Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

aa Orgo > HESI Digestive > Flashcards

HESI Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the movement of food through the digestive tract

A

propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Besides the stomach, additional churning occurs in the ___ ___

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Food is churned in the small intestine. This process called ___ is similar to peristalsis, except that the rhythmic timing of the muscle constrictions forces food back and forth instead of forward only

A

segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When digested food enters the body it’s now called ___

A

nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many layers aka tunics are associated with the D tract

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 4 layers are

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The mucosa has 3 layers itself. the 1st is the ___, the innermost layer. it’s composed of simple columnar epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium.

A

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the epithelium of the mucosa, there are ___ cells and ___ cells

A

goblet cells

endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The 2nd layer of the mucosa is the ___ ___

A

lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The lamina propria is composed of ___ connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ vessels and ___ vessels are in the lamina propria

A

blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The lamina propria also has the ___ ___ ___ ___ (MALT) which is lymphatic tissue bearing lymphocytes and macrophages that protect the GI tract

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The 3rd and outer layer of the mucosa is the ___ ___

A

muscularis mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of ___ ___ which is responsible for the folds that increase surface area

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

After the mucosa is the submucosa. It contains ___ vessels, ___ vessels, and ___ fibers

A

blood lymph nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The submucosa is made of ___ connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

After the submucosa is the muscularis, then the ___

A

serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ___ is an extension of the visceral peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the rear abdominal wall

A

the mesentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The enzyme that breaks down starch aka carbohydrates aka polysaccharides are called

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enzyme for breaking down proteins

A

protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Enzyme for nucleic acids

A

nuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Narrow region between cheeks and teeth

A

vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The tongue is covered with ___, which help grip food and bear taste buds

A

papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

muscular projection suspended from the soft palate

A

uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The 3 pairs of salivary glands are

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tooth structure, ___ is a calcified tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth

A

dentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tooth structure, the ___ is the top section

A

the crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tooth structure, ___ is the region at the gumline where the crown and root meet

A

neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tooth structure, ___ is the hard, nonliving material that covers the crown. Calcium compounds make it the hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tooth structure, the ___ cavity is the central cavity

A

pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Another word for swallowing

A

delgutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The innermost mucosa of the stomach contains simple ___ epithelium which has goblet cells

A

columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

___ ___ on the surface of the stomach mucosa penetrate deep, forming ducts

A

Gastric pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

___ surface cells are goblet cells that secrete mucus

A

mucous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

___ cells secrete HCL

A

parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

parietal cells also secrete ___ ___

A

intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

___ cells secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pepsinogen becomes pepsin. Pepsin breaks down ___

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

___ cells secrete various hormones that diffuse into nearby blood vessels

A

Enteroendocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

One important hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells is ___, which stimulates other glands in the stomach to increase their output

A

gastrin

41
Q

The folds of the stomach are called

A

rugae

42
Q

The stomach mixes the food with water and gastric juice to produce _____

A

chyme

43
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by

A

HCL

44
Q

Movement of chyme into the small intestine is done through the

A

pyloric sphincter

45
Q

3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

46
Q

Ducts the emtpy into the duodenum deliver substances from the ___ and the ___

A

pancreas

liver

47
Q

the liver delivers ___ into the duodenum

A

bile

48
Q

what does bile do with fat?

A

separates it into smaller droplets

49
Q

Vitamin ___ combines with intrinsic factor and is absorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

vitamin B12

50
Q

___-soluble vitamins and ___s are packaged in clusters of bile salts called micelles

A

fat-soluble vitamins and lipids

51
Q

lipids are absorbed by simple diffusion and once inside the cells mix with cholesterol and protein to form

A

chylomicrons

52
Q

Chylomicrons are passed on to ___ capillaries

A

lymphatic capillaries

53
Q

in the mucosa of the small intestines, the ___ ___ are permanent ridges in the mucosa that encircle the lumen.

