the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary start the reproductive cycle- The hypothalamus monitors levels of ___ and ___. If levels are low, the hypothalamus release GnRH.
estrogen and progesterone
Then, after GnRH has been released, that stimulates the anterior pit to release ___ and ___
FSH and LH
then, ___ stimulates the development of the follicle
FSH
also ___ stimulates the cells of the theca interna and granulosa cells of the follicle to secrete estrogen
LH
Then, positive feedback from the rising levels of estrogen stimulate the anterior pit to produce a sudden surge of ___
LH
This high level of LH stimulates ___ in the primary oocyte to progress AND triggers ___
meiosis
ovulation
After ovulation, the follicle, now transformed into the ___ ___ continues to develop.
corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes ___ and ___
estrogen and progesterone
The estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of the ___, the inside lining of the uterus.
endometrium
Then, negative feedback from the high levels of estro and progesto cause the anterior pituitary to drop the production of ___ and ___
FSH and LH
___ also suppresses production of FSH and LH
inhibin
Lastly, if implantation does not occur: in the absence of FSH and LH, the ___ ___ breaks up
corpus luteum
As a result of the corpus luteum breaking up, ___ and ___ production stops
estro and progesto
Without estro and progesto, the ___ is no longer supported and it dies off
endometrium
HOWEVER, if implantation DOES occur: The implanted embryo secretes ___ to sustain the corpus luteum
hCG
The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesto, maintaing the ___
endometrium (and therefore the pregnancy
hCG stands for
human chorionic gonadotropin
What part of the uterus is under direct hormonal effect
endometrium
The layer of clear, viscous fluid that is deposited around a primary oocyte is the
zona pellucida
The innermost cells of the cumulus mass are called the
corona radiata
During ovulation, a(n) __________ is released from the ovary
secondary oocyte
The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) is the
infundibulum
he large, superior, rounded portion of the uterus is the
fundus
he superior, domed portion of the vagina is called the
fornix
beginning of menses - day
1
ovulation - day
14
beginning of proliferative phase - day
5
corpus luteum formed - days
14 - 26
The hormone responsible for ovulation is
LH
In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during the ___ phase
secretory
The cause of menses in the menstrual cycle is decreased _____ and ____ secretion by the ovary
progesterone and estrogen
While the follicle is developing, a positive-feedback loop occurs in which __________ stimulates the follicle, which increases the secretion of __________, which stimulates GnRH secretion.
FSH, estrogen
During sexual intercourse, oxytocin and __________ both stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and uterine tubes.
prostaglandins
