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aa Orgo > 409 Final 6 (cancer) > Flashcards

409 Final 6 (cancer) Flashcards

1
Q

anytime cells grow and its not needed for normal development or healing, its called

A

neoplasia

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2
Q

Neoplasms can be benign or cancer, but they come from

A

normal cells originally

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3
Q

In normal cells, the nucleus

A

doesn’t take up much room

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4
Q

Normal cells have specific functions and they

A

tightly adhere to each other

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5
Q

benign cells overall description

A

Normal cells that are just growing in the wrong place and wrong time

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6
Q

Benign cells still look like

A

the cells they came from (which is normal)

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7
Q

Benign cells’ nucleus is

A

small

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8
Q

Benign cells function

A

normal

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9
Q

Benign cells growth

A

even though the grow at the wrong time, the RATE is normal

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10
Q

Initiation

A

the 1st step of CA development

Normal cells that promote reproduction are turned on too high

Initiation is irreversible

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11
Q

Promotion

A

this is when the initiated cell is encouraged to grow

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12
Q

latency period

A

the time between initiation and overt tumor

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13
Q

Promoters

A

are things that shorten the latency period

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14
Q

Progression

A

this is an increase in malignancy

During this time, the tumor develops its own blood supply

The cells might differentiate making the tumor more malignant and strong

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15
Q

The cells might differentiate making the tumor more malignant and strong

A

Progression

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16
Q

During this time, the tumor develops its own blood supply

A

Progression

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17
Q

Progression: During this time, the tumor develops

A

its own blood supply

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18
Q

If the primary tumor is in soft tissue, like the breast

A

it doesn’t life threatening until it spreads

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19
Q

The last stage in CA development is

A

Mets

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20
Q

3 classification systems

A

Grading
Ploidy
Staging

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21
Q

classification systems: Grading

A

Some CA has more malignant qualities than others. The stronger the qualities, the higher the grade

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22
Q

classification systems: Ploidy

A

Tells you how malignant it is based on how far off the chromosomes are

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23
Q

classification systems: Staging

A

based on Mets and location

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24
Q

Mitotic index

A

% of actively dividing cells in the tumor

less than 10% = slow growing
greater than 85% = fast growing

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25
Q

There are 3 factors that really contribute to CA development

A

Genetics
Carcinogens
Immune Functions

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26
Q

The single most important factor in CA development

A

old age

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27
Q

Under the primary prevention, umbrella, there is limiting

A

associated factors for example women having multiple sex partners isn’t a proven cause, but IS associated with CA

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28
Q

Under the primary prevention, umbrella, there is ___ to prevent viruses causing CA

A

vaccine

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29
Q

With radiation therapy, you don’t lose scalp hair because

A

its not systemic, its local

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30
Q

What are the terms for radiation given and radiation absorbed

A

exposure
and
dose

31
Q

radiation therapy: Teletherapy: the patient is not

A

radioactive and not hazardous to others

32
Q

radiation therapy: Teletherapy: you need to make sure the patient can maintain

A

a specific position while shooting the beam at them

33
Q

radiation therapy: Brachytherapy

A

the one with the implant

34
Q

Care of radiation pt: the door

A

to their room should be closed

35
Q

Care of radiation pt: pregnant nurses

A

shouldn’t go in there

36
Q

Care of radiation pt: visitors (time and space)

A

no more than 30 min

6 feet back

37
Q

Care of radiation pt: Don’t take any dressings or sheets

A

out of the room

38
Q

Care of radiation pt: Skin care

A

wash with water and mild soap

powders/creams only if prescribed

39
Q

Care of radiation pt: only the local site is affected, but the affects

A

could be permanent

the exception to the “local rule” is taste and fatigue, which can be affected

40
Q

Nadir

A

the period of chemo where the WBCs are at their lowest

41
Q

The dose is based on

A

patient size and type of CA

42
Q

The major concern when giving chemo IV is

A

extravassation aka infiltration

43
Q

The major concern when giving chemo IV is extravassation; you should be OK if the amount that leaked is

A

less than .5 ml

44
Q

Some chemo can be taken orally. Note these meds are

A

just as toxic as the IV forms

45
Q

CA can become resistant by

A

skipping doses

46
Q

Sometimes cytoprotectants can be given with chemo to

A

reduce SE

47
Q

The most common reason for needing to change the chemo dose is the

A

hematologic SE

48
Q

After chemo is finished, bone marrow suppression

A

should improve

49
Q

BRM

A

biologic response modifiers, which can help counter act the bone marrow suppression

50
Q

Teach the CNA that even if the patient is very tired,

A

some hygiene can’t be delayed , like mouth care

51
Q

Any temperature over 100

A

is a potential emergency in a neutropenic patient

52
Q

The one thing you do NOT have to worry about re: infection

A

don’t worry about the CA pt infecting OTHER ppl

53
Q

Platelets less than ___ can cause bleeding from minor trauma; less than ___ can cause spontaneous bleeding

A

50k

20k

54
Q

anemic/trombocytopenic patient: if trauma occurs, apply

A

ice

55
Q

anemic/trombocytopenic patient: tell them not to

A

blow their nose

56
Q

Alopecia prevention

A

you can’t

57
Q

Alopecia: teach them not to wear

A

headsets/things that rub on the scalp

58
Q

Chemo induced peripheral neuropathy

A

sometimes permanent

no prevention

59
Q

Chemo induced peripheral neuropathy: your goal is to

A

prevent injury

60
Q

What does hormone therapy do

A

slows growth, but doesn’t cure it

61
Q

Targeted therapy: how does it work

A

blocks communication that’s needed for the cells to replicate

62
Q

Sepsis is a CA emergency, and also increases the risk for another CA emergency:

A

DIC

63
Q

SIADH: increased fluid causes what electrolyte problem

A

hyponatremia

64
Q

CA emergency: Can be caused by the tumor directly invading bone, or can be from bone degradation

A

Spinal cord compression

65
Q

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: tx could include ____ to decrease the swelling

A

steroids

66
Q

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: ___ can be used to shrink the tumor

A

radiation

67
Q

CA emergency: Spinal cord compression: ___ can be used to remove the tumor

A

surgery

68
Q

CA emergency: SVC syndrome

A

the SVC is squished by a tumor

69
Q

CA emergency: SVC syndrome: the patient wakes up in the morning, they may have facial edema because

A

the fluid is being pushed back up to the head

70
Q

CA emergency: SVC syndrome: as it progresses they’ll have

A

erythemia in the upper body

71
Q

CA emergency: TLS:

A

When a bunch of cells are killed and contents spill everywhere

72
Q

CA emergency: TLS: can lead to what kind of injury

A

AKI

73
Q

CA emergency: TLS: a good way to prevent it is

A

hydration

74
Q

CA emergency: TLS: severe hyperkalemia may need

A

diuretics and IV glucose + insulin

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