A

plicae circulares

54
Q

The plicae circulares creates a ___ motion to help move the food forward

A

spiral

55
Q

___ are finger like projections that cover the surface of the mucosa

A

villi

56
Q

The spaces between villi lead to deep cavities called ___ ___

A

intestinal crypts

57
Q

___ are microscopic extensions of the outer surface of the cells lining each villus

A

microvilli

58
Q

___ cells, the primary cell type of the epithelial layer, synthesize digestive enzymes called brush border enzymes that become embedded in the plasma membranes around the microvilli

A

Absorptive cells

59
Q

Various nutrients in the chyme that move over the microvilli are broken down by the ___ ___ enzymes and subsequently absorbed

A

brush border

60
Q

___ cells secrete hormones into blood vessels that penetrate each villus

A

enteroendocrine cells

61
Q

___ cells, located in the epithelial layer facing the intestinal crypts, secrete lysozymes

A

Paneth cells

62
Q

The submucosa of the small intestines has ___ glands, which secrete mucus that neutralizes the acid in the incoming chyme

A

Brunner’s Glands

63
Q

The submucosa of the small intestine also has ___ ___, which are clusters of lymphatic nodules

A

peyer’s patches

64
Q

The large intestine- the ___ is a dead-end pouch at the beginning

A

cecum

65
Q

Large intestine- the ___ is a finger-like attachment containing lymphoid tissue

A

appendix

66
Q

At regular distances along the colon, the smooth muscle of the muscularis layer causes the intestinal wall to gather, producing pouches called

A

haustra

67
Q

___ ___ is produced in the pancreas to make the pancreatic juice more alkaline

A

sodium bicarbonate

68
Q

pancreatic juice is produced in clusters of exocrine cells called

A

acini

69
Q

The remaining cells in the pancreas form ___ ___, which are endocrine cells that produce the hormones insulin, glucagon, etc

A

pancreatic islets

70
Q

The main pancreatic duct exits the pancreas and merges with the ___ ___ ___

A

common bile duct

71
Q

A smaller, second duct that exits the pancreas, the ___ pancreatic duct, joins the duodenum

A

accessory pancreatic duct

72
Q

The digestive function of the liver is to produce ___

A

bile

73
Q

The primary bile pigment is

A

bilirubin

74
Q

bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of ___

A

hemoglobin

75
Q

When blood glucose is high, the liver converts glucose to

A

glyocen

76
Q

when blood glucose is low, ___ is broken down and glucose is released into the blood

A

glycogen

77
Q

In the liver, ammonia is converted to ___

A

urea

78
Q

The liver is composed of numerous functional units called

A

lobules

79
Q

within each lobule, epithelial cells called ___a are arranged in layers

A

hepatocytes

80
Q

___ ___ are spaces that lie between groups of layers, while smaller channels called bile canaliculi separate other layers

A

Hepatic sinusoids

81
Q

each corner of a lobule has 1 ___ duct and 2 ___ vessels

A

bile duct

blood vessels

82
Q

These blood vessels are branched from the ___ artery

A

hepatic artery

83
Q

Within the sinusoids, phagocytes called ___ cells kill bacteria and break down RBCs and WBCs

A

Kupffer cells

84
Q

___ cells that border the sinusoids screen incoming blood

A

hepatocytes

85
Q

Bile ducts from the lobules merge and exit the liver as a single ___ ___ ___

A

common hepatic duct

86
Q

The common hepatic duct merges with the ___ ___ from the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

87
Q

the common hepatic duct and cystic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___

A

common bile duct

88
Q

The common bile duct then merges with the ___ duct

A

pancreatic duct

89
Q

the common bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct to form the ___ ___

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

90
Q

the ___ stores excess bile

A

gallbladder

91
Q

hormone, causes stimulation of gastric juice (especially HCL)

A

gastrin

92
Q

hormone, stimulation of bile production in liver

A

secretin

93
Q

hormone, inhibition of gastric juice secretions

A

secretin

94
Q

hormone, stimulates bile release by the gallbladder

A

CCK

95
Q

hormone, in general responsible for the stomach doing everything it does

A

gastrin

96
Q

hormone, stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion

A

CCK

97
Q

hormone, stimulates the pancreas to begin releasing insulin

A

GIP

98
Q

To sum up, the 4 important hormones are

A

Gastrin
Secretin
CCK
GIP

99
Q

Neural response: Stimuli that arouse digestion are relayed to the ___ which in turn initiates nerve impulses in the ___ nerve

A

hypothalamus

vagus

aa Orgo (196 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions